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Pan Geng, reigned 1374-1347 BC. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

Pan Geng, oracle bone inscription as a general Geng, the name of the ten.

Father: Shang King Zuding

Brother: Shang Wang Yangjia

Younger brothers: Shang Wang Xiaoxin, Shang Wang Xiaoyi

In 1374, Zu Ding's son and Yang Ding's younger brother Pan Geng inherited the throne of the Shang Dynasty and was the nineteenth monarch of the Shang Dynasty.

As mentioned earlier: In the Shang Dynasty, since the Shang Dynasty was the king of Shang, the state gradually declined. At that time, the inheritance system of the Shang Dynasty did not adopt the succession system of the eldest son of the later generations, and mainly adopted the elder brother to the younger brother, and the next generation succeeded to the throne when the brother was gone. Therefore, the courtiers and generals often supported the brothers and their sons to succeed to the throne, and they often fought for the right to inherit, resulting in the chaos of the nine generations of the Shang Dynasty, and the princes did not come to the court, which is known as the Rebellion of the Ninth Dynasty.

When Pan Geng ascended the throne, the Shang Dynasty went through the Ninth Rebellion, political corruption, aristocratic luxury, fierce competition within the royal family, sharp class contradictions, and the fact that it was located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and natural disasters were frequent (the Yellow River was frequently diverted and the river flooded).

At the beginning of Pan Geng's accession to the throne, the capital of the Shang Dynasty was located in Xian (Qufu City, Jining, Shandong), north of the Yellow River. The Yellow River has been diverted many times in history, and Qufu was located north of the Yellow River at that time.

In the face of the powerful old aristocratic forces, its governance measures were often constrained by the old nobles, and it was difficult for them to implement their own governance concepts.

Pan Geng was a capable monarch, and in order to change this unfavorable political atmosphere and change the unstable social situation at that time, he decided to move the capital again. When he learned that the area around Xi'an (Yanshi City, Luoyang, Henan) has fertile soil and beautiful water, there are tigers, bears and other beasts in the mountains and forests, and there are fish and shrimp in the water, he decided to come here to develop.

Because there are three advantages to going to Xi'an:

First, the land near Xi'an is relatively fertile, and the natural environment is better than the current situation of the capital, whether it is the construction of the capital or the development of agricultural production.

Second, after the capital is moved, everything will have to be done from scratch, and the royal family and aristocracy will be suppressed, so that class contradictions can be eased;

Third. The relocation of the capital was avoided by the Dongyi rebel forces, the capital was relatively safe, there was less external interference, and the rule could be much more stable.

In the three hundred years after Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, the capital was relocated five times. Among the rulers, the competition for the throne was fierce, some said that the father should die and the son should succeed, and some said that the brother should die. Uncles and nephews and brothers often fight to the death for the throne. They have thrown the country into chaos for their own gain. The Rebellion of the Ninth is one of the most famous of these civil strife. Due to civil strife and frequent floods in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the capital was relocated frequently. There was even a time when there was a big flood, which flooded the capital and had to be moved.

At that time, the Shang Dynasty had moved its capital five times, and the imperial court had no fixed residence. When they heard that they were going to move to the desolate land of Xihao, most of the nobles were reluctant to relocate for the sake of comfort, and even the people sighed to each other and complained frequently that they did not want to relocate. Some powerful nobles also incited the common people to oppose it, and there was a lot of trouble.

Although Pan Geng took the throne at the beginning, his power could not be consolidated, and in the face of strong opposition forces, he did not waver in his determination to move the capital. He called in the nobles who opposed the relocation of the capital and patiently persuaded them: "I want you to move in order to stabilize our country. Instead of understanding my painstaking efforts, you have been needlessly alarmed. You want to change my mind, and you can't do that. ”

But Pan Geng's measures did not work, and the opposition became even stronger.

Pan Geng decided to hold back for the time being, waiting for his power to become stronger, and then implement this proposition.

In the fourteenth year of Pangeng (BC1361), after consolidating his power for more than ten years, Pangeng thought that the time was ripe and decided to officially move the capital to Xi'an (Yanshi City, Luoyang, Henan).

In order to win the support of most of the nobles and the people, Pan Geng took advantage of people's strong remembrance of Shang Tang Dezheng and the Shang Dynasty at that time, and called for Shang Tang Dezheng.

In order to mobilize the relocation of the capital, Pan Geng made an important speech. The term "spark fires" was condensed from the content of this speech. One of the passages reads: "Once upon a time, the first king Chengtang and your ancestors worked together to pacify the world, and all the laws could be followed. If we abandon these good laws and do not strive to implement them, how can we achieve virtue and government?" He set up the two banners of "Mandate of Heaven" and "Former King" and declared that he intended to win the hearts and minds of the people for the people. At that time, the "Mandate of Heaven" and the "First King" were undoubtedly powerful. In this way, Pangeng succeeded in gaining the support of most of the nobility and the common people.

At the same time, a small number of nobles still tried their best to oppose the relocation of the capital, and Pan Geng issued a proclamation, sternly ordering them to obey: "There are unlucky and disrespectful, disrespectful, and temporarily traitorous, I will be annihilated, and there will be no relic, and there will be no easy planting in Zixinyi", that is, if there are treacherous and evil and disobedient people, I will kill them all, and prevent this evil species from spreading and growing in Xinyi. It can be seen that Pangeng tried to attack the aristocracy by moving the capital.

Pan Geng insisted on the idea of moving the capital, and after a fierce political struggle, he adopted both soft and hard means to thwart the opposition forces, and finally took the civilians and slaves to cross the Yellow River to Xi'an, and successfully completed the plan to move the capital, which is known as "Pangeng moved to Xi'an" in history.

In recent decades, since the oracle bones were unearthed in the Yin Ruins of Anyang, Wang Guowei's "Saying Yin" came out, and the "Bamboo Book" said that "more do not migrate to the capital" has been regarded as a guide. The Chinese literary and artistic circles then said that the Yin Ruins in the south of Huanshui were the imperial capital of Pangeng to Dixin, 273 years ago, thus abandoning the Song of the Dynasty of the Imperial Capital mentioned in the historical books.

However, the reality of history is not so. It is correct to say that Anyang Yinxu is Yin, but it is a big mistake to say that Anyang Yinxu is the imperial capital from Pangeng to Dixin, 273 years. Because the facts of the historical books and the underground excavations have denied this statement.

Pangeng moved to Yin not to move to Yinxu in Anyang, but to move to Xi'an (Yanshi City, Luoyang, Henan). Let's look at the "Historical Records": "When Emperor Pangeng was in Hebei, Yin had already been in Hebei, Pangeng crossed Henan, and rebuilt into the former residence of Tang" ("Yin Benji"). In recent years, due to the excavation of Yanshi Mall, most scholars now affirm that Yanshi Mall is the capital of Tang. The excavation of Yanshi Mall not only proves that Yanshi is indeed the capital of Tang, but also proves that Yanshi Mall is the capital of Pangeng.

Because in the excavation of Yanshi Mall, archaeologists found that this ancient city was abandoned after a period of use, and later repaired and reused, and the king of Yin who set up his capital here again was Pangeng (see "Proceedings of the National Commercial History Academic Symposium"), which is also evidenced.