Chinese often like to say that history is a lesson, but in many ways, not many people can really do this. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info. These people often do not lack the existence of self-proclaimed Ming Jun and Holy Emperor.

In terms of the military system, there are also "twists and turns" in this regard.

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During the Qing Dynasty, there was a person who made considerable contributions to the Qing Dynasty's ability to enter the Central Plains and eventually become a unified feudal dynasty.

This person is the famous king of the early Qing Dynasty, Aixin Jueluo Dolgon.

Without Dolgon, there would have been no secessionist regime that could quickly pacify the Southern Ming Dynasty and the two peasant rebels of Dashun and Daxi, and then replace the Ming Dynasty and rule China.

Because there is no Dolgon, then later generations will call it the Qing ancestor Fulin, and the possibility of wanting to become the emperor of the Qing Dynasty is very low:

On the ninth day of the eighth lunar month of the eighth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji died suddenly in the harem of Shengjing, and he did not have an heir during his lifetime. At this time, the power of Dai Shan's two red flags has been weakened, and he himself is over the age of sixteen and has long been out of politics. The most talented of his sons, Yue Tuo and Sakhalian, had passed away when they were young, and the remaining Shuo Tuo was not liked by Dai Shan, and Mandahai had just emerged, and he had no right to speak.

However, with the qualifications of Dai Shan and the strength of the two red flags, his attitude can affect the development of the situation. Huang Taiji's efforts to centralize power during his lifetime and the increasing feudalization of Manchu society naturally made Huang Taiji's eldest son, Haoge, participate in the competition. In terms of stakes, the ministers of the two yellow flags hoped that the prince would succeed them to the throne in order to continue to maintain the superior position of the two banners.

They believe that Haoge has many military merits and high talents, and Tiancong has been promoted to Heshuo Belle in six years, and Huang Taiji is the prince of Jinsu at the beginning of the emperor, in charge of household affairs, and several uncles are on an equal footing. When Huang Taiji was alive, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, he greatly weakened the power of the flags, but at the same time maintained a certain strength, and took the Zhenglan Banner into his own hands, and the strength of the three flags was far stronger than other flags. Therefore, the representatives of these three banners must support Hauge to succeed to the throne.

Dorgon is another contender. Not to mention his civil and military talents, the two white flags behind him and the two brothers who are brave and good at fighting are strong backings, and there are also some clans in the Zhenghongqi, Zhenglan Banner and Zhenghuang Banner secretly supporting him, which makes him even more powerful. There is another person who cannot be ignored, and he is the Blue Banner Lord Zilharang.

While he is unlikely to be in the competition, his backing has a significant impact on the other factions, tilting the balance of power in favor of either side he leans towards. Therefore, the county kings Adali and Bei Zishuo persuaded Dolgon to establish himself as emperor. Prince Dai Shan, Prince Zheng Jierharang, Prince Yu Duoduo, Prince Rui Dolgon, etc., all came to the Chongzheng Hall together. In the end, the conflict centered on the two yellow flags with Hauge and the two white flags with Dorgon and Dordor. The two sides are fighting each other, and the commission will not be decided.

Under the situation that the two yellow, two red, and two blue six banners were not supported, the conditions for Dolgon's self-reliance were not yet ripe, and the resistance came from the cronies of the two yellow banners under the former emperor Taiji. As a last resort, Dolgon finally agreed that the ninth son of Huang Taiji, the six-year-old Fulin, would be crowned emperor.

Therefore, Prince Dai Shan and others were blessed to ascend the throne, and the ministers of the kings and ministers of Baylor jointly swore an oath to declare the heavens and the earth, and at the same time announced that the Prince of Zheng Jilharang and the Prince of Rui Dolgon would be the auxiliary government, and the Yuan Shunzhi would be changed. In this way, Dorgon managed to deal with the thorny issue of the struggle for the throne and took a step towards the pinnacle of power. Subsequently, the ruling group dealt with Adori, Shuo, Adali, Hauge, and their subordinates who opposed this new pattern, and consolidated the new rule.

Dolgon's plan objectively avoided civil strife in the Eight Banners, preserved its strength, and maintained the basic unity of the upper ruling group. Of course, his proposal was put forward only after it was not easy for him to succeed in his struggle for the throne, and it was put forward as a middle or lower strategy under the pressing situation of the ministers of the two yellow banners "moving forward with swords", not because he was far-sighted and had an extremely broad mind from the beginning.

In April of the first year of Shunzhi, Emperor Shunzhi worshiped Dolgon as a general in the Dugong Palace, and personally gave the general the seal, so that he led the army to the south, and entered the customs with Li Zicheng and the Nanming Dynasty to start the grand cause of fighting for the world.

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In terms of military and political affairs, Dolgon can be said to have made great contributions to the Qing Dynasty's war to unify China.

When Emperor Shunzhi came to power, there was chaos in the Guannai. In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant rebel army led by Li Zicheng, who was growing in prestige, conquered the city of Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in the coal mountain, and the Ming Dynasty, which had ruled China for 276 years, was destroyed. On the fourth day of the fourth month of April, that is, when Wu Sangui had just rebelled back to Shanhaiguan, Fan Wencheng, a scholar of the Inner Academy, wrote to Dolgon, believing that "if Qin loses its deer, Chu and Han chase it, it is not me who fights with the Ming Dynasty, but also with the Liukou." He advocated the immediate dispatch of troops to advance into the Central Plains.

He proposed, "The war will be won, the attack will be won, and the thief is not as good as me; I am not as good as the thief if I obey the will of the people and recruit the people." Therefore, it is necessary to change the previous policy of slaughtering and looting, and "strictly prohibit the soldiers and do not commit any crimes in the autumn." That is, not only to change the strategy of not defending the city strategically, but also to enter the Central Plains, and to win the hearts of the people in tactics. Dolgon accepted Fan Wencheng's suggestion, and after receiving the confirmation report that Beijing had broken through the peasant army, he "hurriedly gathered his troops and horses" and fought with the peasant army for the world!

Li Zicheng knew the seriousness of the situation at this time, and personally led his troops to Shanhaiguan to ask Wu on April 13, but he still had the luck mentality of recruiting him, and the march was also quite slow, and the troops only came to the city around the 19th. During this period, Wu Sangui had sent an envoy to ask for help from the Qing army, and the envoy met with Dolgon on the 15th and handed him a letter from Wu Sangui, saying that if the Qing army supported, he would "tear the ground in return." It's not about surrender yet.

Dolgon knew that this was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, but he was very cautious, on the one hand, he convened the ministers and advisers to discuss, on the one hand, he sent people back to Shengjing to transfer troops, and on the other hand, he deliberately delayed the march and forced Wu Sangui to surrender to the Qing Dynasty. Due to the urgency of the situation, Wu Sangui had to agree to Dolgon's request and ask the Qing army to enter the pass as soon as possible, because on the 21st, the Qing army was still ten miles away from the pass, and the cannon in the pass was rumbling, shouting and killing, and the peasant army had already begun to attack the city.

On 22 April, Li and Wu fought a battle at Shanhaiguan. Dolgon knew Wu Sangui's predicament very well, so he watched from the wall for a long time, and when Li Zicheng was about to capture the East and West Luo City and the North Wing City, Wu Sangui sent people several times to personally fight out of the siege and ask him for help, it was estimated that the strength of both sides had been greatly damaged, and then the troops entered Shanhaiguan. In the decisive battle with the peasant army, he made the Wu army go into battle first, and then caused the Eight Banners Army to attack when both sides were exhausted, as a result, the peasant army was defeated and quickly retreated to Beijing. It can be said that before and after this famous battle in the west of Shanhaiguan, Dolgon made full use of the class contradictions within the Han nationality to hold Wu Sangui hostage, so that he had to act as a pawn of the Qing army in the Central Plains.

On 29 April, Li Zicheng held an enthronement ceremony in the Wuying Palace, and on 30 April, Li Zicheng withdrew from Beijing in the name of worshipping heaven in the suburbs. On the second day of the fifth month, the Qing army entered the city of Beijing.

After the Qing army occupied Beijing, Dolgon strictly forbade looting, stopped shaving, and mourned Emperor Zhu Youzhen of the Ming Dynasty, won the favor of the Han gentry, and then welcomed the little emperor of Shunzhi to Beijing to ascend the throne, which quickly stabilized the situation in the occupied area.

In June of the first year of Shunzhi, Dolgon discussed with the kings and ministers of Baylor and decided to move the capital to Beijing. The Qing court's move of the capital to Beijing was not only out of the vision of unifying the Central Plains and dominating Kyushu, but also based on the strategic consideration of retreating from the customs. The Qing court, with Dolgon as the leader, believed that in order to "forge ahead with the goal", it was necessary to move the capital to Beijing, and only by occupying this pass could the whole country be unified and "to build an unstoppable industry for ten thousand years." On August 20, the Qing Dynasty began to move its capital. In September, Emperor Shunzhi arrived in Beijing from Shengjing, and made Dolgon the regent of his uncle, and gave him a sable python court robe. The Ministry of Rites built a monument for Dolgon, and gave Dolgon a book of treasures, a black fox crown decorated with thirteen eastern pearls, a black fox fur, gold and silver, horses and camels, etc. On the tenth day of October, Emperor Shunzhi promulgated the edict of enthronement to the whole country at the Huangji Gate, and the Qing Dynasty officially established the capital of Beijing, beginning a reign of more than 26o years with Beijing as the capital. In October, when Emperor Shunzhi re-enthroned the throne in Taihemen and crowned Dolgon as his uncle's regent at the same time, he ordered to build a monument for Dolgon, "forever famous for eternity". From then on, in terms of treatment, Dorgon began to rise above the kings.

After Li Zicheng retreated into Shanxi, the former Ming Dynasty officials and generals rebelled, but he still actively prepared for a counterattack in June of the first year of Shunzhi (1644). Another peasant army, led by Zhang Xianzhong, had established the Great Western Kingdom in Chengdu and unified the whole of Sichuan, which Dolgon did not yet understand.

In mid-May, the remnant Ming forces had already supported Zhu Yousong, the king of Fu, as the emperor, set the capital in Nanjing, changed the name to Hongguang, and still owned half of the rich rivers and mountains in southern China, with plenty of soldiers and food, which constituted an obstacle to the Qing Dynasty's unification of China. In this case, Dolgon's strategy was to resolutely destroy the main forces of the peasant army, and to "salute first and then soldier" against the Southern Ming regime.

Under the leadership of this policy, Dolgon successively sent Ye Chen, Shi Tingzhu, Bahana, Ma Guozhu, Wu Weihua and others to attack Shanxi, capture Taiyuan in October, and then besiege Shaanxi. At the same time, Dolgon sent a large number of Ming officials who had surrendered to the Qing Dynasty to appease the Southern Ming monarchs and ministers, and wrote a letter to Shi Kefa, the minister of the Southern Ming Dynasty, proposing to "cut the number and return to the domain, and Yongsui Fulu". When Nanming sent a delegation to Beijing to negotiate, he put him under house arrest and did not give a clear answer. At this time, the Qing army had occupied Shandong in September, and entered northern Jiangsu in October, confronting Shi Kefa's army along the river.

Under these circumstances, Dolgon believed that the time was ripe for an all-out attack on the peasant army and the Nanming regime, so he ordered Azig and Duoduo to lead the army in October and launched a strategic general attack on the peasant army and the Nanming Fu Wang's regime. Soon, at the end of December, Duoduo won the battle of Dashun Tongguan, and Li Zicheng abandoned the transfer to Xi'an. Dorgon ordered the remnants of the peasant army to be pursued by Azig, while Dorgon continued south.

In February of the second year of Shunzhi, the peasant army lost the battle, and in May, Li Zicheng died in Jiugong Mountain, Tongshan, Hubei. At this time, the Duoduo army had conquered Yangzhou, and Shi Kefa was martyred. Then, the Qing army crossed the Yangtze River, Nanjing was defeated without a fight, Zhu Yousong was captured, and the Hongguang regime was destroyed. This series of victories could not help but overjoyed Dolgon, who thought that the world had been settled and the country was unified. At the end of May, he had already told the scholars that he would re-implement the shaving system, and in early June, he officially issued a shaving order to the whole country. This move provoked fierce protests from people across the country.

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However, it was also due to some of Dorgon's policies that eventually led to the relatively brave and warlike Eight Banners Army, which quickly became the "Eight Banners" in less than two hundred years.

In a sense, what has something in common with the Ming Dynasty guard system is the famous Dolgon "enclosure".

The Eight Banners Enclosure generally refers to the enclosure order issued on November 22 of the first year of Shunzhi, and Dolgon ordered the enclosure three times.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Dolgon led the Qing army into the customs, and the Manchu population poured into the vicinity of Beijing in large numbers, in order to settle the Manchu kings and ministers, and solve the livelihood of the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners, a large amount of land was enclosed in the Gyeonggi area in December of the first year of Shunzhi, which was known as the enclosure order in history.

In September of the second year of Shunzhi, the Qing court issued the second enclosure order, and the scope was expanded to Hejian, Luanzhou, and Zunhua. The third enclosure in the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi enclosed the land and encircled 42 prefectures of Shuntian, Baoding, Hejian, Yizhou, Zunhua and Yongping.

The three enclosures occupied a total of about 2,335,477 acres of land (more than 160,000 hectares, about six acres in one day). Those who have wives and ugly wives are taken away, but those who want to stay dare not take them.

Its tenants have no survivors, but they rely on them to cultivate. "The land enclosed by the Eight Banners is called the flag land, and it is not allowed to buy and sell it privately," and the land received by the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners is not allowed to be sold beyond the flag at a price or sold privately to the people," and violators will be punished according to the law. With the convenience of regency, Dolgon mostly flowed into the hands of the white banner in the fertile land of eastern Hebei.

After the enclosure, many peasants' fields were occupied and displaced, and some landlords or peasants surrendered to the Baqi Manor or went into exile, resulting in the emergence of a large number of displaced people and beggars.

In the fourth year of Shunzhi, large-scale land enclosures have stopped, but sporadic land enclosures and land exchanges are still heard from time to time. In the early Qing Dynasty, wars were frequent, and the acres of land received were not carefully cultivated, "resulting in the loss of cultivation industry, and often the land was wasted." "In the fifth year of Kangxi, Ao Bai proposed to exchange land with the white flag on the grounds that the land inlaid with the yellow flag was less barren. In May of the eighth year of Kangxi, he hunted for Aobai, and then announced that he would stop enclosing the land and allow Zhuangding to "go out of the flag for the people". In April of the 24th year of Kangxi, Kangxi ordered that "no circle will be allowed in the future", and the enclosure officially ended.

When the Qing Dynasty entered the middle period, the children of the Eight Banners were in great hardship and began to sell flag land privately. The sale of land has been heard in the early years of Yongzheng, and it has been 31 years since Guangxu: "There is no grain and black land, especially everywhere." That is to say, in terms of more than 80 prefectures and counties directly under the Prefecture, the original amount of the various banner lands of the officials and soldiers of the Eight Banners is more than 150,000 hectares, except for more than 39,000 hectares of land that has been leased by the Eight Banners and more than 10,000 hectares of land owned by the Princes, which have not been completely lost. As the years go by, they are sold and turned into black land without grain, about 70,000 or 80,000 hectares. A large amount of enclosed land has returned to the hands of landlords and yeoman farmers, Jiang Taixin believes: "The privatization of flag land has steadily delivered fresh blood to the ranks of yeoman farmers." ”

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In many cases, the pattern of Chinese history is just a "reincarnation" again and again, and the enclosure movement continues to follow the view of "educating the army with the people" on a large aspect, but it is just that the number of banner people is small, and there is not much evil in the beginning.

In the early Yongzheng period and even the late Kangxi period, because of the sharp increase in the number of banner people, and the Qing government had explicitly forbidden the banner people to enclose land, and finally staged a scene of reincarnation in which the "government soldier system" was replaced by the "recruitment system" again......

From this point of view, whether it is just a joke that the teacher of the past does not forget the future, or whether the old policy will only be eliminated in the end if it is not changed at the right time, Zhang Jiashi himself does not have a clear concept, what he can do is to avoid himself and the Qin Empire from becoming a negative banner for future generations again......