Chapter 44: Mitanni and Egypt's Rivalry in Syria
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Originally, the king of the Mukish kingdom, Idremi, was a vassal of the Egyptians, but now that Mitanni's influence had expanded to Aleppo, under his influence, the Mukish kingdom also had civil strife, and Idraim fled from Alaraq and went into exile in Egypt. The kingdom of Mukish was controlled by Mitanni.
Nikmepa from Alaraak, the capital of the Mukish Kingdom, took over the throne of Aleppo from the last king of the Yamhard dynasty in Aleppo and became a vassal of Mitanni.
Since then, Syria and Canaan have been mired in war for more than two decades.
The kings of Kadeshi and Magdo, who had been recognized by Mitanni as the princes of Mitanni, united in the name of Mitanni, including all the kings and tribal chiefs of the cities of Syria and the Canaan (Palestine) region, a total of 330 forces became independent and rebelled from Egypt to form an anti-Egyptian alliance. They raised a large army, and Mitanni's army was among them.
Kadesh are descendants of the Hyksos who withdrew from Egypt.
At that time, Egypt's prestige was so great that people had to fight back against Egypt with all their might.
In May, the armies of the kings of these cities, under the command of King Kadesh, had captured the fortress of Megiddo, which was located on the northern slopes of the Carmel Mountains, large enough to block the main road from Egypt to the northern Euphrates Valley.
Thutmose III was not discouraged in the face of many difficulties, he quickly mobilized his army, stabilized the situation in the country, and immediately launched an expedition into Canaan and Syria. Thutmose III led the Egyptian army through the desert to the city of Gazis, which was still loyal to Egypt. He decided to venture across the valley and attack the city of Megiddo at a military council.
On May 14 of that year, he crossed the Megiddo Valley and entered the Megiddo Plain, south of the Megiddo Fortress.
On May 15, 1492, his troops began to attack forward in battle sequence. At this time, the coalition army under the command of King Kadesh was camping outside the fortress of Megiddo. Thutmose III deployed part of his forces on a hill south of the stream of Kina, while most of it was directed toward the fortress of Megiddo.
He rode on a shining chariot and commanded his troops to attack, like an eagle god with teeth and claws. Under a wave of onslaught, the coalition forces have been routed. They abandoned their chariots and fled in panic into the fortress of Megiddo.
Thutmose III did not immediately attack the city, but gathered the spoils of war and laid siege to Megiddo. Soon after, the city of Megiddo surrendered, but King Kadeshi fled.
Thutmose III spent more than 20 years in continuous warfare, winning a series of military victories at Megiddo, Kadesh, and Karkemes, restoring the rule of Syria and Palestine that had been lost during the Hatshepsut era.
Saushittar, reigned: years.
In the year, Parshatatar's son Saushitatar succeeded to the throne of Mitanni and was the fourth king of the kingdom of Mitanni.
During the reign of Saushittar, Mitanni became more powerful, leaving the Hittites trapped in the Anatolian plateau of Asia Minor. Kizuvatna in the west and Ishuva in the north became important allies in an alliance against the Hittites.
The city-state of Kizuvatna in the west pledged allegiance to Mitanni.
After more than 20 years of warfare, Syria and Canaan were pacified by Egypt.
Thutmose III's conquest of Syria severely stung the great power of Western Asia, Mitanni, and a clash of powers was inevitable.
The sorrow of the Kingdom of Mitanni lies in the fact that its opponent was Thutmose III, the most prominent military strategist of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Egypt has achieved overwhelming superiority in several major wars.
In the 8th campaign, Thutmose III crossed the Euphrates River at Calkemysz and attacked the hinterland of Mitanni, reaching the small town of Iryn (now Eryn, 20 km northwest of Aleppo). Then take a boat along the Euphrates River to Emar (Mescany) and then transfer to the hinterland of Mitanni to return home.
Thutmose III hunted at Lake Nija, which was carried out in the hinterland of Mitanni, enough to go down in history and was very impressive, and Mitanni thus showed his submission to Egypt. But this event does not represent permanent Egyptian rule over the region.
Only the middle reaches of the Oronte River and Phoenicia became Egyptian territory. The rest of the northern interior of Syria soon regained Mitanni's rule. This was mainly due to the influence of Thutmose III's powerful navy.
A few more years later, Egypt again defeated Mitanni at the Battle of Nuhashsheh in central Syria.
Mitanni's two defeats catapulted Egypt's fame, and the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Hittite states all offered Egypt demands for an alliance.
Again, this campaign did not lead to an increase in the territory of Egypt.
Saushitatar remained firmly in control of the territory from northern Mitanni to Nuhashsheh and the coastal territories of Araraak, the capital of the Mukish kingdom, from Kizuvatna to the mouth of the Orentes River.
The exiled king of the Mukish kingdom, Idrimi, with the support of Egypt, re-became the king of the Mukish kingdom, but he still sent an envoy to obtain Mitanni's consent, otherwise it would be difficult to gain a foothold, and Mitanni's power here has been deeply entrenched.
Despite this, Mitanni annexed Aleppo, leaving the Mukish kingdom without Aleppo and confined to Alaraq, Mukish, and Amashuama'u.
In the year of the death of the Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III. Syria then rebelled again, with Mitanni's support.
Mitanni regained control of the central valley of Orrentes in Syria, which had been under Egyptian control during the reign of Thutmose III.
Mitanni's rivals, the Egyptians, expressed goodwill to Assyria in order to gain a foothold in the Near East. Amenhotab II offered the Assyrian king Ashur Rabbi I a lot of gold to form an alliance with Assyria against the kingdom of Mitanni, a move that angered the Mitanni king Saushittar.
In that year, the Mitanni king Saushtatar invaded Assyria, sacked the city of Ashur, and moved the gates of the Assyrian palaces (the Golden Gate and the Silver Gate) to the Mitanni capital of Vashukani. This was a great disgrace to Assyria.
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