readx;? The bone-making process is excellent. There are delicate small bone carvings unearthed in the early tombs of the pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info, such as a string of 10 carved bone beads at the Dadunzi site in Pixian County, a dentous ornament engraved with a pig's head pattern at the Liu Lin site, and a slender pattern engraved on the handle of some roe tooth hook-shaped vessels. In the middle and late periods, the ground openwork technology and inlay technology have become mature. The openwork sixteen-toothed ivory comb, the petal-patterned ivory cylinder and the turquoise inlaid bone carving cylinder in Dawenkou represent the highest level of bone making technology in China's Neolithic Age.

The burial style after the death of the Dawenkou people is generally the upright burial, and there are also bent burials, bent limb burials and secondary burials, etc., and some special burial styles such as folded head burials and folded limb burials are also found. Wooden burial utensils were found after the middle and late periods, and in some adult tombs and children's urn coffins, Dakouzun with various pottery inscriptions was also used. The emergence of joint burials of husband and wife and joint burial of husband and wife with children marked the end of matrilineal society, beginning or having entered patrilineal clan society.

During the eighth tribal rule, Yu Gang, a descendant of the Jiang family, was the leader of the tribal alliance. Its tribe (the name of the tribe is unknown) ruled in 2900~2703 BC.

During the period from 2900 to 2703 BC, the Central Plains was in the period when the last monarch Jiang Yu lived in Kongsang, and the central dynasty was weakened and unable to control the tribes, and the tribes began to develop on their own, among which two tribes were the most powerful, namely the Liangzhu culture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Hongshan culture in the north of the Great Wall.

Among them, the main composition of the Hongshan culture is the descendants of the Xinglongwa culture north of the Great Wall. The Xinglongwa culture is the descendants of the Fuxi dynasty who were expelled by the Yandi Shennong clan to the north of the Great Wall, and they changed the "Tian Yuan" (i.e. Huang Neng) totem of the Fuxi clan to the "Yellow Bear" as the totem in order to escape the pursuit of the Yandi tribe. Later generations called them Youxiong. The Fuxi clan invented the totem of the dragon, and the discovery of a large number of bears, dragons, phoenixes and other totems in the Hongshan culture shows that he is a descendant of the Fuxi clan. Hongshan culture and Fuxi are in the same vein.

Hongshan Culture: West Liao River, Daling River Basin. Time: BC4000~2000.

The inhabitants of the Hongshan culture are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also raise pigs, cattle, sheep and other domestic animals, and are also engaged in fishing and hunting. The site is square and semi-crypt type, divided into large and small.

Stone tools include beaten stone tools, fine stone tools, and polished stone tools. Fine stone tools are well developed, including scrapers, stone blades of bone handle knives, stone arrowheads and other utensils, which are small and exquisite, and the craftsmanship is exquisite. Polished stone tools include sharpened stone axes (edged on all sides and rectangular in cross-section), stone rakes (tobacco leaf shaped, paramecium-shaped), polished stone shovels, double-hole stone knives (laurel leaf shaped), stone hoes with shoulders, stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods and stone arrowheads, etc.

There are four types of pottery: clay red pottery, sand-filled gray pottery, clay gray pottery and clay black pottery. Painted pottery is mainly black color, with red color and white clothes, and there is inner color. Decorated with rope patterns, cut patterns and additional pile patterns. The horizontal zigzag pattern and the straight line pattern are the characteristic ornaments of the Hongshan culture. Painted pottery is decorated with swirl patterns, triangular patterns, octagonal patterns, hollow characters, reticules, scale patterns and parallel line patterns. There have been structural progress of the double-chambered pottery kiln.

There are urns, bottomless cylindrical vessels, straight cans, bowls, hollow buckets, pots, vessel seats, bowls, respects, and amphora large-mouth jars. In the late period, there was a large flat-bottomed pelvic with a large open abdomen and a shallow dish, a thin-handled bucket.

The pottery-making technology of the Hongshan culture has developed more than the early Xinglongwa culture. Some members of the clan with rich experience in pottery making have specialized in this labor, and a large number of pottery have the similarity of batch processing. There has been a noticeable increase in the yield and quality of pottery.

The level of jade carving technology is high, relying on grinding processing. There are pig-dragon-shaped jade, jade turtle, jade bird, beast-shaped jade, gouyun-shaped jade pendant, hoop-shaped device, rod-shaped jade, etc.

Nearly 100 pieces of jade artifacts of Hongshan culture have been unearthed, among which the large jasper C-shaped dragon unearthed from Red Mountain in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, has a curly body, a high snout, and fluttering hair, which is very dynamic. The large jade dragon of Hongshan culture is praised by the archaeological community as the "first dragon of China" symbolic of Hongshan culture - the jade dragon of Hongshan culture. The totems of the Yellow Emperor (bears, dragons, turtles, clouds, birds, etc.) recorded in ancient Chinese documents all correspond to the jade artifacts of the Hongshan culture. These totemic jades reflect the production, life, fertility and life of the ancestors of Hongshan in 3500 BC, and the jade dragon and jade phoenix are the most revered jade objects in Hongshan.

A considerable number of fragments of crucibles for copper smelting have been found, indicating that copper smelting has been produced.

The Hongshan culture inherited the Xinglongwa culture, and at the same time, it was also influenced by the Yangshao culture. Hongshan culture is a developed civilization distributed in the West Liao River Basin at the same time as the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains, and the multicultural culture produced by the intersection of the Yangshao culture of the Central Plains in the course of development, is an excellent culture full of vitality and creativity, the connotation is very rich, the handicraft industry has reached a very high stage, forming a very distinctive pottery decorative art and a highly developed jade-making technology.

The main composition of the Liangzhu culture is the Jiuli tribe, which was formed by absorbing the Yandi civilization in the Central Plains. Its leader, Chi You, surnamed Jiang, is a descendant of the Yandi Shennong clan, and once held an official position in charge of bronze smelting in the Yandi Tribal Alliance.

With royal power waning, Chiyou returned to the Liangzhu region, where his wife's tribe was located. Remnants of the matrilineal clan system still exist at that time.

Chiyou taught the skills he mastered to the tribesmen, and the productivity of the tribe was greatly improved, and a tribal alliance was gradually formed. This tribal alliance is known as the "Jiuli", with Chi as the leader, and belongs to a typical agricultural tribal civilization.

Legend has it that Chiyou has a face like a cow's head and two wings on his back, and is the leader of the ox totem and bird totem clans. He had eighty-one brothers, all of whom had copper heads and iron foreheads, eight arms, and nine toes, all of whom had extraordinary abilities. Claim to be a seed of God. Jiulidang is an alliance of nine tribes, each of which contains nine brother clans, for a total of eighty-one brother clans. Chi You is the leader of the Jiuli clan, and his brothers are eighty-one people, that is, eighty-one clan chiefs.

With the help of superior geographical conditions, he continued to work hard to open up, so that the productive forces continued to improve, the social economy continued to develop, and a powerful tribal alliance was established, which divided the ruling area of the former Yan Emperor from a monopoly into Jiuli to occupy the Yangtze River valley in the south, and the Yan Emperor retreated into a small area in the northern Hebei region. In fact, the Jiuli people originated from the Shennong clan, so there is no difference in any race.

Liangzhu Culture: Zhejiang in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Time 700 years. The development of Liangzhu culture is divided into the Stone Period, the Jade Period, and the Pottery Period.

During the period of Liangzhu culture, rice production has been quite developed, from the unearthed large number of triangular stone ploughs and other agricultural tools, Liangzhu people have got rid of a shovel and a shovel of ploughing and took the lead in entering the ploughing stage of continuous farming, thus laying a solid material foundation for the prosperity of the society at that time.