readx;?? After years of operational command and governance, Zhang Jiashi is far from being able to compare with Xiao Maotou who had just crossed at that time. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

It's just that in some things, Zhang Jiashi can only improve in some aspects, but cannot develop by leaps and bounds.

For example, the more and more mature thermal weapon combat system in later generations, Zhang Jiashi can only conduct tentative research in some aspects, but cannot have a greater research and development foundation for it.

After all, the weapons in the early stage of hot weapons, in many ways, have an insurmountable performance gap compared with cold weapons.

......

As far as the musket is concerned, after many rounds of research and several years of waiting, Zhang Jiashi's final result is that he will get a rudimentary weapon such as a musket now or in the next ten years.

The assault rifle is a kind of gunpowder weapon made in the Song Dynasty, and its basic shape is as follows: the front part is a thick bamboo tube, the middle part is the powder chamber with a little fire hole on the outer wall, and the back part is a hand-held wooden stick. When it is fired, it is held on the ground with a wooden stick, the left hand holds the iron pipe, and the right hand ignites the fire, making a loud noise, shooting out stones or projectiles.

According to the description of the assault gun, its range is estimated to be as follows:

According to the "History of the Song Dynasty, the Chronicles of the Soldiers" contains: in the first year of Kaiqing, "a sudden musket was made, with a giant bamboo as the cylinder, and the inner security of the Zi Yao, such as burning and releasing flames, and then the Zi Yao made a sound like a cannon, and heard more than 150 steps from afar.

In the Song Dynasty, as a unit of measurement, the step was a fixed five Song rulers, each Song ruler was about 0.31 m, and the conversion was about 1.55 meters per step.

And according to the corresponding description, the maximum firing range of the assault gun is about 300 meters.

As for the effective range, there is no detailed record and description.

Compared with Western muskets, the range of the assault gun seems to be very advantageous, but if the corresponding performance of the assault rifle is compared, it is very likely that the assault rifle is stacked with a large amount of black powder to increase the maximum range of its projectile. It is not necessarily that the assault musket has an advantage over the relatively primitive muskets of the West.

The musket is the earliest metal tubular musket, and the early small muskets in China are all muskets.

The history of the development of muskets in the West is as follows:

In the 14th century, Europeans and Arabs engaged in fierce confrontations. During the war, the Arabs used gunpowder weapons invented by the Chinese, so that Europeans learned how to make gunpowder and primitive firearms from the war, and it was found that igniting gunpowder in a closed tube could cause firearms such as metal projectiles and arrows to cause damage. This tubular firearm is called a musket, while the infantry is called a musket, which is called a musket because it uses gunpowder as a ******, while a gun that uses smokeless ****** no longer enjoys the name of a musket, but a rifle in a more modern sense.

The earliest musket is the musket, China's early such as single-eyed guns, three-eyed guns and other small muskets are all muskets, the so-called musket gun, is on one end of the closed metal tube there is a firing door. The musket has a simple structure, it has a cast or wrought iron cast or wrought iron cast or beaten with a closed end of the firing tube, the rear end of the firing tube has a small hole, and the end of the firing tube is connected to a wooden stick or spear shaft, the wooden stick or spear is easy for the shooter to hold, aim and control the fire.

In Europe the musket is called, or, here, should not be translated as a pistol, but as a pistol. In Europe, light pistols, which were also muskets, were invented and developed at the same time as larger guns, because if the size of the gun was smaller, or the caliber was larger, then the forging and casting of the barrel was easier. Because, if the size of the gun is smaller, then the forging and casting of the barrel is easier.

The earliest pistols were constructed simply from a very short barrel with a length of less than 25 cm and a caliber of 25 to 45 mm. The fire gate is usually above the barrel. Such a small gun is difficult to grasp and aim, and the barrel will quickly become hot and impossible to hold with your hands. Therefore, sometimes they had to be mounted on wooden planks for shooting. As for the earliest appearance of handcuffs, it seems that it can be traced back to the end of the 13th century.

Later archaeologists found a bronze fire gun with the inscription of Ba Si Pa in Inner Mongolia in 2004, and according to the interpretation of the inscription, this gun was cast in the second year of Yuan Dade, that is, in 1298. However, the use of metal tubes for firearms in Europeans can be traced back to the early 14th century.

Although Chinese and European muskets appeared at similar times, their shapes and manufacturing methods were very different: in the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Chinese muskets were cast in copper alloy, and their style was similar to that of the Yongle firecracker in the front. However, the forms and manufacturing methods of the musket guns in Europe are varied: there are bronze, wrought iron forging (wrought iron forging is the mainstream, at that time the Europeans have not fully mastered the technology of cast iron), and their shapes have circular cross-sections, octagonal cross-sections, and hexagonal cross-sections.

The large-scale use of muskets in the eastern and western regions was after the mid-14th century. In China, the extensive discovery of Hongwu bronze handcuffs verifies its widespread use. Muskets from the mid-14th century or a little later can also be found in many countries in Europe. In addition, various documents have a definite record: in 1362 the Italian city ordered 500 muskets at a time, and in the same year Dag, the son of the King of Denmark, died from the bullet of a musket.

Initially, the accuracy of the musket was low, mainly because it was difficult to hold the handle for aiming. When using a musket gun, it is usually the left hand (inflexible hand) held behind the barrel, the left arm and body clamping the stock, and the right hand (flexible hand) used to ignite the fire. Sometimes, a soldier can prop the butt on the ground or place it on a fork-like mount. However, in any case, the soldier's eyes must always be fixed on the fire door of the gun when lighting the fire, so that the red-hot iron rods and incense sticks can be stabbed into the fire door. Therefore, when shooting, it is not possible to use the eyes to observe the target and aim accurately.

At the time, shooters commented on the musket: "To operate a musket alone, you need to have two pairs of eyes and three hands!" and holding it with one hand also led to a decrease in the shooter's ability to withstand recoil, further reducing the power of the musket.

Therefore, it generally takes two people to fire a musket. When fired, the black powder is loaded from the muzzle of the gun, and then inserted into metal projectiles such as stone bullets or iron bullets, copper bullets, and lead bullets, and the fire rope, incense sticks, and red-hot iron rods are directly pierced into the fire door to ignite the gunpowder, and the gunpowder ignites, expands, and generates huge pressure, and the projectile is quickly pushed out of the launch tube, so that the projectile is shot out. When firing, one launcher is responsible for aiming and holding the stick, and the other is dedicated to ignition.

It is very inconvenient for two people to use a musket, and the density of firepower is completely insufficient, especially for cavalry, it is impossible to operate it by two people, and there are many ways to use a musket, which is divided into two-person operation and one-man operation.

In the case of two people, one person is responsible for holding the handle of the musket with both hands, aiming it roughly at the target, and the other person is responsible for lighting the fuse, which in general achieves high accuracy, but the presence of an assistant greatly reduces the density of fire.

The solo operation is much more difficult: the operator must hold the handle with one hand, clamp the back of the handle with the elbow of the other hand, light the fuse with this hand after roughly aiming at the target, and then quickly grasp the handle to avoid the recoil of the gun when firing. The accuracy of single shooting is obviously difficult to guarantee, but since assistants are no longer needed, the same number of people can be equipped with double guns. As a result, the density of fire has been greatly increased.

Some enthusiasts have conducted tests on muskets to prove that with both hands + elbows, after a little practice, they can shoot a humanoid target 25 steps (single step, about 10 meters) away with a probability of 80%.

However, considering that the level of modern processing technology is high, the diameter of the chamber copied in this experiment is 17 mm, the diameter of the projectile is 16.8 mm, and the chamber is smoother, which obviously exceeds the level of production and processing technology in the 14th century or even 15 years. The coordination between the projectile and the chamber and the smoothness of the chamber determine the accuracy of the shot. That is to say, it is still difficult to reach the level of 5 shots and 4 hits at 10** meters mentioned above.

Because of the immaturity of the musket gun, both the East and the West, the musket was used as an auxiliary weapon, such as for the defense of fortresses, or the musket was used together with cold weapons for infantry field warfare. When fighting, first use a musket to surprise the opponent with early firepower, and then use a cold weapon to kill.

For example, the pear flower gun and flying fire gun developed by China are made of bamboo or paper cylinders filled with iron sand and arsenic and sprayed with black powder, tied to the end of the iron gun head, and ignited during combat, spraying pungent, dizzying, and dazzling smoke.

This is not actually a lethal weapon, but a biological weapon that is used to interfere with enemy combat and then assassinate with a cold weapon. In China, the most effective use of the musket gun should be the Guanning Iron Cavalry that originated in Liaodong in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties in the East.

It's just that this kind of five-eyed gun should be cast with a medicine twist, because the Guanning Iron Horse must have been cast on a fast-running horse, otherwise it wouldn't even have time to replace the weapon, and the five-eyed gun should be used directly as a heavy hammer, but should be replaced with a spear or saber with more lethal efficiency. However, in China, fireworks and firecrackers have long been realized to achieve the effect of delayed application of gunpowder by ignition of powder twisting.

It is not uncommon to use a powder twist to achieve delayed and continuous launch on firearms, for example, a swarm of rockets relies on a powder twist to achieve salvo or continuous launch.

Therefore, before the war, the Guanning Iron Cavalry squeezed the medicine twists of different lengths into the fire gate, compacted them with ******, and then twisted the ends of these medicine twists of different lengths together, and then wrapped them with oil paper or cloth strips to fix them on the five-eyed gun to avoid falling off or getting wet. Before starting a charge, or during the initial stride and jogging phase of the charge, hold the five-eyed gun firmly with one hand, and free it with the other hand, and use the torch to ignite the medicine twist and discard it.

Then the knight grabs the reins of the horse to control the direction of the horse's running and stabilizes the body, and urges the horse to speed up with his legs or with a password, at this time, as long as the five-eyed gun is turned sideways over the horse's head and roughly aimed at the direction of the enemy, the twist and the medicine twist together are ignited at the same time, due to the different lengths of the medicine twist that pierces into each gun fire door, each gun will be continuously and continuously cast, forming three or five consecutive shots. After firing continuously, the rider changes from holding the five-eyed gun to grasping the five-eyed gun, and falls by gravity, causing the hand to slide down to the end of the five-eyed gun wooden pole, relying on the heavy metal gun of the five-eyed gun as a striking weapon. This is an advantage for cavalry to attack well-organized infantry arrays or cavalry hedges.

The Prussian knights were the first to be armed with and use small muskets, and each knight carried a musket. Despite the fact that this gun seems backward today, at that time it produced an unbelievable power. Once, the black knight fought with the French ** team, the black knight hung the gun around his neck with a rope, held the gun in his left hand, lit the fire with his right hand, and reloaded the gunpowder and projectiles from the muzzle after a fight. Despite the low hit rate, troublesome operation, and low firing efficiency of the German musket, the French soldiers armed with spears and swords had never seen this new weapon capable of breathing fireballs, and they were so frightened that they scrambled to escape.

A later test of a musket obtained some information, which shows that the musket does have relative combat efficiency:

A set of tests in 2002 showed that for a modern replica of a musket: when the elevation angle reached 40 degrees, when filling 50 grams of gunpowder prepared according to the recipe of the time, the firing range could reach meters (depending on the projectile), the projectile left the muzzle at a speed of meters per second, and when using modern formula black powder, the firing range could reach 1100 meters, so in terms of range and muzzle velocity, it could completely surpass the cold weapons such as longbows or crossbows of the time.

However, the maximum range of the musket in the test was greater than that of the crossbow, but in practice, the musket used as a single or two-person infantry was used for direct fire, because the development of ballistics at that time was not perfect, and the musket used by individual soldiers or two-person groups obviously could not adjust the precise angle with angle gauges and other means like large artillery. Due to a series of factors such as aiming, the accuracy of the musket gun is not good, and the effective range of the musket in actual combat application is generally within 20 meters.

At the same time, the results in terms of lethality showed that: - at a distance of 28 meters, the projectile can penetrate a 50 mm thick pine plank, as well as a light cuirass, and at a distance of 46 meters, it can penetrate only a 25 mm pine board (about 76 joules of kinetic energy through a 25 mm pine plank, which is the minimum energy required by a modern gun to kill an adult, and penetration of a 25 mm pine plank is used as a standard to measure the lethal factor of a gun), that is, the musket is fully capable of killing a person within 50 meters.

On the face of it, this result appears to be less penetrating than the crossbow arrows of the time, such as in a battle in 1361, when a crossbow arrow penetrated the helmet and then protruded 80 mm into the skull. However, despite the fact that the penetration ability of the musket is not yet at the level of a crossbow. However, unlike the piercing damage of crossbow arrows, the round soft lead projectile is more of an impact force, but can knock a knight in heavy armor off his horse. Moreover, the damage of gunpowder weapons was difficult to heal at the level of medical technology at the time. [To be continued.] ]