readx;

On the other hand, there are few records of the literary prison in the Yuan Dynasty, and there can be another aspect of evidence, that is, the development of opera in the Yuan Dynasty can be said to be unprecedented. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoPlease search for the most complete! The fastest updated novel

......

The development of opera can be said to have a long history, although there is no evidence to confirm when the earliest opera appeared, but in the late Warring States period, opera has become a way of livelihood for some people.

Ancient opera occupies an important position in China's literary and artistic garden:

The difference between ancient Chinese opera and literary genres such as poetry, ci, literature, and fu is that opera not only exists as a text for reading, including the plot, structure, guanmu, palace tune, music card, diction, and rhyme of the script, but also has a complex art form, including singing, reading, doing, playing, stage scenery, musical accompaniment, etc., which is a comprehensive art.

Therefore, opera from germination to maturity is a complex historical process, with more than one clue to development and more than one source, both in content and form, all of which have a long history. In short, it originated in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, brewed in the Sui and Tang dynasties, formed in the Song dynasty, prospered in the Yuan dynasty, and developed and evolved in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Yuan miscellaneous drama is a set of palaces with a set of tunes. Miscellaneous dramas are about four folds, or wedges are added to make up for the lack of four folds. The wedges are either in front or between the folds. -- "One Hundred Kinds of Yuan Songs" and "Thirty Kinds of Yuan Songs", all of which I have seen are four folds, and only one play, "Zhao's Orphan's Great Retribution", has a five fold.

That is, the master of the empty view, Ling Lingchu, wrote in the "Ten Rules of the West Chamber": "Each book of Beiqu is only four folds, and those who are long in affairs and not can do their best in four folds, there is another one." For example, Wu Changling's "Journey to the West" has six copies, and Wang Shifu's "The Story of the Broken Kiln", "Lichun Garden", "Tea Selling Boat", "Into the Plum Blossom", "Zigong Gaomen" and so on have two copies each, which can be proven. There are only four sentences of the title of each book in the northern body, and the last sentence is the general name of the play; this seems to be from the singing title of the gold title of the academy, that is, before the singing, someone reported the general idea of the whole play.

There is only one singer per song in the meta-drama. If the end or the end, he has no singing. White is also divided into "all bin" and "all white". The two said "Bin" to each other, and one said "Bai" to himself. The words of the Yuan opera are mostly born of song and white, each with its own wonders. Beiqu is the heaviest lining word, so as to be clear and handsome. The head of the business is also very intensive.

The songs used in Yuan opera are mostly from the great songs of the Jinyuan Dynasty, as well as the lyrics of the Tang and Song dynasties, and the tunes of the Yale Zhugong since the Sui and Tang dynasties. There are three sources, namely Daqu, Tang and Song tunes, and Zhugong tunes.

Score, text, and harmony are the three major components of music. The text also adds sound rhyme to rhythm and rhyme, which is more than half of the sound rhyme in the Yuan song, and should not be ignored. The Yuan people use the rhyme very finely. There are six characters and three rhymes, such as Wang Shifu's "The Legend of the West Chamber": "Suddenly, suddenly, suddenly, shocked." "Since ancient times, a woman, a husband. ”

and "Winter Scene Song" cloud: "In the arm, seal tightly, guard the palace." Again: "Drunk, jade, reddish." "Reunion Song" cloud: "Girl, two phases, right." "The Marriage of the Two Worlds" cloud: "Why, if you have a big sex, you will scold." "Plum Fragrance" cloud: "Okay, don't worry, I'll be." ——There are three rhymes and six characters, and they are firmly round.

The classification of quyi in the Yuan Dynasty took opera as the main body, and miscellaneous operas, sets, and small orders as side branches:

The opera is the longest of the Yuan operas, some have 12 folds, some have 32 folds, and some have more than 40 folds. For example, Wu Changling's "Journey to the West", Wang Shifu's "Broken Kiln", "The Story of the West Chamber", etc., each have two or four copies to prove.

The name of miscellaneous opera began in the Song Dynasty, but it was the most prosperous type of Yuan opera and became the center of literature. Miscellaneous dramas are different from operas, that each book is only four folds, and the wedge is uncertain (Ji Junxiang's "Zhao's Orphan's Great Revenge" has five folds, which is an exception), and each compromise is limited to one singer.

The number of sets is a set of songs in the unity of the palace tune, and only the strings are used when singing, which is slightly like a fold in the miscellaneous drama; This is different from the whole set of operas, or loose sets.

Xiaoling is a very short and lovely minor key, slightly similar to the Song Ci Yi, at most 58 characters, which is different from the middle and long tones.

In addition to the above four types, Yuanqu also has a courtyard book, which is a legacy of the Jin Dynasty courtyard book. "Nuan Shu by the Pen" said: "There are white singers named 'miscellaneous plays', those who use strings are named 'sets', play dramas, and those who dance without singing are named 'Yuanben'." Shen Defu's "Gu Qu Miscellaneous Words" said: "The original of the academy is the legacy of the five flowers of the Northern Song Dynasty Huizong, there are scattered sayings, Taoist thoughts, somersaults, and science and pan; ”

However, according to the script of the miscellaneous drama of King Xian of the Ming Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, there is white and singing, which is the same as the miscellaneous drama, but there is no limit to one singer.

Yuan Miscellaneous Opera has a complete art form, and the script is mainly composed of three parts: singing, bingbai and performance. In terms of system, Yuan miscellaneous dramas are based on folding, one is usually four folds, and some have five to six folds.

In addition, each book also has one or two scenes, called "wedges", which are positioned either before or between the folds, and are used to introduce characters, plots, etc. Each book ends with a pair or two pairs, which is called "title justification".

In terms of music, there are strict rules for Yuan miscellaneous operas, and only one set of tunes is used for a folded play, which is composed of different tunes of the same house tune, and the order of the same set of tunes is also relatively fixed. The Yuan miscellaneous opera is sung in northern songs, and the musical instruments mainly use string music such as pipa, and the style is bold and agitated.

In terms of role setting, the roles of Yuan miscellaneous dramas are divided into three categories: the last class, the Dan class, and the net class, with only one person singing in a play, and the play sung by Zhengdan is called "the last play", and the play sung by Zhengdan is called "Dan play". In Yuan miscellaneous dramas, "Kefan" is used to stipulate action expressions or indicate stage effects, referred to as "Ke".

......

The opera masters of the Yuan Dynasty were represented by Guan Hanqing, Zheng Dehui, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and others.

Judging from Guan Hanqing's relevant records, most of Guan Hanqing's opera scripts can already be disposed of as the category of literary prison:

Later generations had a view that, objectively, the Yuan Dynasty was a brief restoration of a slave dynasty after thousands of years of feudalism. The excessive exploitation of the Han Chinese by the rulers of the Yuan Empire was bound to lead to fierce ethnic conflicts.

Soon the vanguard of the Han peasant class was manifested, and with the participation of some intellectuals, a violent uprising was completed and the Ming Dynasty was established. Feudalism continued to be maintained and further centralized.

In this background relationship, which is sometimes reversed and sometimes centralized, a group of dramatists like Guan Hanqing who went into exile from north to south were born. The perennial exile life has broadened Guan Hanqing's knowledge and knowledge, and at the same time, he has a deeper understanding of the suffering life of the lower class people.

During the period of great change, Guan Hanqing was actually closer to the forefront of ideological reform, and his background was also more profound. A large number of works of combat significance were created. It criticized the decadent national rule of the Yuan Dynasty, exposed the darkness of officialdom, and reproduced the living environment of the peasants. Guan Hanqing's life reflects the rich background of the times, and he must take on the historical responsibility of promoting the spirit of resistance.

At the same time, because of the laxity of the feudal system, women's rights began to attract attention. Some ordinary women's images, such as Dou E, prostitute Zhao Paner, Du Ruiniang, girl Wang Ruilan, widow Tan Jier, maid Yanyan, etc., the awakening of female consciousness is projected into the works, which cannot but be said to be a great gift from the times to Guan Hanqing, and it has also affected the praise of later generations for the cutting-edge nature of his works. But Guan Hanqing did not magnify the advanced nature that should be, and only touched on the extent of exposing social evils.

Through the tragedy of the individual, it does not reach the height of extension and social community. However, we should understand that the ideological movement in China was far from forming a trend like that of Europe, and the Yuan Dynasty had a strict hierarchy, and any speech that was not conducive to the rule of the aristocracy would lead to the disaster of the Nine Tribes.

But as far as "Dou E's Injustice" is concerned, Guan Hanqing is already a bold attempt, and the very romantic description in it, adhering to the story construction of the mantle of oriental legends, can be said to be a great revival of the legendary novels of the Tang and Song dynasties.

Among them, the sharp critical significance is only possessed by a few Chinese intellectuals who have the ability to think independently. But often their lives and endings are also very unruly.

Since then, Wang Shifu's "The Legend of the West Chamber" has made new innovations and explorations in this model, but it is all looking for a fulcrum in the lever of feudal marriage and free love, and lacks epoch-making works. The deep-rooted natural economy has shackled the budding bourgeoisie in China, and even regressed historically.

It can be seen that the scholar class in the period before and after the germination of capitalism in China has not only its unique and distinctive consciousness, but also the indelible lag of its class limitations, and cannot shoulder the heavy task of the ideological enlightenment movement, nor does it have the soil for the ideological enlightenment movement.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Xia Tingzhi's "Preface to the Collection of Green Buildings" contains: "My emperor and Haiyu at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and the remnants of Jin, such as Du Sanren, Bailangu, and Guan Jizhai, all disdain Shijin, but mock Fengyue and linger in the scene. ”

After the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty (1279), Guan Hanqing went to Hangzhou, the center of southern opera performances at that time, and wrote the suite of "Hangzhou Scenery" (there is a sentence "the new vassals of the Great Yuan Dynasty, the old Huayi of the Song family"). I also went to Yangzhou, wrote a song and gave it to the Zhu Curtain Show, and there was a sentence of "ten miles of Yangzhou scenery, and there are fairies".

Guan Hanqing is an opera artist who is familiar with the art of Golan, and "Xi Jin Zhi" says that he is "born dignified, erudite and literate, funny and wise, and full of romance, which is the crown of the moment"

。 Zang Mao of the Ming Dynasty followed the "Preface to the Selection of Yuan Qu" and said that he "practiced pomp and circumstance, and applied powder and ink on his face." I thought that my family lived, and even advocated excellence without giving up." Guan Hanqing was a leading figure in the miscellaneous drama industry in the early Yuan Dynasty, and the most famous scholar in the Yujing Book Club.

According to the records of "Record Ghost Book", "Qinglou Collection", and "Nancun Dropout Record", he had contacts with miscellaneous playwrights Yang Xianzhi, Liang Jinzhi, Fei Junxiang, prose writer Wang Heqing, and famous actress Zhu Lianxiu, etc., and became even closer to Yang Xianzhi and Wang Heqing.

This view clearly points out that Guan Hanqing's opera has violated the corresponding bottom line of the rulers of the Yuan Empire at that time, but in the end, Guan Hanqing did not suffer official "punishment" or even was killed for it.

"Dou E's Injustice" is a famous work created by Guan Hanqing after hearing the legend of "The Filial Woman of the East China Sea":

The filial piety of the East China Sea is an ancient Han folklore story. Its protagonist's real name is Zhou Qing, from "The Biography of the Daughters" and "The Biography of Hanshu Yu Dingguo". The filial wife died of her husband very early and had no son, but she was very thoughtful in supporting her mother-in-law.

The mother-in-law hanged herself because she didn't want to drag her down. However, the filial woman was imprisoned for this, and was beaten into a trick, and was finally killed by Taishou. When the filial woman was beheaded, she made three vows, if it was unjustly killed, the blood would flow backwards, the snow would fly in June, and the drought would be three years.

Three years after the filial woman was killed, there was a great drought in the county, and it was not until the new Taishou personally paid tribute to the tomb of the filial woman and commended her virtue that it began to rain. Gan Bao recorded in "Sou Shen Ji" that when the filial woman died, the blue and yellow blood flowed up the long bamboo pole, and only flowed down the banner when it reached the top of the pole.

But what is interesting is that there are two theories about the origin of Zhou Qing as the heroine or the place where this legend took place:

Tancheng County said: According to historical records, the county governance of Donghai County in the Han Dynasty is now Tancheng County, Linyi City, so Zhou Qing, the widow of Donghai County, the prototype of Dou E, does have this person. Now there is a large tomb in the southeast of Tancheng County called the Filial Piety Mound, which is about Zhou Qing's bones. The original filial piety mound was just an inconspicuous small mound, which was not rebuilt until the early Qing Dynasty, and there is an inscription written by the Kangxi Emperor next to it.

Lianyungang said: Since the Yuan Dynasty Guan Hanqing's famous "Touching the Heaven and Earth Dou E's Injustice" came out, the filial piety of the East China Sea has also become famous. According to folk legends, Zhou Qing before he died, he once said, "If the mother-in-law is not killed by her, the white blood is three feet," and when she died, it was really three feet of white blood, she shed white blood, and now there is a village in the south of Tancheng County named "Baixue Wang", and later because the name is unlucky, it was renamed "Tannan Village".

Donghai County is the ancient name of Lianyungang, and after Donghai County was abolished, Donghai County still exists today. For a long period of time, Chaoyang Street served as the county governor of Donghai County.

Three years after the death of the Tokai filial piety, the Tokai Filial Piety Shrine and the Tokai Filial Piety Shrine were established here, but both were destroyed at a later time.

Today, on the original site, the relevant parties have rebuilt the Donghai Filial Piety Women's Temple. "Handonghai Filial Piety Temple" is one of the oldest and most vigorous incense among the more than 470 temples and Taoist temples in the Hai area.

Dou E's story is even more well-known after Yuanguan Hanqing's drama "Dou E's Injustice" became a household name.

However, from a historical point of view, the story of the filial piety woman of the East China Sea began in the Book of Han, so taking the time before the appearance of the Book of Han as the standard, then the place where the story of the "Filial Woman of the East China Sea" took place is likely to be the location of the East China Sea County at that time.

The location of Tokai-gun is recorded as follows:

Donghai County was also known as Tan County in the Qin Dynasty, and the original age is no longer available. After Qin Shi Huang destroyed the Chu State, he placed Chen County and Xue County in the eastern part of the Chu State.

"Yuanhe County Chronicles" said that Xue County was placed in Tan County in the Qin period, and the governance was located in Tan County. Later, it was renamed Donghai County, leading 12 counties: Tan County, Xiangben, Lanling, Zhangxian, Qu County, Xiapi, Weixian, Huaiyin, Xuyi, Dongyang, Guangling, Tangyi.

In the third year of Emperor Wu's Yuan Ding (114 years ago), several counties in the south of Donghai County were divided into Surabaya countries. In the fourth year of Emperor Cheng Yuan Yan (9 years ago), Donghai County governed Tan County, which belonged to the Xuzhou Thorn History Department, leading 20 counties and 18 marquis. Its jurisdiction is roughly equivalent to most of Linyi City, Shandong Province, Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province, and the eastern part of Xuzhou City.

In general, the county guard prison is generally in the location of the county government, so the location where the story of the filial woman of the East China Sea took place should be more likely to be Tan County at that time. (To be continued.) )

This book is from //x.html