readx;? I. The Disappearance of Homo erectus in Ancient East Asia

East Asia experienced a violent glacial period between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, during which the ancient Homo erectus (such as Peking Man and Lantian Man) that had flourished in East Asia disappeared. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 infoBetween 10 and 60,000 years ago, no definite sites of human activity have been found in East Asia.

2. The first ancient Asians who arrived in East Asia 60,000 years ago - d(yap)

110,000 years ago, the first Homo sapiens traveled out of eastern Africa to what is now the Middle East, and their Y chromosome was marked by M168, and today, all indigenous peoples outside of Africa are descendants of the M168 population.

Since then, they have continued to migrate to the periphery, about 60,000 ± 5,000 years ago, one of them finally reached East Asia, when they left Africa, their Y-chromosome primitive type, by the time they arrived in East Asia, their Y-chromosome SNP logo had developed into D-YAP, and the DE primitive type that remained in Africa developed into E, becoming more than 60% of the African black type.

But the Africans at that time were by no means dark-skinned, but yellow-brown-skinned, and the d-people were definitely not dark-skinned, and probably also yellow-brown.

(1,100 years ago, black-skinned West African Bantu blacks were found only in 20 percent of West Africa, and 60 percent in eastern, central, and southern Africa The above lands are hunting tawny-skinned Bushmen, and today there are still many of them living in South Africa, who do not look too dark-skinned, who have both yellow-white-black characteristics, and whose Y chromosome is the oldest A, probably the oldest human race, until about 1000 years ago, black-skinned blacks spread to the eastern, central and southern African islands)

At that time, the skin of the D population was probably the same yellowish brown as humans, and the northward process may have become lighter.

(So it's not accurate to call the d crowd dwarf blacks, and it's more accurate to call old Asians.) ）

Population d were the first modern Homo sapiens to arrive in East Asia, but they did not contribute much to the gene pool of modern East Asians.

Population D occupied East Asia for no more than 10,000 years (6-50,000 years ago), and about 50,000 years ago, another group of old Asians, Population C, came to the country, and Population C was the matrilineal distant ancestor of most East Asians.

Type D is rare in East Asians.

D is divided into four main branches, D1, D2, D3, and D*.

D1 is mainly distributed in South China and is an ancient clade with a history of more than 50,000 years. Today's distribution of d1, southward into the Southeast Asian peninsula, such as Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, westward into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has a very high proportion among Tibetans, and northward into the Mongolian steppe, the proportion in Mongolians is relatively small (2/147), which is quite rare in Han areas.

D2 is only distributed in Japan, and a very small proportion of this component is found in South Korea, and there is no D2 at all outside of Japan and South Korea. D2 is about 30,000 years old and appears frequently among the Ainu, the indigenous Ainu people of Japan. There are two sets of data on the Ainu: one for R is 75% for D2 and 25% for C3, and the other is for 87.5% for D2 and 12.5% for C3.

D3 is found in Tibet, while some D3 is also found in Mongolia, probably from Tibetan migration.

D* is the oldest branch of d, 60,000 years old. The low frequency is found in Tibet, 100% among the indigenous people of the Andaman Island in the Indian Ocean, and also among the indigenous populations of the Malay Peninsula. However, this must not be taken to equate D, D, or D, to D.

There is also a certain proportion of d among the Han Chinese, mainly d1, and a small amount of d*. For example, in Yu Min's 2002 data, the D1 of the Han nationality in Fujian was 1/80, and there was no D*, for example, in the 2007 data, there were 10 cases of 800 Han D, with a frequency of 1.3% (10/er's data in 2006, 168 Han people had one case of D1, which was 0.6%, in Xue's data, 166 Han people had 3 cases of D, which was 1.8%, and Fudan in 2000 had a group of data of 362 Han people with 1 D, which was 0.3%) In another set of Fudan data, there are 22 ds (2.2%) among the 1054 Han people in the north, 9 ((1.4%) among the 652 Han people in the south, Ma Mingyi's 2007 Sichuan Han nationality article, 341 Han people have 3 d*, 8 d1, and the frequency is 3.2%, and in some other data, the Han people have not found d, and the frequency is zero, such as the data in 2001 and the data in 2004. Overall, d is rare in Han China, but accounts for more than 3% in Gansu and Sichuan, possibly due to the influence of the ancient Qiang (18.2% for modern Qiang D).

There is a certain ancient D1 in the Miao Yao population, which shows that these ethnic groups are very ancient. For example, in the data of Fudan in 2002, the data of one branch of Yao (Mian) was 50%, but the data of another branch of Yao in Fudan in 2003 was 0, and in 2006, the data of Yao was 1.8% (only 1 case in 60 people, 8.6% of Miao in the same paper) , 5 out of 58 people), and Xue's data, there is d in the Bama Yao and no D in the Yao people, it can be seen that the frequency of D in each branch of the Yao people is very different, except for individual branches, the overall frequency of D is not high.

For example, in a set of 2006 data, out of 105 Tibetans, 4 (3.8%) were D*, 16 (15.2%) were D1, 32 (30.4%) were D3, 52 (49.4%) were not D2, and 25 (including D3) were 75 Tibetans, and 37 (49.3%) were D1. Today, D and O in the Tibetan people roughly half of the country, the young Tibetan composition O and the Han O are the same type, the O3 population from North China to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau brought the Sino-Tibetan language about 5000 years ago, and the ancient D shows that the Tibetan people have a long history in the race, and the D population may have a history of about 2~30,000 years into Tibet. The proportion of Pumi who are closely related to Tibetans is as high as 72.3% (34/47).

Japanese are another group with a high frequency of D in East Asia, such as in 2006 data, 90 D2 were found in 259 Japanese people, accounting for 34.9%, and there were no other D types. Among the Japanese in different regions, the distribution of d is very uneven, in the vicinity of Kyoto East Asian human distribution, Kyushu Island, and the western part of Honshu Island, there is a high proportion of O and a small number of D, while in Hokkaido East Asian human distribution, Tanegashima and Okinawa East Asian human distribution, the proportion of D is very high, showing that the earliest indigenous people of Japan were D, later C, and the last to arrive was the O population, but the O population constitutes the majority of the main patrilineal component of the Yamato people in contemporary Japan, while the indigenous Ainu people in Japan account for more than 80% of D and less than 20% of C , no o.

Other groups of people in East Asia are rarely found in type D, such as Manchu, in the data of 2001, Fudan in 2002, in 2004 in the data of 2004, in the data of 2006 there is no D in the Manchus, n in the 2003 paper found a D in 44 Manchus, which is 2.3%, it can be said that D in the Manchus is quite rare. North Koreans have a certain proportion of D, but the proportion is not high, the proportion of D in Yanbian North Koreans is 2.5% (2/79), South Koreans are 3.5% (3/85), N data is 2.5% of Koreans (4/er data is 4% (3/75) in South Korea, and the data is 0% (0/Ka data is 1 D1 out of 317 people, 12 D2, the proportion is 4%). There is a certain d in the northwest of China, which may be the legacy of the ancient Qiang people, such as the Yi people are relatively high, 16.3%, the modern Sichuan Qiang people are also relatively high, 18.2%, and the northwest ** is also relatively high, 11.4% (xue), 9.3%, 9.2% (Yang Yajun), but there is no d in the Dungan people in Central Asia, and there is no D in the data of the Dungan people in Central Asia in 2002. Generally speaking, the influence of the ancient Qiang bloodline is a very important source in the paternal bloodline of modern Northwest China.

D is not widely distributed in East Asia, and in Siberia there is no D type among the local North Asian yellow people, and there is no D type among American Indians.

Thirty-five thousand years ago, the C population arrived in East Asia and constituted more than half of the matrilineal and yellow physiognomy of modern East Asians

d occupied and controlled East Asia for no more than 10,000 years (6-50,000 years ago), and 50,000 years ago, c people arrived in East Asia and controlled East Asia.

In the early days, primitive people lived in fishing and hunting, and there were three main ways of life, one was fixed hunting, one was swimming hunting, and the other was food gathering by the sea.

The fixed hunters, such as Neanderthals (extinct), the wandering hunters, such as Cro-Magnon (now known to be of type I with their Y chromosome), and the C population, generally thought to be seaside food gatherers.

Seaside food gatherers collect the ocean food that the tides have hit the shore, and they have a regular source of food every day, and they can move quickly along the coast, with a steady stream of high-protein marine food along the way, and in this way, they quickly traveled along the coastline to South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Australia 50,000 years ago.

When the C population left Africa, it was still the primitive CF type, and when it arrived in East Asia, it had mutated into the new C type, and the CF primitive type, which did not leave Africa at that time, also evolved, and later developed into F, and later appeared K, and K finally entered East Asia 30,000 years ago.

The most important clades of C are C*, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5.

C1 is found only among the Yamato people in Japan (one case has also been found in Korea), and among the Ainu people, the indigenous people of Japan, the majority is D2, a small amount of C3, and there is no C1. Japanese C1 accounted for roughly 5.4% and C3 accounted for roughly 3.1% (2006, 259 samples), and no C1 was found outside of Japan.

C2 is found in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, etc., among Malays in eastern Indonesia, C2 accounts for 27.3% (2006, 15/55), New Guinea, 86% (4/46), and Polynesians 63.3% (37/60).

C4 and C5 are found among southern Indians, Sri Lankans, and Australian Aborigines, beyond the yellow race, and are not discussed.

C* refers to C components other than C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5.

C* Mainly distributed in South China, for example, 20% of the Yao people, 6.1% of the Tujia people (18.4% of the C3), 1.7% of the Miao people (3.4% of the other C3), 3.1% of the Malayan people, 5.5% of the eastern Indonesia (27.3% of the C2 people), 4.0% of the western Indonesians, and 1.5% of the Uyghurs. c* may be mainly distributed in South China and Southeast Asia, but there are actually many in North China as well. For example, in Xue's data, 3.8% for Evenki, 6.7% for Hezhe, 11.4% for Ningxia**, 3.3% for Urumqi Uyghur, 2.6% for Yili Uyghur, and 17.2% for Bama Yao. It can be said that c* is also widely distributed in East Asia.

For East Asians, the ingredient that really matters is C3.

C3 was roughly produced in East Asia 4-35,000 years ago, and spread to North Asia, North America, and South America.

In such a wide range, there are many branches of C3.

The distribution areas of C3*, C3A, C3B, C3C, and C3D are different, and this pattern may have been in rudiments 30,000 years ago.

C3a is only found in Japan and Korea, and is endemic to Japanese and Korean characteristics, as is D2, C1, O2B, and the maternal M7A.

C3B is found in the northwestern region of North America and is characteristic of the local indigenous Indians, who make up 9% of the local Indians.

C3C is an extremely iconic type of the Altaic language, which reached its peak in southern Siberia and profoundly influenced other Altaic peoples in the surrounding area.

In the southern regions of Siberia, C3C is the most important ingredient. For example, in 2006 data, 50 per cent of the central Even, 61.3 per cent of the eastern Even, 40 per cent of the Central Tungusic and 15.1 per cent of the Turkic-speaking Tungusic in the North,

Tungusic 53.8%, Tungusic 66.7%, Tungusic 70%, Tungusic 62.5%, Tungusic 58.1%, it can be said that in the south of Siberia, especially the Tunguska, C3C is the most important component. But in northern Siberia, N3 is the most important component, such as the Yakuts, N3 accounts for 92.2%, while C3C accounts for only 1.1%, among the northern Evans, N3 accounts for 90.9%, and C3C accounts for only 4.5, and the Eskimos in the Arctic region are dominated by Q3 and N3, and there is no C3C. In southern Siberia, the proportion of N3 is generally between 20 and 40%, which is another important component of the Tunguska people of southern Siberia.

C3C is also distributed in the Mongolian steppe and is one of the indicator gene types of Mongolian-speaking peoples. For example, in the data, Khalkha Mongolia is 15.3% (17/85), Ulianghai Mongolia is 33.3% (20/60), Mongolia is 30% (18/60), and Mongolia is 10% (4/40). In 2001, there were 149 Khalkha Mongols in Outer Mongolia, 29 C3C, accounting for 18.1%. In XUE, 8.9% (4/45) of Inner Mongolians, 20% (13/65) of Outer Mongolians in 2002, and 45.8% (11/24) of Outer Mongolians in 2001. In 2006, 4.9% (4/81) of Buryats, 5.1% (5/98) of Oirats (Altai), 9.1% (5/55) of Tuvans (Mongolian registered in our country), 7.1% (3/42) of Tuvans in 2001 and 37.4% (37/99) of Russian Kalmyks in 2005. On the whole, the core standard Mongols generally have more than 20% C3C components, of which the Inner Mongolians are the lowest, followed by the Khalkha Mongols, and the low C3C of these two groups is mainly due to the dilution of a cluster of Genghis Khan's family and the high proportion of O3, and the Inner Mongolian Mongols have the highest proportion of O3, more than 30%. The Khalkha people in Outer Mongolia also surprisingly have a high proportion of O3, more than 20%, while the Tuvans, people, Oirats, and Kalmyks in the west have O3 very rare, less than 3%, and even some data have no O3 at all, so the Western Mongols may not have O3, and the Eastern Mongolia (Khalkha-Korqin-Karaqin) has a high proportion of O3, and the Mongols in different regions have different origins.

In general, the C3C of the Turkic-speaking peoples is not the main component. Only the Kazakh C3C is particularly high, such as 57.4 per cent (31/54) in 2001 and 63.2 per cent (24/38) in 2002. In the same data, 7.7% (4/52) of Kyrgyz and 2.3% (1/44) of Karakalpak, 4 out of 326 Uzbeks in 7 regions have C3C (only 2 of them are distributed and the other 5 have no C3C). In the data of Uyghurs, Turkmens, Kazan Tatars, Crimean Tatars, and Azerbaijanis in Central Asia, 3.3% (1/33) of Central Asian Uyghurs, 12.2% (5/41) of Kyrgyz, and other Turkic-speaking peoples Uzbeks, Turkmens, and Azerbaijanis do not have data on Turks in 2003, and 523 Turks have only 5 C3 and 1 O3, and the rest are not of Oriental steppe origin. In general, among the Turkic peoples, the Kazakhs are markedly different from all other Turkic peoples, they can be said to be very genetically close to the steppes and the Mongols on the southern edge of Siberia, except that they speak Turkic rather than Mongolian, and the Kyrgyz also have a very high proportion of Oriental steppe ethnic origin, especially close to the indigenous nomadic hunter-gatherers of the Sayan-Altai Mountains and other places. The majority of other Turkic peoples come from the agricultural indigenous peoples of Central Asia, which is extremely different from the steppe nomads such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz, while the Yakuts, who account for 92.2% of the N3, have basically no blood similarity with other Turkic-speaking peoples, and are the indigenous people of the authentic Arctic edge who have been assimilated.

C3C is also distributed among other Altaic residents in Northeast China, with 34.1% of Evenki, 68.1% of Oroqen, 26.9% of Evenki, 41.9% of Oroqen, 11.1% of Hezhe, 4.9% of Xibe, 2.8% of Xiuyan Manchu, 2.6% of Daur, and 7.9% of Liaoning Manchu. In general, the paternal distant ancestors of the Altaic language groups in Northeast China are mainly from East Asian populations in the North China Plain, and the main people who are influenced by the Siberian inhabitants are the Oroqen and Evenki, and the others are far from the Tungusic people on the southern edge of Siberia.

C3c does not exist in the vicinity of the Altaic language of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese peoples. For example, among the northern Han and Korean people in ER, the Liaoning Han people, Yanbian Koreans, Koreans, and Japanese people in ATOH, the North China Han people, the South China Han people, the Taiwan Han people, the Koreans, the Japanese, and the East Asian human distribution people in Okinawa in the R data, and the Harbin Han people, Ili Han people, Lanzhou Han people, Chengdu Han people, Meixian Han people, Yanbian Koreans, Koreans, and Japanese people, none of the C3C was found, so it may be that the C3C is mainly spread with the spread of the Altaic language family, and the surrounding middle and Japanese and Korean people have not been affected by this spread.

C3D is another very important branch among the C3 branches, and C3D is mainly distributed in Han, Vietnamese and other ethnic groups.

C3D is not abundant among the Han Chinese, but it is very ancient. In fact, the whole C3 family is also older and more diverse as it goes south, indicating that C3 as a whole has spread from South China to North China and then to North Asia.

C3D (C3*) has a high proportion distribution in many Sino-Tibetan ethnic groups today, such as the Tujia in the data, which is 18.4%, such as the Bai in Fudan data, which is 16.7%, and the C3 of the Sino-Tibetan people is not the same as the C3 of the North Asians. The C3D of the Tujia people is very close and has the same origin, which shows that the relationship between the Han and the Southern Yue is very close, and the unique C3D shows the common southern origin nature of the Han and many other Sino-Tibetan ethnic groups.

The maternal lineage of population C is M (M*, M7, M8, M9, M10, C, D, G, Z). Today, M corresponds to roughly 60% of the matrilineal composition of East Asians, with slightly more in the north and slightly less in the south. From an autosomal point of view, it can be said that most East Asians today have a general ancient Asian ancestry.

Some people, especially some netizens, speculate that the C crowd, especially the C3 crowd, is completely modern yellow in appearance. Calling "brown people" isn't necessarily accurate. Whether this is true or not, in the absence of paper data, we are not able to say for sure. We have to acknowledge, however, that population C is no less important to the gene pool of modern East Asians than the N and O populations, except for a slightly smaller portion of the Y chromosome.

;