readx;? 4. The paternal distant ancestor of the East Asian main body - o people

The real subject of East Asia is the NO population. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

NO is a branch of K that entered roughly 35,000 years ago and differentiated into two sister types, N and O, around 30,000 years ago.

By the time NO arrived in East Asia, the East Asian region had already been occupied by C3, but the NO type succeeded in replacing C3 in a short period of time and became the master of East Asia.

NO is the most primitive type of NO primitive population, which appears in the following populations: Daur 2.6%, Evenki 3.82%, Hezhe 2.2%, **2.9%, North China Han 2.3%, South China Han 2.5%, Vietnamese 3.1%, Outer Mongolians 0.7%, Buyi 5.7%, Japanese 2.1%, Koreans 2.3%, Yi 2.3%, Bama Yao 2.9%.

The distribution of N and O varies greatly among yellow people. For the East Asian yellow race, there is much more O than N, while for the North Asian yellow race, there is only N and no O, and for the Yellow people south of Thailand, there is only O and no N.

There are many types of o, mainly O*, O1, O2*, O2A, O2B, O3, etc.

For example, in the data, the oldest O* has been found in the following ethnic groups: Manchu 5.8%, Zhuang 5.0%, Outer Mongolians 0.7%, Tibetans 1.0%, Daur 2.6%, Oroqen 3.2%, Lanzhou Han 2.9%, Li 5.7%, and in a 2007 paper, 11 O* were found among the 800 Jiangsu Han people, accounting for 1.4%. In Ma Mingyi's 2007 data, 4 ancient O* were found among the 341 Han people in Sichuan, with a frequency of 1.2%.

The two ancient types of NO and O* are found with low frequency, while the other types of O are also more common, which are introduced below.

According to Li Hui's 2007 research, O1 is the main type of Liangzhu culture, and at the same time, according to the data of Jinli Li Hui, the main body of Hebei Cishan culture is also O1, and there are also some O1 in Hongshan culture.

The distribution of O1 among the Han people today is as follows: in the 2007 paper, 139 O1 among the 800 Jiangsu Han people, accounting for 17.4%, shows that the Liangzhu culture still has a great influence on the modern Jiangsu and Zhejiang people, although the main body has changed to the O3 of the Longshan system. In Ma Mingyi's 2007 data, 10.9% (37 out of 341) were Han in Sichuan, 36 out of 1,054 in Fudan in 2002, 36 out of 1,054 in the north, 100 in 652 in the south, 15.3% in frequency, and 16 out of 168 Han (44 in the north, 124 in the south), with a frequency of 9.5%. of Liaoning Han is 4.8%, the 2007 data of Gansu Han is 3.4% (3/87), Li Hui's 2007 Minyue article, 195 Fujian Han (Nanao 30, Putian 36, Shantou 68, Chaozhou 22, Minnan 37, Mindong 2) found a total of 13 O1, accounting for 6.7%, in the same paper in Anyang, Henan 4% (2 people/50 people).

On the whole, the northern region of the Han nationality has only less than 5% O1, while the southern region generally has more than 10% O1, which shows that the ancient Liangzhu culture team has little influence on the ancestry of the Han people in North China, but has a certain impact on the Han people in the south, especially in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

In 2003, only 4 O1 were found among the 148 Hakka people in Changting, Fujian, with a proportion of only 2.7%, but 110 O3 were found, with a proportion of 74.3%, and the Hakka O1 was obviously lower than that of the surrounding southern Han people, but it was highly consistent with the northern Han people, which not only showed the northern characteristics of the origin of the patrilineal blood of the Hakka Han people, but also proved from one aspect that the northern Han people in ancient times and the modern northern Han people were consistent, and there was indeed not much O1 component.

In East Asia other than Han Chinese, the proportion of O1 is as follows: (,2001) Dungan 5.0%, Kyrgyz 5.8%, Outer Mongolia 4.2%, Korean 4.4%, (2001) Korean 2.7%, Manchu 3.8%, Evenki 2.4%, Ningxia **1.9%, (2004) Manchu 3.0%, Korean 2.4%, Japanese 2.6%, (Shi Hong, 2006) Bai 6%, Kino 4.4%, Lisu 6.1%, Zhuang 4.2%, Buyi 4.3%, Tujia 7.4%, Pumi 4.2%, (2006) Taiwan Aborigines 89.6%, Tujia 8.2%, Miao 6.9%, Yao 1.7%, Vietnam 5.7%, Zhuang 10%, Malaysia 6.13%, Philippines 10.4%, East Indonesia 12.9%, West Indonesia 20.0%, (Xue, 2006)**8.5%, Daur 5.1%, Evenki 7.7%, Xibe 7.3%, Manchu 2.9%, 26.5% were Li, 15.2% were Qiang, 14.7% were She, 2.9% were Bama Yao, 5.7% were Yao, and 7.9% were Tibetan.

In general, the highest frequency of O1 occurs among Malay residents, with the highest among Taiwanese aborigines, followed by various ethnic groups in South China, such as Li, Tujia, Qiang, She, etc. Some ethnic minorities in Northeast China also have relatively large numbers, showing that O1 was once distributed in a vast area from South China to North China to Northeast China, but O1 in North China disappeared after the rise of O3, while South China and Northeast China retained.

O2* is the original O2 after O2A and O2B, and it is also widely distributed in East Asia.

O2* was distributed among the following populations (2001): Han 4.5% in North China, 3.7% in Ningxia**, 1.7% in Korean, 5.8% in Manchu, 4.9% in Evenki, 4.5% in Oroqen, 7.1% in Taiwan, 4.1% in Tujia, 2.3% in Yi, 20.0% in Yao, 1.3% in Outer Mongolia, 2.9% in Xue, 2006**, 2.2% in Hezhe, 2.6% in Daur, 8.6% in Manchu, 2.2% in Inner Mongolia, 6.5% of the Oroqen ethnic group, 8.6% of the Harbin Han nationality, 9.4% of the Ili ethnic group, 4.0% of the Yanbian Korean ethnic group, 2.9% of the Qiang ethnic group, 2.8% of the Li ethnic group, 37.1% of the Bama Yao ethnic group, and 1.5% of the Outer Mongolian ethnic group.

On the whole, among East Asians, the Yao people in South China have two sets of data, one 37.1% and the other 20.0%, the proportion is very high, and the other ethnic groups are very low, but there is also a relatively high proportion in Northeast China, indicating that O2* may have been connected at first, but the central part was cut off by another group, and it is speculated that the rise of Longshan culture (O3) may have replaced O2*, resulting in the isolation of O2.

O2A, the largest branch of O2, occurs with high frequency in Southeast Asia, especially among the Daic speakers.

In 2007, Li Hui's article on the prehistoric Yangtze River showed that O2A was the main component of Wucheng culture in Jiangxi, and today, O2A is also mainly distributed among the Han people south of the Yangtze River.

O2a in the Han nationality, mainly in the south, such as Wenbo 2006 data, Gansu Han 1/60, Henan Han 0/50, Liaoning Han 1/48, Inner Mongolia Han 1/60, Shandong Han 2/185, Shaanxi Han 1/90, Anhui Han 0/22, Hubei Han 0/18, Jiangsu Han 4/100, in general, the north of the Yangtze River is 9/633, only 1.5% According to Fudan data in 2002, 13 of the 1,053 Han people in the north were O2A, with a proportion of 1.35. Overall, O2A is only about 1% of the Han people in the north. For example, in 2006 data, 5/106 in Zhejiang, 0/55 in Shanghai, 1/21 in Jiangxi, 4/148 in Changting, 12/64 in Guangdong, 7/26 in Guangxi, 2/15 in Hunan, 8/63 in Sichuan, 3/93 in Yunnan, 42 cases were found in 591 people, accounting for 7.1%, while in Fudan data in 2002, 47 people were found in 652 people in the south of the Han nationality, accounting for 7.2% The proportion of the two is very close, it can be said that the southern O2A of the Yangtze River is 7%, only Guangdong 18.8%, Guangxi 26.9% is high, after deducting the southern Han nationality of the two Guangzhou, the article of the article O2A is roughly 4.6% (29/501), this proportion is obviously very close to the northern Han nationality, showing that in addition to the two Guangzhou, the internal composition of the Han nationality is highly consistent.

In addition to the Han nationality, O2A is highly concentrated in the southern Zhuang-Dong residents and surrounding ethnic groups, such as 10/28 Zhuang in Fudan's 2002 data, 13/20 in Thailand, 9/26 in Khmer, and Dong Yongli's data in 2004, Dai 44/112, Zhuang 18/47, Shui 8/40, Brown 14/28, Lisu 20/49, Naxi 19/40, Buyi 28/48, Xue's data, Buyi 19/35, Hani 17/34, Li nationality 21/34, in 2006 Shi Hong Yi nationality of the servant number of 16/32. n data is 5/50 in Vietnam, 26/55 in Thailand, 10/36 in Indonesia, and 1/77 in the Philippines.

O2a is less common among the northern ethnic groups, with the exception of the Daur people, who have a high proportion of 6/39, and the Evenki people also have data of 3.8% (1/26) and 2.4% (1/41). According to Shi Hong's article on the servants, 4 out of 289 Tibetans are O2A, which is very close to the proportion of the Han people in the north. Roughly north of the Yangtze River, there are very few O2A (except for the Daur and Evenki people).

There is an opinion that there is a large Austronesian-speaking population among the Japanese who have traveled north from Southeast Asia, and there are even rumors on the Internet that members of the Japanese Imperial Family have tested for O2A, but I think this is unlikely, O2A is rare among the Japanese. In Xue's data, Japan's data is 2/47, Japan's data is 5/1, Japan's data is 1/a's data 8/729, and overall, it is 16/1143, which is a very small proportion, and it is unlikely that a large number of Austronesians participated in the formation of the Japanese.

O2B is another common type of East Asian, mainly found in Japan and South Korea, but more widely distributed in Southeast Asia.

(Xue's data, 2006): Japan 13/47, South Korea 12/43, Yanbian Korean 7/25, Xibe 1/41, Manchu 2/35, Hezhe 2/41, Daur 1/39, (2006): Japan 29.5% (76/259), Manchu 3.8% (2/52), South Korea 36% (27/75), Vietnam 4.3% (3/70), Indonesia 16% (4/25), n data: Japan 25.9% (28/ 108), North Korea 19.4% (31/160), Indonesia 19.5% (7/36), Philippines 1.3% (1/70), Vietnam 14% (7/50), Thailand 5.4% (3/55), overall, in Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, O2B is widely distributed, in the Sino-Tibetan residents, O2B is basically absent, in the Altaic language family, mainly distributed in the northeast, Mongolia and Turkic regions are basically absent.

O3 is the master of East Asia and the main body of the Han nationality.

According to the 2007 study, 100% of the upper-class nobles are O3 type among the residents of Longshan culture at the Taosi site in Shanxi, and according to the data of Jinli Li Hui in 2008, the Y chromosome SNP type of the residents of Yangshao culture in Shaanxi Province is also O3, so we can clearly see that the residents of the ancient Central Plains, especially the nobles, are O3 possession of the absolute subject, and the Y chromosome composition of Yangshao culture and Longshan culture residents is basically the same, and the race is the same component.

According to the data of Wenbo in 2004, 59.5% (110/185) of the Han nationality in Shandong, 52% (26/50) of the Han nationality in Henan, 56.7% (51/90) of the Han nationality in Shaanxi, 63.4% (59/93) of the Han nationality in Yunnan, 53.9% (34/64) of the Han nationality in Guangdong, 57.1% (36/63) of the Han nationality in Sichuan, and 50.9% (54/ 106), Zhang Yongli's 2002 Fujian Han nationality was 58.8% (47/80), r data Northern Han 65.9% (29/44), Taiwan Han 49/84 (58.3%) (note that this data and Zhang Yongli's 2002 Fujian Han 58.8 data is almost the same, similar to the Taiwanese Han nationality, 183 out of 106 o3, the proportion of 58.2% In 2006 Xue's data, the O3 frequency of the Han nationality in Harbin was 68.6% (23/35), 53.6% (429/800) of the Han nationality in Nanjing, 61.8% (211/341) of the Han nationality in Sichuan in Ma Mingyi's data, and 71.3% (62/87) in Gansu, among all the data, except for 83.3% (10/ 12) Due to the small number of samples, the highest proportion of Han people with O3 is Hakka, according to Li Hui's data in 2003, the proportion of O3 among Hakka people in Changting, Fujian Province is as high as 74.3% (110/148), and there is a similar data, which is 77.8% (21/27 people) in Li Hui's article "The Source of Guangxi Liujia People" in 2002.

In general, O3 is the main body of all Han people, and different sampling may cause fluctuations in the data, but the overall frequency of occurrence is generally between 50-70%, although the territory is vast and the population is large, but the Han people show a striking consistency, showing the common origin of the Han people.

The vast majority of today's 1 billion Han people are direct descendants of the original inhabitants of the Central Plains 5,000 years ago. The main body is the O3 of Yangshao culture and Longshan culture (the paternal composition of the inhabitants of the two cultures is the same), O3 is the residents from Yangshao culture and Longshan culture in the Central Plains constitute the overwhelming absolute majority of the paternal ancestors of the Han people everywhere, followed by the O1 of the Cishan culture of Hebei, the O3, O2 and O1 of the Hongshan culture, and the O1 of the Liangzhu culture, followed by the O2a of the Daxi culture of Hubei and the Wucheng culture of Jiangxi.

The only exception is the Han people, whose O2A exceeds O3 and accounts for the majority, unlike other Han people.

Among other ethnic groups in East Asia, O3 is also very common, which does not mean that these ethnic groups have Han Chinese ancestry, because O3 spread to the whole of East Asia at least 10,000 years ago, and they are the descendants of these ancient peoples, not the Han people who later rose to the unification of the Central Plains.

Other Sino-Tibetan residents: 2001 data, Dungan 40% (16/40), data 2002: Tujia 52.8% (26/49), Dong Yongli's data 55.8% (38/68), and Han nationality is very close, in fact, many Sino-Tibetan residents are close to Han Chinese, and Bai 2004 Dong Yongli data is 50% (25/50), while 2004 Wenbo data is 50.8% (31/ 61), the Bai and Tujia may have a very close ethnic origin relationship with the Han Chinese. For example, Xue's data are 30.3% (10/33) of Qiang, 40% (14/35) of Tibetan, 31.4% (11/35) of Buyi, and 17/41 of Dong Yongli's 2004 data: Hani 17/41, Jingpo 4/17, Yi 12/41, Naxi 1/41, Buyi 2/48 (significantly different from Xue), and Pumi 4/47.

Other ethnic groups in China also have data on the Dai 21/112, the Li 1/31, and the Zhuang 8/28.

In other parts of East Asia, such as Japan and South Korea, the data for Japan is 20.2% (52/259), the data for South Korea is 40% (30/75), the data for Yanbian Korea is 29.1% (23/79), South Korea 34.1% (29/85), Japan 16.2% (19/data: Yanbian North Korea 40% (10/25), South Korea 17/43 (39.5%), and the data for South Korea is 44.5% (117/kim data for South Korea 47.2% (102/ 216), in general, the proportion of O3 in South Korea is roughly above 40%, which is the first type, and in Japan it is roughly 20%, and in Japan O3 is less than O2B.

In the Altaic language family, the proportion of O3 among the Manchus in Northeast China is very high, and they are the first type of Manchu, Xibe, and Hezhe. Among the Mongolian population, Inner Mongolia and Khalkha Outer Mongolia are the highest, roughly between 20-30%, and the western Mongolian O3 is very small, basically below 5% or not at all. There is no distribution of O3 in Siberia. Among the Turkic speakers, O3 is not high, but it is widely distributed, the highest is Yugur and Salar, roughly 30-40%, Uyghur is about 10%, and the further west it is, it is less and less, Kazakh is about 10%, Uzbek is about 2%, and in the Turkish region, there is only one O3 among 523 Turks, accounting for only 0.2%.

The specific data of O3 for each Altaic-speaking population are as follows:

Manchu: UE data: Manchu 37.1% (13/35), Manchu 38.5% (20/52), Manchu 42.6% (43/101), Wenbo Manchu data 44.4% (8/18), Xue, Hezhe 44.4% (20/45), Xibe 26.8% (11/41), Evenki 23.1% (6/26), Oroqen 19.4% (6/31), Evenki 24.4% (10/ 41）。

Mongolians: Khalkha Mongolia 22.8% (34/149), Oirat Mongolia 1.0% (1/98), Outer Mongolia 8.3% (2/24), Khalkha Mongolia 18.8% (16/85), Ulianghai Mongolia 6.7% (4/60), Mongolia 8.3% (5/60), Mongolia 2.5% (1/40), Xue Inner Mongolia 28.9% (13/45), Outer Mongolia 10.8% (7/65), Daur 25.6% （10/39）。

Turkic speakers: data: Yugur 34.2% (18/52), Uyghur 12.2% (6/49), 2001 data Uyghur 10.5% (7/67), Xue's data: Ili Uyghur 15.4% (6/39), Urumqi Uyghur 6.5% (2/31), in 2001 the data were particularly rich: Kyrgyz 1/52, Kazakh 9.3% (5/54), Central Asian Uyghur 12.2% (5/41), Tuvan 1/ 42, Karakalpak 11.4% (5/44), Crimean Tatars 1/22, Uzbeks 14/DORF in 2006 data, Tuvans 1/55. Turks 1/523. It can be said that among the Turkic people, O3 is widespread, but the proportion is not high, and O3 has also been found in Tajikistan, Iran, Pakistan and other places adjacent to the Turks, which may be the influence of the Turks, Mongolians, Khitans or the Chinese in the Han and Tang dynasties. In particular, the proportion of O3 in Kazakh-Uyghur and other populations is much higher than that of the western Mongols, indicating that the source of O3 is definitely not only the Mongolian steppe, but also the ancient Central Plains people participated in the formation of these ethnic groups.

V. Indigenous Populations Outside East Asia – N and Q1

N and O are sister types, which diverged from O about 30,000 years ago, and departed from East Asia and entered Siberia and Eastern Europe 2~15,000 years ago.

However, there are still many parts left behind in East Asia that cannot be ignored.

n can be divided into four parts: n*, n1, n2, and n3.

N * is the common type of Han nationality, in the sample of 10 Han people with a total of 1475 people, a total of 100 n, accounting for 6.8%, the lowest frequency is 0, the highest frequency is 15.0% (South China Han 6/40), the rest such as Nanjing 6.1% (49 people/800 people), North China 9.1% (4/44), Taiwan 6.0% (5/84), Sichuan 8.8% (30 people/341 people), Lanzhou 6.7% (2/ 30), so N is a very important source of the Han nationality, and many data in the past did not detect the SNP separately, so all of them were classified into K, resulting in the hypothesis that the Han people have K*, in fact, the Han people do not contain K* in Southeast Asia and K2 in the Middle East.

The highest frequency of n* occurred in the Yi and other ethnic groups in southwest China, with the Yi at 30.2% (13/43) in 2006, the nearby Tujia at 4.1% (2/49), and the Han in Sichuan at 8.8% (30/341).

At present, the most important distribution of N1 is in China, such as 2.3% (1/44) of Han nationality in North China, 1.3% (1/75) of Koreans, 1.9% (1/52) of Manchu people, 5.7% (2/35) of Manchu nationality, 2.4% (1/41) of Xibe nationality, and 5.7% (2/35) of Buyi nationality in the data of Xue. Since there are only two papers that have tested this SNP, very few people have been found so far.

N2 is found in western Siberia and the Ural Mountains, with a low frequency in Mongolia.

For example, 27.3% (15/55) of Tuvans are in the data, and since this SNP is also rarely detected like N1, a lot of data is classified as K.

Among the Tungusic people of Siberia, N2 is also common, such as 27.5% for Tunguska, 9.3% for Tunguska, and 16% for Tunguska in the central region.

In Mongolia and Northeast China, such as the data, Outer Mongolia is 6.0% (9/149), Chinese Evenki 2.4% (1/41), Buryatia 2.5% (2/81), such as Xue's data, Inner Mongolia is 0/45, Outer Mongolia is 2/65, Northeast China, Hezhe is the highest, 8/45, Manchu is 2/35, Oroqen is 2/31, it can be said that N2 also has a certain distribution among the ethnic minorities in northern China, but the Han people have not found any N2.

N3 is the most important branch of N, and its distribution area extends from China to a vast area in northern Europe.

Among Europeans, 60% of the population is in Finland, Estonia, etc., 50% in Lithuania, Latvia, etc., 35% among people in northern Russia, 20% in the center, 10% in the south, 5-10% in Norway and Sweden, 3% in Germans. We won't go into too much detail about the distribution of N3 in Europe here.

The highest frequency of N3 is distributed in Siberia, and according to TTE, 270 out of 293 Yakuts are N3, accounting for 92.2%. Among the Tungusic people (37.5% in TSK Tunguska, 9.7% in Tunguska, 22.2% in Tunguska, 18% in Central Tunguska, 70.7% in Yakut-speaking Tunguska, 20.5% in Tunguska, 90.9% in Northern Evin, 8.3% in Central Evan, and 12.9% in Southern Even), it can be said that N3 is the absolute majority in northern Siberia, N3 decreases in Southern Siberia, and C3C accounts for the majority.

In Mongolia, the data of Tuvan N3 is 9.1% (5/55), the data of Tuvan is 21.4% (9/42), the data of Outer Mongolia, N3 data is 2.0% (3/data is Inner Mongolia 13.3# (6/45), Outer Mongolia 7.7% (5/65), Khalkha Mongolia 4.7% (4/85), Ulianghai Mongolia 8.3% (5/60), Mongolia 3.3% (2/60), Mongolia 0 (0/40), Buryat Mongolia 18.9% (28.4% (23/81) for Buryatia 45/Al, 1.0% (1/99) for Kalmyk Mongolian Ivan, and 7.7% (3/39) for Daur N3 for Xue.)

In the Tungusic population in Northeast China, the data of Manchu is 0 (0/0/) for Xibe (2/41), Hezhe 0/45, Oroqen 0/31, Evenki 0/26, Manchu 0 (0/35), Manchu 0 (0/52), Evenki 0, Oroqen 1/22. Basically, the influence of N3 on the Tungusic peoples of the northeast is very weak.

Among the East Asian ethnic groups such as Han, Korean, and Japanese, there is basically no N3. However, it should be noted that there are n3 (1/40) in the Dungan and n3 (1/54) in the northwest**, indicating that ** has some ancestry from the steppes of North Asia.

Q1 refers to M120 unique to the Han nationality, which was written as Q1A1 in 2008.

There used to be an opinion that Q1 was one of the types peculiar to the Han Chinese, but this view is being challenged.

It should be said that most of the Q1 in the current data are from the Han nationality (about 300 are found in the current paper data, and about 270 are from the Han nationality), Fudan data in 2002, there are 60 Q1s out of 1054 Han people in the north, accounting for 5.7%, and 10 Q1s in the 652 Han people in the south, accounting for 1.5%. For example, Ma Mingyi's Sichuan Han data shows that 9 of the 341 people have Q1, accounting for 2.6%, and among the Nanjing Han people, there are 24 Q1 out of 800 Han people, accounting for 3.0%, and in the data, the Q1 of the northern Han people is 4.5% (2/44), the Han people in Taiwan are 1.2% (1/84), and the Han people in Taiwan are 1.1% (2/183).

In Sino-Tibetan speaking groups other than Han Chinese, Q1 has also been found, such as Dong Yongli's 2005 article on the origin of the Bai nationality, 6.7% (2/30) of the Bai nationality, 3.1% (1/32) of the Tujia nationality, 2.2% (1/46) of the Tibetan nationality, and 2.1% (1/47) of the Pumi nationality in the article of Wenbo in the Mosuo people. It can be said that in addition to the Han nationality, Q1 also exists, mainly distributed among the Han and Tibetan residents in the southwest, and Q1 should not simply be regarded as unique to the Han nationality.

Q1 is found outside Han China, and it has been found in Dungan and Pakistani people outside East Asia. In East Asia, outside of China, 0.7% (1/137) in Japan, 2.2% (1/44) in Okinawa, and 0.6% in Korea (7.1% (5/70) in Vietnam.

At present, the more convincing view is that Q1 is the creator of the fine stone civilization that entered East Asia 1.5~10,000 years ago, and they may have entered East Asia after entering the steppe from Central Asia, and have been distributed throughout East Asia until about 10,000 years ago, the expansion of various branches of O diluted and expelled them, resulting in them only remaining in the Han and other East Asian populations, and the frequency is very low.

Sixth, generalization

For East Asians, o is the largest component, which is found in all populations except Siberia, and is the largest component (and more than 50%) in all large populations with more than 10 million people in East and Southeast Asia.

C is the second largest, especially for the northern population, which exceeds 50% of the Tungusic people in both Mongolia and Siberia, but except for Mongolia and Kazakhstan, the population of all the main ethnic groups is basically no more than 100,000, and many are small tribes composed of several thousand nomadic and hunter-gatherers.

n is the third, but it is also very important for some ethnic groups in southwest China and Siberia.

The distribution of d is relatively limited, and only Japan and Tibet have relatively high frequencies.

Q1 only occurs at low frequency in East Asia, with no population exceeding 10%.

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