readx;? Through a large number of studies, scientists have confirmed that at that time, the Lianghe Plain was once a green field with lush forests and green ridges, and it was also once crisscrossed by ditches, dense river networks, and densely populated. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 Info: Jews and Greeks are not in vain calling this place "heaven."

The whole of Mesopotamia is usually divided into north and south regions by the latitude of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.

The northern part is called Silesia, and the southern part is called Babylonia.

Babylonia is bounded by Nipur and is further divided into north and south. The northern region is called the Akkadian region, and the southern region is called the Sumerian region.

The Sumerian civilization is the earliest civilization in the entire Mesopotamian civilization, and it is also the earliest civilization in the world that has been accurately researched and left written records, and it is mainly distributed in the Sumerian region.

The previous Harappan civilization was based on white people as the ruling core, even the Aryan civilization that conquered and inherited the Harappan civilization was created in the way that white people digested white people, only the Sumerian civilization belonged to the branch of the Harappan civilization (its core was absorbed by the Aryan civilization), but the ruling core has changed to the yellow race, that is, the Sumerians as the core.

In fact, any city is gradually developed from settlements, and it is not possible to say who is the founder. By the time the Sumerians arrived, there were already several scattered settlements established by the local Indo-European yellow natives, mainly in the late Sovan culture. And the local people believe in the water god Enki. Therefore, the Sumerians, who were latecomers, believed that Eredu was built by the god of water, Enki.

The so-called Indo-European languages refer to the indigenous yellow people who were widely distributed in Eurasia before the Aryans and Semites moved south from the northern steppes, and in this sense, the Sumerians are also the indigenous yellow people of the Indus Valley and also belong to the Indo-European language family, but they have been completely assimilated by the Harappan civilization and have been separated from the Indo-European language family.

In order to win the support of the local people, Arulim claimed that he had Enki's permission to become the lord of Eredu, and built a grand temple for the water god Enki along with the construction of the city. The local people are convinced. As a result, the local population was quickly assimilated into the Sumerian civilization.

This started the tradition of "divine authority of kings" in Sumerian civilization, just as the rulers of feudal societies claimed to be the sons of heaven.

In 4120 BC, Arulim established the First Dynasty of Eredu.

Arulim, reign: 80 BC, 4120-4040 BC.

The Sumerian civilization, like the Harappan civilization, was a typical urban civilization, and was the first to create an urban civilization in the valley of the two rivers.

The Sumerians reached a very high level of ancient architecture in terms of architecture, which was characterized by the fact that the walls were of earth and stone, the houses were of civil engineering, and the main building material was sun-dried mud bricks, showing a difference from the Harappan civilization (burnt brick construction).

The Plains of the Two Rivers lacked stone mines and trees, so Sumerian buildings were made of mud bricks, and burning bricks required a lot of wood. There is no mortar or cement connection between bricks and bricks. Mud brick buildings deteriorate over time, so they have to be demolished, bulldozed and rebuilt over time. Over time, the cities of the Two Rivers Plain were raised as a result. Such monuments are called Taylor. Such monuments can be found everywhere in the Middle East. Sumerian temples and palaces used more complex structures and techniques such as pillars, chambers, and clay nails. Most of the artifacts that can be found in Western Asia are from these Taleri.

Erethus was the southernmost of the Sumerian city-states, and was the first city built by the Sumerians.

The city of Eridu was home to a temple dedicated to Enki, which was much larger than that of other Sumerian city-states.

The site of Eredu has been found to have the earliest religious building in southern Mesopotamia, the temple, which belongs to the Eredu culture. The plan of the temple is rectangular, the area is not more than 4 square meters, there is a protruding part at one end of the temple, the altar is inside, and another altar is set up in the center of the temple, and the door is open at the other end of the temple. Immediately adjacent to the building there is a circular sacrificial house or sacrificial table, and there are ashes left after the sacrifice was burned.

The pottery at the Eredu site belongs to different stages of cultural development. Eridu culture pottery is characterized by monochrome pottery, which is mostly ochre, sometimes brown, black, and occasionally red, often painted with yellow and beige pottery, and is mainly decorated with geometric patterns such as bands, zebra crossings, and checkereds. The typical utensils of the Haji Muhammad culture are deep-bottomed bowls and bowls, and the surface of the vessels is mostly purple-black with a slight luster. El Beide pottery is characterized by hemispherical bowls and bizarre geometric patterns. In addition, pottery net pendants and small containers dedicated to altars have been found in the ruins.

Judging from the Sumerian clay tablets unearthed, the importance of Eretus among the Sumerians is mainly reflected in the pre-Flood.

After that, Eredu remained important, but after the Great Flood, Eredu was reduced to ruins, and no more dynasties appeared, and later developed only as an ordinary city.

Two thousand years later, J.E. (1855), R. (1918) and H.R. Hall (1919) discovered the site in southern Iraq and took the lead in excavation, and finally between 1946 and 1949, the Iraqis conducted a comprehensive excavation and research, confirming that this is the site of Eridu, the first city of the Sumerians.

Due to the diversion of the Euphrates River, salinization of the land, and historical factors, Elidu was completely abandoned around 600 BC.

Alalgar, reigned 4040-3760.

In 4040 BC, Aralagar established the Second Dynasty of Eredu.

Around 3800 BC, the Sumerian civilization also established many cities and evolved into city-states.

At this time, the Sumerians had a limited range, and were basically distributed in the Sumerian region between the two rivers in southern Mesopotamia, far south of Babylon, near the Persian Gulf.

The Sumerians successively established twelve cities or settlements of Eredu, Badtibira, Lalrak, Sipal, Obaid, Shurupak, Uruk, your, Kish, Kud, Atab, and Nipur. The vast majority of these twelve cities are located in the Sumerian region, with Eridu in the south and Nipur in the north. Only Lallak and Sipal are the only two cities in the Akkadian region.

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