Chapter 45: Mitanni's alliance with Egypt

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Later Assyrian kings wanted to bring these gates back to Assyria, but they were unable to do so because of the power of Mitanni.

Ashur Rabbi I was forced to pay tribute to Saushittar, and Assyria remained a vassal of Mitanni until the time of Ereba Attad I.

In retaliation, Saushtatar in 1 year, Egypt twice sent troops to Syria, but did not reach the Euphrates.

Assyria sided with Mitanni, so Mukish, as a vassal of Egypt, did not dare to provoke Mitanni, but opposed Assyria.

In the year of the Mukish king, Idremi, took advantage of Assyria's weakness and sacked Assyria. This was the time of Assyria under Ashur Naxi Akh I.

During the reign of Saushktar, Aleppo in the west, Nuzi and Alpha in the east were already ruled by the Mitanni king Shaushtatar. Assyria also became a vassal of Mitanni. Mitanni was in his prime,

Mitanni's military superiority was probably based on the use of two-wheeled chariots, driven by the Marzanous. Mitanni's horses were trained by the Mitanni of Kikuli. Mitanni's two-wheeled warring states made a significant contribution to the development of Mesopotamian chariots, laying the foundation for the emergence of the Hittites' chariots, the peak of chariot technology in the future.

Artatamar I, reigned: years. Contemporary with the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotab II.

Artatama I succeeded to the throne of Mitanni and was the fifth king of the kingdom of Mitanni.

In that year, Artatama I signed an informal peace agreement with the new pharaoh of Egypt, Thutmose IV.

Thutmose IV established diplomatic relations with his former rival Mitanni, and peace between Egypt and Mitanni lasted for decades until the reign of King Tushrata, a contemporary of Mitanni and Thutmose IV's grandson, Ekhatun.

In the same year, the actions of the Assyrian king Ashur Nadine Akh I led to the devastation of the state and aroused widespread resentment among his subjects, and even Mitanni resented his continued rule. His younger brother, Enlil Nasir II, with the covert help of King Artatama I of Mitanni, staged a coup d'état and seized the Assyrian throne. After his accession to the throne, he continued to pay tribute to the kingdom of Mitanni.

Shutarna II, reign: years.

In the year, Artama I's son, Shutarna II, succeeded to the throne of Mitanni and was the sixth king of the Mitanni kingdom.

The Hittite kingdom was on the rise, and the kingdoms of Egypt and Mitanni decided to form an alliance in response to these crises.

Mitanni's reason for seeking peace with Egypt may have been related to the Hittites.

The Hittites had been trapped in the Anatolian Plateau by Mitanni, but with the war between Mitanni and Egypt, it began to decline, and the power of the Hittite began to manifest.

Taking advantage of the tensions between Mitanni and Egypt, Tudhariyah I allied himself with the Julian state of Kizuvatna, and then defeated Aleppo, Ishuva, and other Mitanni affiliated city-states, which were successively subject to Hittite rule. Eventually, there was a war with Mitanni.

Later, Tudhaliyah I launched an attack on the Luvi-speaking city-state of Al Zavat in the southwest, and Ardzava submitted to the Hittites, who unified Asia Minor for the first time in Hittite history.

Located in the upper reaches of the Euphrates River, in the heart of Mitanni, Ishuva was initially controlled by the Hittites, but due to its proximity to the Mitannis, Tudhaliyah I, in his later years, defected from the Hittites and returned to Mitanni rule.

Mitanni is clearly under extreme pressure. Under strong pressure from the Hittites, Egypt and Mitanni soon formed an alliance against the Hittites.

In that year, King Shutarna II of Mitanni received a letter from the Egyptian royal family, in which Thutmose IV wished to form an alliance with Mitanni and marry, promising to contribute some bride price. Mitanni was very interested in Egyptian gold, that is, he wanted to use it as a bride price. It is clear that Egypt agreed.

Shutarna II married his sister, Altatama I's daughter, Moteemwia, to Thutmose IV and established an alliance to defend against Hittite expansion and to help Mitanni defend against the Assyrian threat. This ushered in an era of peace between Egypt and Mitanni.

Relations with Egypt during the reign of Shutarna II were very friendly, and in that year, Shutarna II married his daughter Giroud Hepa to Pharaoh Amenhoteb III.

During the reign of Shutarna II, Mitanni's power was at its peak, when it occupied southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria and northern Iraq, with the capital of Washukani located at the source of the Habur River.

Egypt was bounded by a permanent border with the kingdom of Mitanni, near Katena on the Orentes River. Ugalit was divided into Egyptian territory.

When the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotab III fell ill, Shutarna II gave him a statue of Ishar to bless him with safety, indicating that the relationship between the two countries was very friendly.

A year later, Ashur Nylari II succeeded to the Assyrian throne. His reign was relatively peaceful, and he continued to pay tribute to the Mitanni Empire.

The remnants of Assyrian sovereignty seem to depend on Mitanni's reluctance to interfere in Assyria's internal affairs, even though Assyria still exerted influence in international affairs.

After the death of Shutarna II, many of his sons fought over the inheritance. Mitanni thus began to decline. The decline of Mitanni weakened the ability to contain the Hittites and Assyria, and the power of the Hittites at the same time also temporarily declined after the death of Tudhariyah I.

Arta Shumara, reigned: years.

After a fierce struggle, Alta Shumara, the son of Shutarna II, succeeded to the throne of Mitanni and became the seventh king of the kingdom of Mitanni. But that's not the end of it, with Artasuma only taking the lead temporarily.

Located in the upper reaches of the Euphrates River, in the heart of the Mitanni, Ishuva was initially controlled by the Hittite king Tudhaliyah I, but due to its proximity to Mitanni, by the end of his life, Tudhariyah I rebelled away from the Hittites and returned to the rule of the Mitanni king Arta Shumara.

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