readx;

Although the Yuan Empire did not have a large proportion of sinicization, due to political considerations and the stability of the rule, the Yuan Empire had almost no relevant records of the actions of the literary prison. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info

It is possible that the rulers of the Yuan Empire did not disdain to do such a thing as a literary prison, but it is also possible that the Yuan Empire's tyranny record during its rule of China was quite large, and it was not too obvious or that the influential literary prison was considered unworthy by historians.

However, no matter what the reason, the Yuan Empire is indeed more preferential in treating scholars, because this can be seen from the treatment of a person.

This person is Wen Tianxiang, who is known as one of the three heroes of the late Song Dynasty.

......

On the way Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu, he did not eat for eight days, did not die, and then ate again. Arrived in Dadu, the staff of the hall were attentive and luxuriously furnished, Wen Tianxiang did not fall asleep, and sat waiting for dawn. So he transferred him to the Soldiers and Horses Division, and ordered the soldiers to guard him.

At that time, Kublai Khan searched for talented Southern Song Dynasty officials many times, and Wang Jiweng said: "There is no one in the Southern Song Dynasty who can compare with Wen Tianxiang." So he sent Wang Jiweng to convey the holy decree, Wen Tianxiang said: "The country is dead, I can only die to repay the country." If, because of forgiveness, he can return to his hometown as a Taoist priest, and he will serve as an advisor in an extrasecular capacity, it is okay. If I am given a high-ranking official at once, not only will the doctors of the country who have died not be able to survive on this, but will also abandon all my life's ambitions, then what is the use of appointing me?"

Wang Jiweng wanted to join Song official Xie Changyuan and other ten people to ask for the release of Wen Tianxiang as a Taoist priest, but Liu Mengyan disagreed, saying: "After Wen Tianxiang was released, he called for resistance to the Yuan in Jiangnan, where did I put ten people?" Wen Tianxiang was in Yanjing for three years, Kublai Khan knew that Wen Tianxiang had always been unyielding, and discussed with the prime minister to release him.

In the nineteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282 AD), a monk in Fujian said that Saturn offended the emperor and suspected that there was chaos. Soon, there was a madman in Zhongshan who called himself "Lord Song", with thousands of soldiers, who wanted to rescue Wen Tianxiang. There is also an unsigned letter in the capital, saying that one day the reeds of the city will be burned and the soldiers on both sides will be in rebellion, and the prime minister will not be worried. At that time, the thieves had just assassinated Ahma, the left prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, so he ordered the removal of the city reeds and the relocation of Yingguo Gong and the Song clan to Kaiping, and the Yuan court suspected that the prime minister mentioned in the letter was Wen Tianxiang.

The Yuan court summoned Wen Tianxiang and said, "What do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "Tianxiang is deeply favored by the Song Dynasty, as the prime minister, how can he serve the second surname, and I am willing to be satisfied as soon as I die." ”

However, Kublai Khan could not bear it and hurriedly waved him back. Some said that they should agree to Wen Tianxiang's request, and the edict was okay. After a while, an edict was issued to stop it, and Wen Tianxiang was dead. Wen Tianxiang was very calm when he went to the execution ground, and said to the prison officials: "My business is over. "He bowed down to the south and was put to death.

A few days later, his wife, Ouyang, cleaned up his body, his face as if alive, and he died at the age of forty-seven. There is a praise in his clothes that says: "Confucius said to be benevolent, Mencius said to take righteousness, only loyalty and righteousness are exhausted, and benevolence is achieved." What do you learn from reading the books of the sages? From now on, you will have a clear conscience. ”

From this point of view, Kublai Khan was quite tolerant of capable ministers, and even if it was a hostile person, as long as the other party did have a certain talent, Kublai Khan himself would try his best to entrap the other party.

However, in addition to Wen Tianxiang, Kublai Khan seems to have a feeling that the military generals who surrendered in the Southern Song Dynasty only talk about talent and morality.

Among the many ministers who surrendered in the Song Dynasty, there were capable officials like Wang Jiweng, and there were also traitorous ministers like Liu Mengyan.

Wang Jiweng is said to have tried to rescue Wen Tianxiang, but was stopped by Liumengyan.

Regardless of the truth of this point, I am afraid that Kublai Khan would rather put Wen Tianxiang under house arrest for the rest of his life than intend to let Wen Tianxiang be a flat-headed commoner.

According to the corresponding records: Liumengyan is treacherous, and he sees the wind and rudder. After the champion, the official Zongzheng Shaoqing, the secret pavilion was revised, Fujian was promoted, the right servant of the Ministry of Officials, the tired official Xuanfeng doctor, and the bachelor of Duanming Palace. In the first year of Deyou (1275), he was appointed as the Privy Council of the Governor and the Governor of the Council, and worshiped as the right prime minister and privy envoy, and the governor of the Zhulu Army. Although he was ordered to be in danger, he retreated, saying that he was sick at home, and he did not become the prime minister of Zuo until the queen mother came to his home in person. Soon, it was in the first year of Song Duanzong Jingyan (1276).

In this regard, Wen Tianxiang wrote the poem "For or People":

In the hundred years of success or failure, I smiled at the Keshan Bureau. The golden horse wins the old rain, and the copper camel hates the west wind. The black head boasted of Mr. Jiang, and the cold-toothed man could say Chu Gong. The dragon's head Huang Fei really dreamed, dreaming of where to meet Jiangdong.

After Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, respected Wen Tianxiang's talent and personality very much, treated him as a guest, and sent people to persuade him to surrender many times, so he used torture, but Wen Tianxiang was still loyal and unyielding. Some Song ministers who descended to the Yuan Dynasty asked the Yuan Emperor to release Wen Tianxiang as a Taoist priest, and the Yuan Emperor also had this intention, but Liu Mengyan stopped him: "Tianxiang is out, and the resumption is to call on the righteous people in Jiangnan to resist the Yuan, where will our generation be placed?" thus strengthening the idea of Emperor Yuan killing Wen Tianxiang.

After staying in Mengyan, he was the secretary of the Ministry of Rites in the Yuan Dynasty, and moved to the Hanlin Chengzhi, and the official was the prime minister. In the first year of Yuanchengzong Yuanzhen (1295), he stayed in the dream of Yan Zhishi, and soon died of illness at home.

Although Liu Mengyan's morality is despised, I have to say that Liu Mengyan's advice to dissuade Kublai Khan is not unreasonable.

It's just that maybe because of this, Liu Mengyan can be said to be "a legacy of children".

After the death of the Song Dynasty, Liu Mengyan's life was saved, and the official was also saved, but the infamy of the traitor Liu Mengyan was forever nailed to the pillar of shame in history.

People in his hometown once said: "There is a dream in the two Zhejiang, and the shame of the two Zhejiang." ”

Until the Ming Dynasty, all descendants of those who left their surnames to participate in the imperial examination had to declare that they were not the descendants of Liumengyan before they were eligible for the examination.

After Liu Mengyan descended to the Yuan Dynasty as the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, he became a high-ranking official and became a leader, helping the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to recruit a group of Song ministers, and he could be regarded as a "meritorious" minister of the newly established Great Yuan Empire.

However, there was no "Biography" in the "History of the Song Dynasty" in the official Xiu of the Yuan Dynasty, but on the contrary, he set up a "Biography" for Wen Tianxiang, praising him as a "great man" among the Song Jinshi. It can be seen that even the enemy looks down on those who betray the motherland.

The record in Wen Tianxiang's biography has a high evaluation of Wen Tianxiang's description of loyalty:

Tianxiang to Chaoyang, see Hongfan, worship around life, do not worship, Hongfan then saw it as a courtesy, and entered the mountain, so that Zhang Shijie was recruited for the book. Tianxiang said: "I can't defend my parents, but I teach people to rebel against their parents, but what?" At the end of it, there is a cloud: "Who has not died in life since ancient times, and left Dan to take care of his sweat." Hongfan laughed. The mountain is broken, the army is in the wine conference, Hong Fan said: "The country is dead, the prime minister is loyal and filial, and he can change his mind to serve the emperor in the Song Dynasty, and he will be the prime minister." Tianxiang burst into tears and said: "The country cannot be saved, and those who are ministers are guilty of death, and they dare to escape their death and have two hearts." "Hong Fan Yizhi, send an envoy to escort Tianxiang to Jingshi.

Tianxiang is in the Tao, do not eat for eight days, do not die, that is, re-eat. To Yan, the museum is for Zhang Shisheng, Tianxiang does not sleep, and sits for Dan. Then he moved the troops and horses and set up soldiers to guard it. When Emperor Shizu asked for more talents in the south, Wang Jiweng said: "The southerners are not as auspicious as the heavens." Then he sent Ji Weng to decree, and Tianxiang said: "The country is dead, and I will die." Fu Yuan took a wide vacation, and Huang Guan was able to return to his hometown, and he prepared an external adviser in the future, but also. If you are an official, you can't save the doctor who is not a doctor of the country who died directly, and you will abandon it in your life, and you will use me?" Tianxiang was in Yanfan for three years, and he knew that Tianxiang was unyielding in the end, and discussed with the prime minister to explain it.

In the nineteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, there were Fujian monks who said that Saturn was guilty of the emperor's sitting, and it was suspected that there had been changes. Not long after, there were madmen in Zhongshan who called themselves "Song Lords", and there were thousands of soldiers, who wanted to win the prime minister. There is also an anonymous book in the capital, saying that one day the reeds of the city will be burned, and the two wings of the soldiers will be in chaos, and the prime minister will have no worries. When the thief killed the left prime minister Ahma, ordered to withdraw the city reeds, moved the Duke of Ying and the Song clan Kaiping, and suspected the prime minister Tianxiang. Summoned into the edict and said: "What do you want?" Tianxiang said: "Tianxiang received Song En, as the prime minister, and the second surname of Anshi? "But I couldn't bear it, and I retreated. The speaker praised the invitation from Tianxiang, from it. Russia has an edict to stop it, and Tianxiang is dead. Tianxiang was about to be sentenced calmly, and the official said: "I'm done." "Nanxiang worshiped and died. A few days later, his wife Ouyang received his corpse, his face was like life, and he was forty-seven years old. There is praise in his clothes belt: "Kong said to be benevolent, Meng said to take righteousness, but its righteousness is exhausted, so benevolence." Reading the books of the sages, what you have learned, and now and in the future, you are almost worthy of it. ”

Comment: Since ancient times, people with lofty ideals want to believe in the righteousness of the world, do not blunt their hearts with success or failure, and the life of a gentleman is called "benevolence", which is in line with the righteousness of heaven, that is, the peace of people's hearts. The decline of Shang, Zhou Youdaide, and the division of Mengjin unexpectedly met 800 countries. Boyi and Shuqi stopped with two men wanting to buckle the horse, and the three-foot boy knew that he couldn't. On his day, Confucius was virtuous, and he said: "Seek benevolence and get benevolence." "Song Zhideyou died, Wen Tianxiang went back and forth between the soldiers, and at first wanted to save it with his tongue, but nothing was done, and the two kings were rugged and rugged, in order to revive and recover, and the soldiers were defeated. My ancestor emperor with the amount of heaven and earth, both strong and strong, but also cherish his talent, stay for a few years, like a tiger in the sheng, a hundred ways to tame it, in the end can not be obtained. Looking at its calm and subdued quality, it is like a home, and it is more than what it wants to be alive, which can not be called "benevolence". For more than 300 years in the Song Dynasty, the science of scholars, Mo Sheng was in Jinshi, and Jinshi Mo Sheng was in Lunkui. Since Tianxiang's death, the good of the world is a high commentator, saying that the subject is not enough to get a great man, how can it be!

The above is the second half of the content of "The Biography of Wen Tianxiang", and the last sentence "More than 300 years of the Song Dynasty, the science of scholars, Mo Sheng is in Jinshi, and Jinshi Mo is in Lunkui." Since Tianxiang's death, the world's goodness is a high commentator, and it is said that the subject is not enough to get a great man, how can it be!"

......

Judging from the comparison in this aspect, the Yuan Empire itself attaches relatively much importance to cultural people. So it's not surprising that they don't pay attention to the literal hell.

................................................ Dividing line ......................................................

There are also many records of literary prisons during the Ming Dynasty, but compared with the records of the Song Dynasty, the literary prisons of the Ming Dynasty are more interesting, because many records do not mention the killing of those who violate the ban, but more of the dismissal of the other party's official position:

Hanlin edited Gao Qi's poem: "The little dog barks at the wall in the air, who is forbidden to come to the palace in the middle of the night?" was beheaded.

Zhang Shangli, the imperial historian, wrote a poem: "In my dream, I was favored by the king, but I was screamed by the yellow bird!" and died in prison.

Chen Yanghao, a servant, wrote a poem: "There is a woman in the south of the city, crying every night to recruit a husband", and was thrown into the water and drowned.

Lu Xiong, the prefect of Yanzhou, mistakenly wrote "Yan" as "Gong", which was regarded as disrespectful by Ming Taizu and beheaded.

Zhongshu Zhan Xi originally wrote a plaque for Taixue, and the word "door" was missing the last tick, which was regarded as an obstacle to recruiting talents and beheading.

The monk wrote a poem at the beginning: "Seeing that Yanzhou entered the cuiyi, the net was all over the east and west all day long", "the small grass hall in the new West Garden, there is nowhere to take advantage of the cool when it is hot" was suspected of criticizing Ming Taizu's criminal law for being too harsh and beheaded.

The monk came to compose a poem: "Jinpan Suhelai Shuyu,... He was ashamed of his lack of virtue and praised Tao Tang", and the word "Shu" was regarded as "Bad Zhu" and scolded Taizu for "no virtue" and beheaded.

Lin Yuanliang, a professor of Zhejiang Fuxue, wrote "Xie Zengfeng Table", which has "the constitution of the law", "then" and "thief", which is regarded as scolding Taizu for raising troops and being a thief, and beheading.

Zhao Boning, the academic instructor of Beiping Mansion, made the "Longevity Table" and "drooping children and grandchildren", beheaded.

Lin Bojing, the instructor of Fuzhou Prefecture, wrote "He Dong Table", which has "Yi is the world", and he is chopped.

Jiang Zhi, the instructor of Guilin Prefecture, made "Zhengdan Greeting Table" and "built in the rules", beheaded.

Jiang Zhen, the instructor of Changzhou Mansion, made "Zhengdan Greeting Table" with "wisdom and wisdom", "sheng" and "monk" are the same, and it is regarded as scolding Taizu for being a monk and beheading.

Li Zhou Xuezheng Meng Qing made "He Dong Table" has "holy virtue rules", beheaded.

Huaiqing Mansion Xue instructor Lu Rui's "Xie Ci Ma Table" has "distant view of the emperor", which is regarded as "emperor fei" and beheaded.

Xiangfu County Teachings Jia Zhu made "Zhengdan Greeting Table" has "take the law like Wei", beheaded.

Taizhou instructor Lin Yunzuo's "Xie Dong Palace Banquet Notes" has "body dry Fakun, algae decoration Taiping", "Fakun" and "hair hair" are the same, "algae decoration" and "early loss" are the same, beheading.

Wu Xianzuo, the instructor of De'an Mansion, has "He Li Taisun Table" has "there is a way in the world", and "Tao" and "thief" are the same, and they are cut.

Su Boheng, a professor at the state capital, made a mistake in his statement and died.

Hangzhou professor Xu Yikui congratulated the table with "in broad daylight, born a saint, leading the world", Taizu was furious and beheaded.

Most of the above records are from the "History of the Ming Dynasty", but it is very interesting that Xu Yikui actually lived to the second year of Jianwen according to the research of later generations:

There is a saying in later generations that Zhu Yuanzhang was very taboo about words such as "light" and "bald", and even "monk" did not like it, and even "sheng", which had a similar pronunciation to "monk", was equally disgusted; he once participated in the Red Turban Army, so he did not like others to say "thief" and "kou", and even "Ze", which was similar to the pronunciation of thief, was also disgusted.

Zhao Yi quoted from "The Ancient Records of Xianzhong and the Present" in "Twenty-two Historical Notes: The Scourge of Writing in the Early Ming Dynasty" that Hangzhou professor Xu Yikui wrote the words "light" and "rule" in the congratulatory table, and Zhu Yuanzhang thought that he was satirizing him as a monk and a "thief", so he killed Xu Yikui.

However, the later scholar Chen Xuelin researched that Xu Yikui actually wrote an epitaph in the second year of "being killed", and the fact is that he lived peacefully to be over eighty years old and died in the second year of Jianwen, after Zhu Yuanzhang's death.

In "The Mausoleum of the Imperial Emperor of the Ming Dynasty", Zhu Yuanzhang himself did not hide the old things about his ordination and participation in the uprising, but frankly stated this history that seemed to be very unbearable in the eyes of the feudal scholars.

So this argument is obviously unreliable.

According to the authenticity of part of the content of "History of the Ming Dynasty", Zhu Yuanzhang's record of the literary prison has a lot of credibility. (To be continued.) )

This book is from //x.html