readx;?? In addition to the "Xuanwumen Change" and "Jinkui Alliance", which can be regarded as having a certain impact on the traditional inheritance system, the last one originated in the late years of the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and the official foundation was laid in the Yongzheng period, and the secret storage system was used until the Daoguang period. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

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The secret establishment of the reserve system, also known as the secret construction of the crown prince, is the imperial power **** and the traditional patriarchal society, the choice of the heir to the throne is a major event related to the country, how to reasonably and smoothly transfer the imperial power has become the subject of continuous exploration in the early Qing Dynasty, until the Yongzheng Dynasty became more mature. The secret crown prince system is the system of selecting the heir to the throne established by Yongzheng after the abandonment of the open reserve system.

In August of the thirteenth year of Yongzheng [1735], Prince Hongli, the fourth son of Emperor Yongzheng, became the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty to succeed to the throne with a secret reserve system, which was Emperor Qianlong. After a detailed comparative analysis of the methods of building and storing in previous dynasties, Emperor Qianlong determined that the secret construction and storage was "really good", and further determined that the secret construction and storage was a sacred and unchangeable "family method of building and saving". After Qianlong, from Jiaqing to Xianfeng, they all inherited the throne according to the secret reserve system. Compared with the open establishment of the reserve, the secret establishment of the reserve avoided the brutal struggle between the princes for the throne, and played a certain role in stabilizing the political situation.

In Chinese history, according to the principle of feudal patriarchy, the open primogeniture system was usually practiced.

The Qing Dynasty began with the Kangxi Dynasty, and followed the practice of establishing the eldest son of each dynasty in the Central Plains to determine the heir to the throne. In the fourteenth year of Kangxi (1675), he issued an edict to establish his eldest son Yinren as the crown prince. Emperor Kangxi had many sons and reigned for a long time, so he prematurely publicly canonized the crown prince, which caused contradictions and disputes between Emperor Kangxi and the crown prince, and between the prince and the princes. The contradictions intensified to the point of irreconcilability, which threatened the imperial power, and the political situation was also turbulent.

After the second abolition of the crown prince in the 51st year of Kangxi [1712], Emperor Kangxi did not publicly establish a prince, which made the accession of Emperor Yongzheng after Kangxi's death a major historical mystery. One said that Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne in accordance with the edict, that is, before Emperor Kangxi died, he left an edict to Prince Yong's fourth son Yinzhen to "inherit the unification"; one said that Emperor Yongzheng "usurped the throne", that is, Emperor Kangxi passed on the throne before his death, "the throne passed on to the fourteenth son Yinzhen" [the fourteenth son Yinzhen of the emperor gave the original name Yinzhen], and the fourth son of the emperor Yinzhen changed "ten" to "Yu" and changed "Zhen" to "Zhen", so the edict of Emperor Kangxi became "the throne passed on to the fourth son Yinzhen". Regardless of the historical truth, although Emperor Yongzheng was the victor in the fierce battle for the throne of the Kangxi Dynasty, however, the serious consequences of the battle gave Yongzheng a profound lesson, so after ascending the throne, he categorically abandoned the open reserve system and announced the implementation of secret storage.

(This statement, however, is more of a joke.) Because at that time, the cross was a traditional character rather than a simplified ten, and as for the character, it was written in this way. If it is really just a matter of revising the text, I am afraid that no clever philologist can do such a thing of concealment. ）

As for this first attempt of the secret storage system, this is the origin of the Nine Sons in the history of the Qing Dynasty.

The Nine Sons Seize the Throne refers to the historical event of the sons of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty vying for the throne. At that time, Emperor Kangxi had 24 sons, and 9 of them participated in the struggle for the throne. The nine sons are: the eldest brother Aixin Jueluo Yinzhen, the second elder brother Yinren, the third elder brother Yinzhi, the fourth elder brother Yinzhen, the eighth elder brother Yinzhen, the ninth elder brother Yinzhen, the tenth elder brother Yinyu, the thirteenth elder brother Yinxiang, and the fourteenth elder brother Yinyu. In the end, the fourth elder brother Yinzhen won and inherited the throne after the death of Emperor Kangxi and became Emperor Yongzheng.

In the fifteenth year of Kangxi (1675), Kangxi established the second elder brother Yinren as the crown prince (2 years old), and the crown prince became arrogant and arrogant in the future. In the forty-second year of Kangxi (1703), Kangxi killed Suo Etu, and the relationship between father and son tended to be tense. In the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708), in the Bur Hasu Palace in the Mulan Enclosure, Emperor Kangxi announced the abolition of the crown prince on the grounds that the crown prince Yinren "did not follow the laws of the ancestors, did not follow the precepts, but wantonly abused the crowd and was violent". After that, many elder brothers began to covet the throne.

The eldest brother Yinren is the eldest son, he has never been liked by Kangxi, and he knows that he is hopeless, so he proposed to Kangxi that the eighth elder brother Yinren will be very expensive because "the warlock Zhang Mingde will be very expensive if he tastes Yinren", and said that he would kill Yinren for his father, which made Kangxi extremely chilled and severely reprimanded, and at the same time strictly guarded against Yinren. Yinxi was raised by the eldest brother's mother, Concubine Hui, when he was a child, so the eldest brother had a good relationship with him. At this time, the third elder brother Yinzhi exposed the matter of the eldest brother engaging in the town of Weizhen and harming Yinren, and Kangxi imprisoned the eldest brother. Kangxi was disgusted with Yinxi's collusion with Yinxi, and also imprisoned him, and later released him. In March of the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), the status of Prince Yinren was restored. At the end of the 50th year of Kangxi's reign, the defendant formed a party with Qi Shiwu, the secretary of the Criminal Department, Tuo Heqi, the commander of the infantry army, and Geng E, the secretary of the Ministry of War. In September of the 51st year of Kangxi (1712), he issued an edict again to abolish the crown prince. Since then, the abolished prince has been imprisoned until death. Seeing this chaos, the third elder brother Yinzhi took the initiative to withdraw from the competition.

After Yinren was abolished again, the eighth elder brother Yinyu turned to support the fourteenth elder brother Yinyu (the fourth elder brother has the same maternal brother), the ninth elder brother Yinyu, the tenth elder brother Yinyu, and the vassal eighth elder brother Yinyu. Thirteen elder brother Yinxiang vassals and four elder brother Yinzhen. After the prince was deposed for the first time, Yinzhen dared to say good things for Yinren, which was ******. After Yinren was abolished for the second time, Yinzhen saw that Yinren had no possibility of re-establishment, and began to form a party for personal gain, peeking at the storage position. At this time, two major forces were formed: the Four Masters Party headed by Yinzhen and the Eight Masters Party headed by Yinzhen.

In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Emperor Kangxi died of illness in Changchun Garden, when the fourteenth elder brother Yinzhen supported by the Eight Masters Party was far away in the northwest, and the fourth elder brother Yinzhen stayed in Beijing. Kangxi's close minister infantry commander Long Keduo (the younger brother of Empress Xiaoyiren of the Qing Dynasty) announced that Kangxi would declare Yinzhen to inherit the throne as Emperor Yongzheng. In the future, the Eight Masters were persecuted. The nine sons won the heir, and Yongzheng won.

In order to prevent the tragedy of fighting for the throne between brothers, Yongzheng implemented the secret reserve system from then on, and no longer openly set up the crown prince, and the emperor wrote an edict and placed it in the Qianqing Palace after the bright plaque, until the emperor died and the descendants could open and announce the heir.

In August of the first year of Yongzheng [1723], Emperor Yongzheng summoned the princes and ministers in the Xinuan Pavilion of the Qianqing Palace, and announced: "Now that the sons of me are still young, the matter of building a prince must be carefully considered. Now I will write this matter and seal it in person, hide it in the box, and put it in the middle of the Qianqing Palace, after the plaque of Emperor Shizuzhang's imperial book 'Zhengda Guangming', it is the highest place in the palace, in case of danger, and the kings and ministers should know it. Emperor Yongzheng ordered all the kings and ministers to discuss this practice, and the kings and ministers had no objection. Emperor Yongzheng then ordered the ministers to retreat, leaving only the prime minister's minister Wang to hide the sealed brocade box behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque in person. Later, Emperor Yongzheng sealed a box with another book, "often with him".

This system stipulated that the emperor himself wrote the edict of the prince in duplicate and sealed it in a special box. One of them was placed behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque in the Qianqing Palace, and the other was secretly hidden by the emperor himself, so that after he "returned to heaven," the edict and the edict behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque were mutually corroborated, and then took effect. Therefore, to make such a provision, it is likely that after the success of Emperor Yongzheng's plot to seize the throne, he summed up his own past experience and took a precautionary measure to prevent the princes from fighting for the throne in the future. In this way, for a long time after the Yongzheng period, although the Qing Dynasty did not have a system of pre-setting up the crown prince, but in the emperor's mind, it had already planned who would succeed to the throne.

The status of the crown prince of Hongli, the son of Yongzheng, was determined in the first year of Yongzheng, and the method of the above-mentioned secret book box was used for the first time. According to historical records, one day in August of the first year of Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng summoned the princes, ministers and civil and military officials in the Xinuan Pavilion of the Qianqing Palace, and said to them that Kangxi was "physically and mentally sad" because of the issue of establishing a prince, and then announced the edict: "Now that the sons of me are still young, the matter of building a reserve must be carefully considered. Today, I will personally write and seal this matter, hide it in the box, and put it in the Qianqing Palace, after the imperial book of the Emperor Zuzhang "Zhengda Guangming" plaque, it is the highest place in the palace, in case of danger, and the kings and ministers should know it. [1] Emperor Yongzheng died on August 23, 1735, Prince Zhuang Yunlu and other princes and ministers checked the two secret edicts, and then succeeded to the throne by Hongli, and Qianlong became the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty to take over the throne after the establishment of the secret reserve system. Emperor Qianlong greatly appreciated his father's approach and spoke highly of it, saying that this move was "popular with the people", which was "well known to the subjects of the world".

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The secret storage system has been used until the Daoguang period:

Emperor Qianlong had two secret princes, the first time after ascending the throne was held on the second day of the seventh month of the first year of Qianlong, unfortunately the crown prince Yonglian only lived three years before he died early. The second time the secret edict to hide the imperial book, that is, another 35 years later, this is the Qianlong Emperor in the 60th year of Qianlong on September 3, opened the 38th year of Qianlong to collect the imperial book, announced the secret decree of the Chan to the Jiaqing Emperor.

Since then, several generations of emperors of Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have ascended the throne according to this secret method of building reserves. Nowadays, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing three dynasties of the secret edict of the prince has been deceased, the only one that is still well preserved, is the Daoguang Emperor in Daoguang 26 June 16 Zhu pen personally wrote the Manchu Chinese Li Chu Imperial Book, on which two lines of Chinese characters are written: "The sixth son of the emperor Yi Xun is named the prince, and the fourth son of the emperor is the crown prince", next to the latter line of Chinese characters, and the Manchu text of "the fourth son of the emperor Yi Shu is the crown prince".

The main premise of the abolition of the secret reserve system is the issue of heirs.

Emperor Xianfeng only had one son, Emperor Tongzhi, and the so-called secret system of building a reserve was useless, unless Emperor Xianfeng did not want to pass on his son.

And Emperor Tongzhi and Emperor Guangxu have no queens, and in fact, the power is sidelined, and there is no need to implement the secret storage system.

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And after the implementation of the secret storage system, can disputes over inheritance be avoided?

History records two events that illustrate that this approach cannot effectively avoid this problem.

The first is Hongxi's rebellion:

Aixin Jueluo Honghui (year), the grandson of the Qing Shengzu Aixin Jueluo Xuanye, and the eldest son of Prince Limi Aixin Jueluo Yinren. Qing Shizong loves Xinjueluo Yinzhen's nephew, the son is noble by his father, and Hongxi has been loved by his grandfather since he was a child, and he raised him in the palace.

In May of the first year of Yongzheng, Wang Hongsheng of Yongzheng Numerology County moved with his family to live in Zhengjiazhuang Mansion in Changping, a suburb of Beijing (before Hongzheng's Lijun Mansion was located in the capital).

In May of the sixth year of Yongzheng, Wang Hongchen of Jinli County became the prince of Heshuoli and became the highest knight among his peers.

Emperor Yongzheng was very concerned about Hongsheng, and Hongzheng also called Emperor Yongzheng, who was his uncle, "Imperial Father", but he was not assigned some important tasks, during which he participated in some ceremonial activities, such as the ninth year of Yongzheng, Yongzheng's Yuan with filial piety and Jingxian Empress Wulanala died, and Hongzheng was appointed as an envoy to praise the treasure.

In the fourth year of Qianlong (1739), after Emperor Hongli ascended the throne (the son of Concubine Xi), he dismissed Prince Hongxi, expelled him, changed his name to "Forty-six", and imprisoned Jingshan East Orchard on charges of "harboring different aspirations". In December of this year, he deposed himself from the clan and changed his name to Forty-Six.

He died on September 28 in the seventh year of Qianlong, at the age of forty-nine. Later, his tenth brother Hong attacked the prince of Lijun, and he was killed.

In the first month of the forty-third year of Qianlong, he was ordered to re-enter the clan and restore its original name.

In addition to Hongshi, Hongshi, who is the brother of Emperor Qianlong, also participated in the succession incident:

Aixin Jueluo Hongshi (March 18, 1704 – September 20, 1727), the third son of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty and the half-brother of Emperor Qianlong. Kangxi was born on February 13 in the forty-third year of Jiashen. Mother Qi Concubine Li.

Later generations believe that before Hongshi was 20 years old, he had experienced the two abolished princes of Emperor Kangxi, the princes in order to seek the throne to pull the party and form a faction, fight openly and secretly, the fourteenth son of the emperor Yunyu led the division to the west, recovered Tibet, Emperor Kangxi died suddenly, Yinzhen obtained the throne and a series of major events. Emperor Qianlong called Hongshi "indulgent" and "careless", indicating that he had straightforward and willful character traits. Although there is no historical data to confirm it, according to the fact that Emperor Yongzheng later ordered him to be the son of Yunzhen, it seems that it can be judged that as early as before Emperor Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, Hongshi had a certain favorable impression of Yunzhen and others, and his views on the dispute over the throne in the late Kangxi Dynasty were completely different from those of his father Yinzhen. Therefore, when Emperor Yongzheng secretly established a reserve in the first year of Yongzheng, of course, he had to exclude this son with different aspirations. However, after Emperor Yongzheng secretly established the reserve, the relationship between the father and son gradually deteriorated, and the nature of the contradiction between the two sides also changed.

In August of the first year of Yongzheng (1723), although Emperor Yongzheng's secret establishment was very meticulous, only 3 months later, he himself leaked the secret. November 13 of that year was the anniversary of Emperor Kangxi's death, and Emperor Yongzheng did not go to Jingling to pay tribute, but sent the 13-year-old Hongdai to go. This is a meaningful act: the reigning emperor sends the future emperor to pay tribute to the ascended emperor, announcing that the dynasty's 100-year plan has been decided, that the throne has belonged, and that the previous emperor's spirit in heaven is protected. The person who is most sensitive to Emperor Yongzheng's move, and the most frustrated because of it, is Hongshi. A year later, his suspicions were confirmed once again.

At the end of the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Emperor Kangxi "died again", and Hongli "sacrificed Jingling" for the second time. At this point, Hongshi's illusions about the throne were completely shattered, and under the influence of resentment and jealousy, he further turned to the side of the Yongzheng Emperor's opponent, Yun Xi, and took a dismissive attitude towards everything his father had done. The succession of Emperor Yongzheng made the dream of the fourteenth son of the emperor Yun Yu supported by Yun Yu and others come to naught, and they were the opponents of the new emperor and were restricted and attacked by the imperial power. In essence, the contradiction between Emperor Yongzheng and Hongshi has the nature of maintaining or weakening the imperial power, and with the deterioration of the relationship between Hongshi and his father, he has gradually stood on the opposite side of the imperial power, which is not tolerated by the imperial power.

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From the records of these historical events, it can be seen that no matter what kind of system it is, it is impossible to achieve the premise of perfection in itself.

So as far as Zhang Jiashi himself is concerned, he doesn't have any ideas in this regard. First, Zhang Jiashi himself is not too fond of such a thing as power, and Chen Ping is very aware that Zhang Jiashi's personality is inclined to be lazy; second, Ying Xun's succession to the throne as the third emperor is mainly the last order of the first emperor, and if possible, Zhang Jiashi himself prefers to step down from the position of regent.

It's just that for Zhang Jiashi himself, such an idea is impossible. [To be continued.] ]