readx;? After 1800 BC, a persistent drought occurred throughout the Mediterranean, including Canaan, which caused famine, forcing the Western Semites, including the Hebrews, to flee to Egypt in large numbers, initially as construction workers. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

Amenemhat III, who allowed Asian immigrants (West Semites) to enter the delta region to provide an adequate labor force for his mining industry and hydraulic projects. But the drought also affected Egypt, leaving the Nile River short of water, which greatly affected irrigated agriculture, the decline of the country, and the consumption of large-scale construction efforts. After the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, Egypt quickly entered the "Second Intermediate Period". During this decline, foreign Asian immigrants began to take control of the delta region and even established the Hyksos dynasty.

Beginning in 1776, the West Semites, an Asian immigrant living in the Nile Delta region and the Sinai Peninsula, began to divide the cities of the Nile Delta. The Sisemites had settled in Sinai as early as the time of the First Dynasty Pharaoh Deng, who had conquered them and called them Bedouins. After thousands of years of infiltration, the West Semites had been widely distributed in the Nile Delta region, and later they established the Hyksos dynasty, so the Egyptians called them Hyksos. And the Hebrews were only part of the tribe of the Hyksos, because they were latecomers, and did not have a dominant position.

As the rule of the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties, which had been established after the First Intermediate Period, had been solid, the Western Semites could only wait for their chance, until this time, the eastern Nile Delta city of Avarius became independent, which was the prelude to the beginning of the Fourteenth Dynasty. However, at that time, only the independence of this city did not affect the overall situation, and perhaps the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt was already showing signs of decline at this time, so it did not take any measures to deal with it, or it may have been unable to deal with it.

Amenemhat IV, reigned: 9 years, 3 months, 27 days, 1764-1755 BC.

In 1764, Amenemhat IV, son of Amenemhat III, succeeded to the throne as pharaoh of Egypt. After his death, the kingdom rapidly declined.

Sobek Nefru, reign: 3 years, 10 months, 24 days, BC 1755-1751.

After the death of Amenemhart IV in 1755 BC, there was no male heir, although it is believed that the first two rulers of the Thirteenth Dynasty were his sons. After his death, he was succeeded as the Egyptian pharaoh by his half-sister (or his aunt), Sobek Nefru (father Amenemhat III), who was the second female pharaoh in the 1,500 years since the founding of Egypt, preceded by a female pharaoh who faked her death or committed suicide. It is thought that she may have been the queen of Amenemhat IV, although there is no evidence to prove this, although it seems that the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt at that time were in vogue to marry their own half-sisters.

Sebek Nefru is also written as Nephil Russobek, and her name means "beautiful Sobek". According to Manneto, Sobek Nefruu had an eldest sister, Nephrubta, who was designated as the successor of Amenemhat IV, but died before Amenemhat, and was buried in Hawala's own pyramid as a pharaoh.

Sebeknefru did not appoint an heir after her death, and the end of her reign ended the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and the most glorious period of the Middle Kingdom. This was followed by a period of decline in the Middle Kingdom.

The Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, a total of 7 pharaohs, 225 years.

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In 2500 BC, under the influence of the Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations, Crete entered the Bronze Age.

In 2100 BC, Crete saw the emergence of Europe's first slave-owning city-state centered on Knossos. The main ones are Knossos, Festos, Maria, Faeste, Gournia, Firacastro and Zaquero, among others. Among them, Knossos and Faeste were the strongest, both of which built avenues and had harbors.

No fortifications have been found in Knossos and Festos, so it is assumed that the Cretan period was peaceful and peaceful, with neither internal nor external troubles. In the eastern part of the island, a number of small settlements with close ties to the capital were found, which controlled the fertile territory and supported trade by sea. Gournia and Palecastro were tasked with both, and the local political center of Zacrow may have been originally built for commercial purposes as the starting point for African trade routes.

The Cretan civilization saw the emergence of mural art, pottery motifs, reliefs, free-standing sculptures, and metal reliefs. Since wood and fabric have not been able to withstand the passage of time, the most important artistic relics of Crete are pottery, palace buildings and frescoes, stone carvings and seals. Relics of art and material culture. Although the Cretan civilization was a sub-civilization of the ancient Egyptian civilization, and its art was mainly derived from the ancient Egyptian dynasties, the relics of Cretan art give a cheerful, almost decadent and extravagant impression, which is very different from the terrifying gloom of the Egyptian temple.

The art of ceramics on the island of Crete developed at this time to a very high level in technique, style and decoration, comparable to any pottery work in the world at any time. Designs that predominantly favored naturalism, such as fish, squid, birds, and lilies, became common.

Around the same time, mural artwork or goldsmithing techniques were among the highest in the world of their time. Terracotta models, stone and ivory sculptures, and gemstone engravings were among the highest in the world at the same time. Flowers and animals are still the main features in pottery, but the variability is enhanced. The area around Nossos often exhibits a "palatial style", characterized by geometric abstraction of natural shapes as well as monochrome paintings.

The Cretans were mainly engaged in overseas trade. Their culture is highly organized. Political, economic, and social organizations developed rapidly, with frequent trade with the eastern Mediterranean coast, and trade networks were established with Greece proper, Egypt, Phoenicia, Asia Minor, Syria, Anatolia, Spain, Mesopotamia, Sicily, Italy, etc.

The Cretans played an important role in the important tin trade during the Bronze Age: an alloy of tin with copper from Cyprus was used to make bronze. The Minoans also traded in crocus, and in Santorini there is a famous mural "The Saffron Gatherer". The main trading products were saffron, frankincense, chili peppers, pottery, copper, tin, and a large number of gold and silver luxury goods.

Trade with Egypt was the most developed, and Cretan products were exported to the entire Mediterranean coast. The equivalent (currency) used is a small axe-shaped bronze coin (axe).

The Cretans had a uniform unit of weight, and archaeological discoveries have found standard weights, as well as blocks of copper ingots that represent this standard.

The navigation technology of the Cretans was the most technologically advanced after the Harappan civilization, and they dominated the entire Mediterranean. The main types of ships are those with masts and low freeboard heights. The skillful use of marine scenes in the excavated ornaments shows their familiarity with the sea.

The buildings on Crete are all secular, and the main types are houses, palaces, villas, hostels, public baths, workshops, etc. The more important of the ruins are the palaces of Knossos and Fest, both of which cover an area of about one hectare. These buildings are typical of the Cretan civilization.