readx;? The earliest Haswana culture (6000 BC) was found in northern Mesopotamia. Typical ruins of Pen, Fun and Pavilion www.biquge.info: Hassouna Ruins.

Its distinctive feature is carved pottery and faience. The shape of the vessel is more short-necked spherical jars and bowls, painted in red or black, and the pattern is simple, only the herringbone pattern and triangular pattern can be seen. Residents grow barley, wheat, etc., rely on artificial irrigation, and raise sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Tools are more stone sickles and stone axes. The dense density of houses in the ruins reflects the flourishing of culture. At that time, female worship was popular, and female statues were unearthed. A lot of chalcedony beads and seals were also found. It is also the earliest area where jade artifacts were discovered.

The Samarra culture (5800 to 5000 BC) belongs to the Late Neolithic culture of Western Asia. It is mainly found in northern Mesopotamia, along and south of the Lesser Zab River, a tributary of the Tigris River. Typical sites: Sovan and Chogamami two sites. The Samarra archaeological zone is located in Iraq's Salah al-Din province, 125 kilometers northwest of Baghdad, on the east bank of the Tigris River.

Its characteristics are similar to that of standard Hassouna pottery, but with more elaborate production and decoration, and it is known as "Samarra pottery", which is attributed to the later Hassouna culture. However, this pottery belongs to an independently developed cultural system, so it is called Samarra culture. It is unique in that it has a large settlement village, unique mud-brick buildings and state-of-the-art irrigated agricultural facilities.

This culture can be roughly divided into three periods: early, middle and late, that is, the period without faience, the typical Samarra faience period and the geometrically decorated faience period. And the middle culture is the most prosperous.

The typical remains of the early Samarra culture are the 1st and 2nd floors of the Sovan site located on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Tigris River.

Sovan 1 is dated to BC5506±73 according to radiocarbon. The dwelling site is rectangular in shape and surrounded by moats. There are 3 T-shaped buildings with brick structures, all of which are composed of many large and small rooms, and the layout is regular. The floor and walls of the house are plastered, and the outer buttresses support the planks that support the roof. One of the buildings appears to have a religious function, and a "Mother Goddess" has been found in a one-room alcove. About 130 tombs were also found, and the bodies were buried with bent limbs, mostly young children, bandaged with mats and sprinkled with red ochre. In addition to various shells and stone beads, there are also a large number of bowls, jars, bottles, long-handled spoons, female statues, and stone genitalia made of alabaster. Among them, there is a squatting female stone bottle that is more special. Sovan1 pottery is scarce and is characterized by plain stoneware with occasional notching, often in a style that mimics alabaster ware.

Sovan 2 appeared thin-shelled faience similar to typical Samarra pottery, thus providing clues to the development of Samarra culture from plain pottery to faience. Irrigated agriculture was already in place in the Samarra culture of this period. The inhabitants grow two-grain wheat, six-sided naked barley, two-sided barley and bread wheat. The tools are sickles, stone blades, edge strikers, vertical * straight * knife * pieces and mortars, pestles, hand grinders and other stone tools. Domestic animals are goats, sheep, dogs, etc. The economy of gathering, fishing and hunting still accounts for a certain proportion.

The Middle Samarra culture is mainly represented by the 3~5 layers of Sowan and the early layers of the Chogammi site in northeast Baghdad. This was the heyday of the Samarra culture, dating from 5200 to 5000 BC. During this period, the economy developed and the fishing industry was strengthened. A number of small canals have been found around the site, forming a primitive irrigation network. The domestication of plants and animals is also gradually being completed. In addition to wheat, there are also flax, lentils, etc. Cattle ploughing has been practised. The handicraft industry has developed considerably, and Chogamami has woven cloth with flax fibers. Pottery spinning wheels were widely found, and traces of plain textiles were found.

The excavation of non-locally produced forged copper products and obsidian at the Suovan site indicates that exchanges with other regions have been quite frequent. At the same time, the appearance of red copper products shows that it has entered the red copper age at that time.

Compared to the previous phase, the village has been expanded, with the Chogamami site covering an area of 350 m x 100 m and an estimated population of about 1,000, and the Suowan site building a defensive wall with buttresses along the original village moat. During this period, there was a new development in the form of buildings, and a temple had appeared on the third floor of the Suowan site, and facilities such as stoves and cellars appeared next to the houses. The adobe buildings of Chogamami are rectangular in shape and tend to consist of 2 or 3 rows of 3 huts. The house architecture of sites such as Sovan, Chogamami, etc., is often built directly on the ruins of earlier houses. The sophistication of the protective facilities in the villages, as well as the emergence and widespread use of pottery seals, seem to indicate that the inhabitants of the Samarra culture have developed a sense of ownership.

During this period, the faience was elaborate, with yellow pottery coats painted and realistic patterns of water waves, flowers, animals and figures painted in ochre, black or grey or pale pigments. The main shapes of utensils are bowls, cans, bottles, etc. Some pottery bowls have false hoop feet. Other relics include stone statues, pottery statues, etc., among which the colorful female pottery statue with a peculiar hairstyle raised high, wearing a necklace, earrings, nose ornaments, or tattooed with colored spots, or wearing a colorful robe. In addition, it is common to find statue-like bottles, decorated with female heads with wavy hairstyles, which may have been modeled and developed in the style of squatting female stone vases from the early Samarra culture.

"Sumerian King Table": "The kingship descended from heaven, and the kingship was in Eredu, and Arulim was the king of Eredu." ”

In 4120 BC, some of the yellow people, who were vassals of the Harappan civilization, understood the horror of forbidden weapons, so when they saw the nuclear explosion, they began to sail along the coastline of the Indian Ocean along the coastline of the Indian Ocean, leaving the Indus Valley and migrating westward.

Its leader, Arulim, was a minister of a certain monarch of the Harappan civilization. Along the coastline, into the Persian Gulf, tracing the river, on the south bank of the Euphrates, near Kuwait, the first settlements were established in conjunction with the local indigenous people. It was located west of present-day Basra, on the south bank of the Euphrates, not far southwest of the ruins of your. They themselves called it "the place of might", and later generations called it Eredu. They called themselves "black-headed people", but later some people referred to these black-haired yellow people as Sumerians.

Mesopotamia, also known as the Valley of the Two Rivers. In a broad sense, it refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, reaching the Zagros Mountains in the east, the Syrian desert in the west, the Persian Gulf in the south, and the Taurus Mountains in the north. It is mountainous in the north, passing through grasslands and plains in the south to the swampy delta of two rivers in the south. In a narrow sense, it refers only to the area between two rivers.

Mesopotamia is one of the cradles of human culture, and irrigated agriculture is the main foundation for its cultural development. There have been Sumerian, Akkad, Babylonian, Assyrian and other civilizations. It was then ruled by the Persian, Macedonian, Roman and Ottoman empires. After the First World War, the main part of it became independent Iraq.

Written by Jews and Greeks, Mesopotamia was a paradise that everyone aspired to, and the Garden of Eden in the Bible was here.

However, in today's Mesopotamia, the climate and natural conditions are clearly very different from those described by the Jews and Greeks. The climate is dry, the soil is bare, the dunes are abundant, and like all desert areas, precipitation is scarce and the temperature varies widely. For example, Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, receives 156 mm of precipitation a year, with zero from June to September, and temperatures can reach as high as 49 degrees Celsius in summer and as low as -9 degrees Celsius in winter. Even if you go to the legendary "Garden of Eden" Kurla, you will be disappointed. Today it is a lonely area, less than a kilometre from the riverbank, where nothing but a nodule bramble (said to be the legendary "Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil") remains, and all that meets the eye is desolation and gravel. It seems difficult for us to imagine that such relatively harsh natural conditions would have become the cradle of advanced human civilization thousands of years ago.

Researchers of geology and environmental change have made the insightful conclusion that Mesopotamia had a humid rather than arid climate between 4000 and 2000 BC. According to the geographer Ram, much of the climate around the Mediterranean was arid during the warmest period of the post-glacial period, but due to the expansion of the southwest monsoon and the moistening of the monsoon rains during this period, a humid climate existed in Mesopotamia between 34 and 35 degrees north latitude.

Excavations by archaeologists in this area have confirmed this assertion. Archaeological excavations have shown that during the period 4000-2000 BC, several floods caused discontinuities in the soil layer. The clay tablets excavated from these sites account of the Great Flood and how the Sumerians built the dikes, which are also strong evidence of the particularly fertile climate during this period. Geologists also confirmed the existence of a humid climate in the two river basins during this period through a series of scientific methods such as radiocarbon dating, amino acid differential isomerism analysis, and pollen analysis. As a result, Mesopotamia is historically a "paradise". The geography and climate are very good.

Mesopotamia used to have a particularly humid climate. At that time, abundant precipitation from the mountainous regions of Armenia flowed into the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and the two mother rivers nourished the fertile land of the plains. Therefore, it is certain that around 4000-2000 BC, during the critical period of the establishment of Mesopotamian civilization, the natural conditions were suitable.

That is, it was during this critical period of humid climate that the Sumerians created the oldest documented civilization in human history. It is indeed impossible to imagine how the Sumerians would have extracted enough water to irrigate their fields without the abundant flow of the two river basins, and that these civilizations would not have existed in arid and barren lands without the unnecessarily beneficial benefits of monsoon rains.

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