readx;? Agriculture has developed from plough agriculture to plough agriculture. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 The sharp increase in the number of wells used to divert water for drainage indicates the emergence of irrigated agriculture in the Liangzhu culture, which was the first of its kind in Chinese mainland. Irrigation technology has greatly enhanced the ability to resist drought and drainage, put rice agriculture on a more stable basis, and made great contributions to the agricultural development of the vast areas in the south. It led to the high development of productive forces at that time, and also promoted the development of handicrafts. Therefore, the handicraft sectors such as pottery, jade, silk and linen fabrics, ivory, and lacquerware were separated from agriculture, especially the exquisite jade craft, which showed the high level of development of the handicraft industry at that time.

The pottery is most distinctive with clay gray tire polished black leather pottery, using the wheel system, the shape of the vessel is regular, the circle foot vessel is the majority, with the perforation, the slub pattern, the string pattern decoration, there is also color painting. In particular, the combination of ding, bucket and pot constitutes a group of utensils rich in Liangzhu cultural characteristics.

On some pottery and jade artifacts of the Liangzhu culture, a large number of single or group carved symbols with ideographic functions have appeared, which scholars call "primitive characters". It is considered to be the prelude to the maturity of Chinese writing. Writing is an important symbol of civilized society.

The bamboo and wood manufacturing industry has developed to a certain extent. Wooden and bamboo weaving artifacts have been found at many sites, and more than 200 pieces of bamboo products have been unearthed at the Qianshanyang site, indicating that this handicraft industry has also become a specialized production labor for some clan members. A number of rare wooden products such as wooden buckets, wooden plates, wooden spears and wooden arrowheads have been unearthed at the ruins in front of the temple in Liangzhu Town;

The jade of Liangzhu culture has reached the peak of China's prehistoric culture. Jade artifacts include bi, cong, yue, huang, crown, trident jade, jade bracelets, jade tubes, jade beads, jade pendants, cylindrical jade, conical jade, jade belts and rings.

In addition to a few shapes such as jade beads (tubes), grains, and bi, most of the jade artifacts of Liangzhu culture are carved with exquisite and dense ornamentation, indicating that each piece of jade embodies a large amount of labor fruits, and the makers must get rid of the daily labor state for the purpose of obtaining the means of subsistence, and engage in a single jade processing and production, and the means of living need to be provided by the vast number of social groups. At the same time, the shape of jade is relatively standardized, and the pattern and pattern carving are standardized, reflecting the increase of mental labor in the production process, and the trend of being relatively independent of simple physical labor has appeared, and the difference between mental labor and manual labor has been formed.

The jade manufacturing industry of Liangzhu culture inherited the craft tradition of Majiabang culture, and absorbed the experience of various clans of Dawenkou culture in the north and Xuejiagang culture in the east, so that the jade production technology reached the most advanced level at that time. A jade dagger and a jade spoon were unearthed from a tomb in Yaoshan, which was a precious tableware seen for the first time in the Liangzhu culture. Craftsmen who make stone tools have mastered the techniques of selecting and cutting stones, hammering them into billets, drilling holes, and polishing them.

On the basis of the development of social productive forces, the social system of the Liangzhu culture period underwent drastic changes, and the society has been divided into different hierarchies. Most of the aristocratic cemeteries are built with large tombs built by hand, with wide tombs and exquisite burial tools, especially with a large number of exquisitely made jade ritual vessels. On the other hand, there are small civilian tombs seen in sites such as Xu Buqiao, Qianjinjiao, Pingqiudun, Wujiabu, and Miaoqian, which do not have special cemeteries, but are scattered around the residential site, and the tombs are narrow, and the burials are only simple pottery and small pieces of decorative jade ornaments.

The construction of large tombs is huge, especially the large-scale foundation sites such as Mojiao Mountain, which are not needed for people's material life at that time, so that we have to admire the construction ability of people in the Liangzhu culture period. Such a large-scale construction project requires a certain social order to ensure it, otherwise it is unimaginable. The establishment of this social order was closely related to the emergence of social hierarchical differences at that time. It can be said that during the Liangzhu culture period, there were already leaders with high authority in clans and tribes, and they had the social power to organize a large number of laborers to carry out such large-scale construction projects.

The ritual system with the jade system as the core was produced. The differences in the types and combinations of jade burials between noble tombs, between noble tombs and commoner tombs, and the differences in whether there are jade burials in commoner tombs, constitute the hierarchical differences in the jade system of Liangzhu culture. The appearance of large jade ritual vessels opened the prelude to China's ceremonial society, and the division between the tombs of nobles and the small tombs of commoners shows the intensification of social division. At the same time, it should be pointed out that some of the exquisitely made pottery double-nosed pots, tripods, buckets and other utensils found in the Liangzhu culture with elaborate patterns of pan mantis or bird patterns are all from the tombs of nobles, and they can be seen as a reflection of the jade system on pottery.

The core of the etiquette system is to reflect the subordinate relationship between people. The jade system of Liangzhu culture shows such a relationship. With the jade system as the main feature, it shows the emergence of the Liangzhu cultural ritual system, which is undoubtedly a manifestation of the qualitative change in society. The Liangzhu society has stepped into a civilized society from the barbaric prehistoric period.

The Jiuli clan tribe has made outstanding contributions to the formation of early Chinese civilization and has become one of the important birthplaces of China's agricultural civilization.

At the end of the reign of Emperor Yan Shennong's Jiang Yugang Dynasty, the princes invaded each other and tyrannized the people, and the Liangzhu culture gradually became the ruling center of the Yangtze River Valley, surpassing the Yandi Shennong's clan in strength, and occupied almost half of the territory of the world at that time. In its heyday, the Yandi Shennong clan, who was able to control the entire Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, was forced to retreat to the Yellow River valley and move the capital to Zhuolu, Hebei.

After that, the world was divided into three parts: the Liangzhu culture in the Yangtze River basin (a powerful Jiuli tribe established by the descendants of the Yandi Shennong clan), the Yandi Shennong clan in the Yellow River valley (the orthodox dynasty of the Central Plains), and the Hongshan culture (Youxiong clan) in the Liaohe River valley north of the Great Wall.

Among them, the Liangzhu culture occupied the raw material source of copper ore and was able to manufacture bronze weapons in large quantities. "Pipes and Places" said: "The mountain of Gelu comes out of the water, the gold follows it, and the Chi You is controlled by it, thinking that the sword, armor, spear and halberd are the nine princes of the year." The mountain of Yonghu came out of the water, and Jin Cong followed, and Chi You was controlled by it, thinking that the halberd of Yonghu Rui Ge was the prince of the age of twenty.

According to the historical records, the Chiyou tribe was able to make a crossbow with a staff and a knife because of the benefit of the salt pond and the method of metal smelting, and became the most powerful tribal alliance.

Therefore, the offensive ability is extremely strong and the most powerful, which causes the dissatisfaction of all the tribes. And the traditional forces that do not belong to the Central Plains are regarded as barbarians. In order to fight against the Jiuli clan, the Yandi Shennong clan invited the powerful Youxiong clan to enter Hebei to fight against Jiuli. The forces of the two sides entered a stalemate, just like the situation in which Sun Liu of the Three Kingdoms resisted Cao Cao.