Due to the war that broke out in a few years, which further weakened the manpower gap caused by the radical national policy during the reign of the first emperor, Zhang Jiashi could be said to be powerless even if he wanted to implement the Tuntian method even during the Ming Dynasty. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo.

In many ways, the Ming Empire's tuntian method was more based on the guard system.

After Zhu Yuanzhang expelled the Yuan Empire, he formally established the system of guarding the Ming Empire on a large scale.

Although the Weisho system was not pioneered by Zhu Yuanzhang, with the partial implementation of the Yuan Empire and Zhu Yuanzhang's own corresponding considerations, there is no doubt that Zhu Yuanzhang believed that the Weisuo system was necessary for the nascent Ming Empire.

But there is no doubt that in many respects the system is not so much a new system as it is primarily an improvement on the military system, a method of military recruitment that has disappeared from history.

The foundation of Zhu Yuanzhang's establishment of the guard system was to educate the army and the people, but judging from the corresponding records, Zhu Yuanzhang's guard system had in fact gradually deteriorated before his death:

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty's guard system, the military tun ensured its self-sufficiency, and the hereditary guarantee of the source of soldiers, so it was closed and conservative was its outstanding feature. Most of the guards in the Ming Dynasty have established a complete military cantonment system, and the guards are partly guarding the city and some are planted, which requires basic self-sufficiency.

This characteristic of the Wei system was adapted to the specific historical conditions of the early Ming Dynasty. After years of war, a large amount of idle land appeared in the early Ming Dynasty, and the government was able to redistribute the land, and a large amount of land was directly placed under the jurisdiction of the Wei Institute, and the military camp had full guarantees. "Sergeant Tuntian was the main measure of the ancient Chinese government to solve the logistics supply of the army.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the impact of perennial wars, the economy withered, and all kinds of waste were waiting to be revived, and it was necessary to levy thin endowments and rest with the people. It is impossible to expect the people to pay taxes to support a large army, and self-support is the only way. In order to feed a huge army. The government of the Ming Dynasty inherited the legacy of the military tun of the Yuan Dynasty and expanded it, and carried out tuntian in most of the country's guard centers, striving to achieve self-sufficiency in military food. "But in the late Yongle period, the military system had begun to be destroyed.

After Xuande, the occupation of military fields by guards and cultivation by private soldiers has occurred frequently. The fertile land that can be irrigated with water in Gansu and Ningxia is occupied by the town guards and the official banners. Cao Jian, the general of Datong, occupied more than 5o hectares of Zhuangtian in Yingzhou and other places, and privately served more than 100 people in Datong's guards. The result is a poor sergeant with no land to cultivate, his wife is frozen, and his life is poor.

The guard is built on the tuntian, which can be described as an economic foundation for the existence of the guard. If "the army is exhausted and there are no cultivators, then there is not enough food." There were also more guest soldiers, and there were many people who sat and ate, and the food was even more insufficient. Therefore, it benefited from the people's grain, and also benefited from salt and grain, and benefited from the transportation of Beijing, and the system of the guard began to be destroyed."

Tuntian is a kind of state-owned land, with the social development of the Ming Dynasty, due to factors such as abandonment, occupation by powerful landlords, and renting and pawning, Tuntian gradually turned into private ownership, and the health office lost the land on which it depended, and there was no guarantee of food and clothing. In addition, some of the sergeants turned to occupy the cultivated land, and did not fight, nor did it benefit the exhibition of the guard.

The social and economic development also caused the strict personal restraints under the health system to begin to loosen. The sergeants of the Ming Dynasty guard station did not set up a household registration and called military registration. The distinction between military and civilian status is extremely strict. The military registration belongs to the Governor's Office, and the civilian registration belongs to the household department. The sergeants of the guard were not subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary administrative officials, and were distinct from the people in terms of status, legal and economic status, and the military and the people were completely separated. When one of the people was put into the army, his family was forever filled with the army and lived in the designated guardhouse.

In addition to being a regular soldier, the children of the guards are called Yu Ding or Jun Yu, and the children of the colonel are called Sheren. When a strong man dies or is old or sick, he is replaced by a second or a remnant. If the family of the sergeant of the guard is all dead, then he must go to his hometown to pick up the clansmen. In the 21st year of Hongwu, in order to ensure that the army of the guard station had a stable amount, he began to compile a yellow book of military registration, and stipulated that it should be compiled every ten years like the yellow book of military service, so as to prevent the disorder of military and civilian household registration, and the hereditary military registration, once a civilian household was assigned to a soldier, it could never leave the country. Military status has become a shackle for generations of sergeants in the guard, and the sergeants are unable to break free, so they resist by fleeing.

From the very beginning of the establishment of the guard system, the phenomenon of fleeing has existed. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered all the divisions in the world to hunt down these fugitive soldiers, and in the fourth year of Hongwu, strict punishment was set, from small banners to thousands of households, and the number of fugitives ranged from fines and demotions. Since then, the number of fugitives has continued unabated. In the 8th year of Jiajing, Gui Cao was registered in the world, only 970,000. To Hu Song's examination of the land, it stopped at 845,48o. The total number of sergeants in the world is estimated to be more than 3oo.

In view of this, from the Xuande period, the Ming court sent the Qing army every year to clear up the deserters. The guards also sent people to the hometown of the fugitive sergeant. In the end of the Ming Dynasty, the system of the guard is not abolished, and the clear hook is always held, but it is still useless. After many sergeants fled, they married and had children, lived in a family business, and worked with military households, never to return.

The defense of the Vietnamese armament was slack, "the first year of Jianyan was the governor of Shaoxing." At the beginning of the construction of the sword thieves, the soldiers were training to guard the archers, Yu Zhao was drunk, Yao Ma joined the team, the captain could not stop, and he was cutting the dog's subordinates.

The abolition of the guard system has markedly reduced the combat effectiveness of the armed forces, and it has even become difficult for them to undertake their normal military functions. The establishment of the army in the Ming Dynasty placed a large number of troops in the capital and the border areas, especially the large number of Beijing troops, well-equipped, in order to play the role of heavy control and light, the situation of the Beijing army is very representative.

There are 78 guards in the Beijing camp, and the number is no less than 3o thousand. Around the imperial city, there are 5o more guards, and more than 2o sergeants. The Beijing army plays a pivotal role in the defense of all affairs. At that time, the Jiangnan sergeants were mostly used for Cao Yun, and the Jiangbei sergeants were mostly used as squad troops to enter Beijing to prepare, resulting in the emptiness of the city of the belly guard, and they could not support it in case of police, so they could only rely on the support of the Beijing army. Although the number of border troops is large, they are guarded by separate routes, and the strength is single, and once there is a police, they also need the support of the Beijing army.

The position of the Beijing army did not last long, and the civil and engineering changes, Ming Yingzong led 5o million Beijing troops to the expedition, and almost all the troops were wiped out. During the Zhengde period, Liu Liu and Liu Qi revolted and threatened the capital, and the Beijing army was powerless and had to transfer border troops to help. By the time of Jiajing, the Weisho army had a situation of collapse at the first touch, and could only recruit troops to fight.

The Beijing army has not been easily dispatched because it is not accustomed to battle formations and is afraid of hurting the country's prestige. It can be seen from this that the status of the guard system at that time was actually in a downward trend.

Many people of insight at that time also had an understanding of the shortcomings of the Wei system. But strategies to reverse this situation have been less effective. The Beijing battalion changed the three battalions from Yu Qian to the ten regiment battalions, and since then the battalion system has become more uncertain, and the situation in the Beijing camp has not improved much. However, there are some noteworthy tendencies in the passive adjustment and reform of the guards. For example, the practice of increasing the power of generals and the attempt to change the recruitment of silver have touched on the substantive problems of the Wei system to some extent.

Ming Taizu set up generals, and Ming Chengzu divided battalions to command the troops, so as to avoid the hidden danger of powerful ministers holding power and heavy troops in previous dynasties. The reform of the Jingying system also shows that the Ming Dynasty tried to adjust the situation of the old and weak soldiers who served for life under the guard system. After the three battalions were changed to the ten regimental battalions, the elite soldiers were incorporated into the regimental battalions, and the old and weak returned to their own camps, called their hometowns, and served exclusively as envoys. However, the old home system was only implemented in Jingying, which prevented the situation of the health center from being fundamentally improved.

The method of changing the bank to recruit is a bold break through the hereditary tradition of the Wei system. This is most typical in the squad army.

The establishment of the squad army began in Yongle. After a long period of peace, the squad army was gradually used for construction, and the drill was reduced or even completely abolished. It has become a common phenomenon for Zhengde to serve in the rear army. The soldiers were afraid of their labor, and they were not ready to wait. Although the punishment is strict, it cannot be prohibited. The generals of the squad army were afraid that they would be punished for the failure of the soldiers to flee on time, so they privately recruited people to serve on their behalf.

Because the Beijing Exercise Squad Army is located in the Beijing Division, there are many civil engineering battles, and the magnates and officials are all interested in the service of the Squad Army, so it is difficult to implement the proposal of changing the silver recruitment, and the 160,000 squad troops are all withdrawn, and the Beijing Division is also empty and helpless. Officers and soldiers on the side shift are more flexible.

During the Yongle period, the inland army was ordered to take turns to defend the border, which was called the side class. Although the garrison army is not like the Beijing official army, which is used for all the battles, because the garrison is far away, there are many cold and hardships, and the replacement of generations is not timely, and the phenomenon of fleeing is also very serious, so the method of recruitment is often used. The recruited soldiers were treated better than the sergeants of the guard in terms of personal freedom, salary, and service time, which also made the guard post have a tendency to go out of the house, and the guard system was also greatly impacted. In addition, the Ming Dynasty set up the Governor's Office of the Five Armies to command the divisions, guards, and offices of the whole country.

However, none of them had the right to transfer troops. The Protectorate of the Five Armies and the Ministry of War are mutually restricted, and the Ministry of War has the right to send troops but does not have the right to command the troops, and the Protectorate of the Five Armies has the right to command the troops but has no order to command the troops. When there is a military operation, it is necessary to wait for the order of the military department before sending the generals to transfer troops, although this can prevent the power from falling, but on the other hand, it also makes the Ming Dynasty army ineffective and inefficient in command.

Moreover, the combat generals were all appointed temporarily, and after the war, the soldiers were scattered in the government and returned to the court, and the generals did not know enough about their own soldiers, and lacked feelings for each other. These are all quite detrimental to the operation. "In the need to control military power, the chief of the guard only has the obligation to train, not the power to transfer. Under the backward communication conditions at that time, the garrison army almost completely lost the ability to react quickly to changes in the local defense situation.

Recruitment appeared in the period when Zhu Yuanzhang raised troops to create the Ming Dynasty, after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the creation of the guard system, the source of the army has been guaranteed, and the way of recruiting soldiers is basically no longer used. However, some special organizations in the guard center are still recruited soldiers, such as horsemen, school captains, wrestlers, etc. These soldiers are subordinate to the Jinyi Guard, which is different from the ordinary guard army. As mentioned earlier: in the Ming Dynasty, the military and the civilian are different, "the military is a special system, with its own military registration, in the Ming Dynasty household registration, the military registration and the civilian registration, the craftsman registration is parallel, the military registration belongs to the governor's office, and the civil registration belongs to the Ministry of Industry." The military is not subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary administrative officials, and is different from the people in terms of status, legal and economic status, and the army and the people are completely separated. The army is hereditary, familial, and fixed. Once in the army, his family will be in the army for all generations, and will live in the designated guards." Moreover, when the regular army is old or sick or flees, it is necessary to go to the original place of origin to hook up, and then follow the supplementary service, if the whole family of the regular army is wiped out. then go to the place of origin to hook up his people. Perform the so-called "hook army", so that. Generations of military households have been fixed to the guard. In contrast, the situation of recruiting is much better. There is no special household registration, no salary, no hereditary status, and no fixed station. In addition, the armament of the guard post at that time was slack, and the war was tight, and the conscription system gradually unfolded.

During the Hongwu and Yongle periods, the border situation was relatively stable. During the period of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming army marched north many times, basically removing the threat of Mongolian forces, and deployed heavy troops in the north to actively carry out border defense construction. During the Yongle period, the national strength was strong, the border defense was very heavy, and there were six northern expeditions, with attack as defense, so the border trouble in the early Ming Dynasty was not serious, and there was no need to recruit troops for this. During the Renxuan period, the Tatar power declined, and the border defense policy of the Ming Dynasty also turned from offensive to defensive to maintain peace.

During the Orthodox period, this relatively stable situation was changed by the rise of the Mongol Warats.

In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, the first soldiers invaded, and Ming Yingzong led his troops to recruit in person, and the whole army was annihilated. Since then, the Ming Dynasty has entered the era of frequent wars in the middle and late periods, with wolf smoke everywhere, border troubles, insufficient troops, and had to recruit troops for use. There is a record of recruiting soldiers in the "Jiajing Youxi County Chronicles": "The new county governs the fields and raises the soldiers in Kaifeng, and the thieves are more hostile, but they recruit strong soldiers to defend them, and the thieves never dare to commit them." It can also be seen that although the recruits at that time were not the most important sergeants, they also had good combat effectiveness. Moreover, it is often needed by a turbulent society.

If the recruitment of troops in the Hongwu Yongle period was a small repair of the military system at that time, only a temporary need, then the recruitment after Xuande was different from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, with the escalation of border tensions step by step, the increasingly abolition of the guard system, and the recruitment of troops as an important source of troops has received more and more general attention.

After Xuande, the recruitment of troops was mostly carried out due to the frequent border wars and insufficient troops.

After the civil change, the Beijing army was scattered several times, and the Qinwang soldiers from all over the country could not reach the Ming Dynasty immediately, so they sent officials to recruit troops, so there was a large-scale recruitment. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, he ordered the people to be recruited everywhere, and the local officials were ordered to practice and be called by the police. In Zhubian Town, local soldiers were recruited.

In September of the first year of Jingtai, the officers were sent to recruit 5ooo native soldiers in each of the towns of Yansui. In August of the first year of Tianshun, the people along the border were also selected as native soldiers. The treatment of these conscripts: saddle horse equipment, autumn and winter drills, support and rations, spring and summer farming and housing support. Exempt from miscellaneous errands. If there is an accident, it is not allowed to make up for it.

During the Jiajing period, the south and the north were captured, and the border troubles were serious. Conscription is widely used as a good strategy for emergency relief, and this is a new stage in the exhibition of conscription. "In the middle of Jiajing, the 'southern and northern captives' were raging, and the shortcomings of the Ming army were completely exposed, and the Ming court adopted a series of measures to improve military strength, such as increasing the intensity of military recruitment and reforming the military exercises, so that it could barely withstand external pressure. ”

At this time, the conscription system was not only practiced in the southeast coast, but also in the border army in the north and even in Beijing, which gradually replaced and supplemented the Weisho army with recruitment. The system of guards was also increasingly challenged and threatened, and it accounted for a considerable proportion of the Ming army. When the southeast coast was plagued, a large number of conscripts were used, and the number was no less than 1o. Conscription has since become an important part of the Ming army.

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In a sense, the failure of the guard system is actually the embodiment of the failure of the military tun system of the Ming Empire. And the "government soldier system" was once again replaced by the "conscription system", which can be regarded as a kind of historical reincarnation.