readx;? "Bamboo Book Chronicle": "(Wu Ding) forty-three years, Wang Shi destroyed Dapeng. Pen %Fun %Pavilion www.biquge.info"

In the 43rd year of Shang Wuding (1351 BC), the relationship between the Shang Dynasty and the Great Peng Kingdom broke down, and the Great Peng Kingdom was destroyed by the Shang King Wuding. The history of the Great Peng Kingdom lasted more than 1,000 years. Nowadays, there are still historical relics such as Peng Zu Temple, Peng Zu Temple, Peng Zu Building, Peng Zu Well, and Peng Zu Tomb in Xuzhou City.

Zusin, reigned 1472-1459 BC.

In 1472, Zu Yi's son Zu Xin inherited the throne of the Shang Dynasty and took Pi as the capital.

Zu Xin, oracle bone inscription as "and Xin", surname, name Dan. Nicknamed King Shanghuan, the fourteenth king of the Shang Dynasty.

Zu Xin died of illness and was buried in Diquan (northeast of present-day Luoyang). After his death, his younger brother Wojia ascended the throne.

Wogar, reigned 1458-1454 BC.

In 1458, Zu Xin's younger brother Wo Jia succeeded to the throne of the Shang Dynasty and took Pi as the capital.

Wo Jia, the surname is over. "Shiben" as Kaijia, oracle bone inscription as Qiang Jia, Shang King Zu Xindi, the fifteenth king of the Shang Dynasty.

After reigning for five years, he died of illness and was nicknamed "King Shang".

Zudin, reigned 1453-1445 BC.

In 1453, Zu Ding, the nephew of Wojia and the son of Zu Xin, succeeded to the throne of the Shang Dynasty and took Pi as the capital.

Zu Ding, made in the oracle bone inscription, surnamed Zi, named Xin, the sixteenth monarch of the Shang Dynasty. Nicknamed "King of Shangzhuang", he was buried in Diquan (now northeast of Luoyang).

After Zu Ding's death, he was succeeded by his cousin Nan Geng.

Nan Geng, reigned 1444-1439 BC.

In 1444 BC, Wo Jia's son and Zu Ding's cousin Nan Geng inherited the throne as the monarch of the Shang Dynasty and took Pi as the capital.

Nan Geng, surnamed Zi, name change, the seventeenth monarch of the Shang Dynasty. He is nicknamed "King of Shangqing".

During the reign of Nan Geng, the national fortunes of the Shang Dynasty declined again, and in 1442 BC (the third year of Nan Geng), the national capital was moved from Pi to Xian (now Qufu County, Shandong Province).

Nan Geng reigned for six years, died of illness, and was buried in Diquan (now northeast of Luoyang). After his death, he was succeeded by Yang Jia, the son of Zu Ding.

Yang Jia, reigned 1438-1435 BC.

In 1438, Zu Ding's son and Nan Geng's nephew Yang Jia inherited the throne of the Shang Dynasty monarch and took Xian as the capital.

Yangjia, called elephant armor in oracle bone inscriptions, and jia, with the surname and sub-name, was the eighteenth king of the Shang Dynasty. Nicknamed "Shang Mourning King".

The phenomenon of succession to the throne of the Shang Dynasty can be seen that the inheritance method of the Shang Dynasty in the early period was mostly based on the elder brother and the younger brother, supplemented by the succession of the father and the son. Because the Shang kings had many wives and concubines, their children generally had many brothers. Therefore, under the system of brother to brother, it often leads to conflicts between brothers over the throne. It was not until Wu Yi abolished the elder brother and established that the father died and the son succeeded him, that this situation eased somewhat, but at that time it was only four generations before the fall of the Shang Dynasty. By the time of Emperor Yi, the patriarchal system of primogeniture inheritance was formed, and this inheritance system was inherited by the Zhou Dynasty. Among the nine Shang kings from Zhongding to Yangjia, each change of royal power triggered a fierce competition, resulting in the Ninth Rebellion, which gradually weakened the royal family's power and produced a political crisis in which the princes and Fang States did not rebel. Sima Qian said: "Since Zhongding, the abolition of the appropriate and the establishment of the disciples, the disciples or competing to stand on behalf of the people, than the ninth chaos, so the princes of the Mo Dynasty. This view is very insightful.

From the above information, it can be seen that during this period, not only sons and younger brothers could ascend the throne, but even cousins and nephews jumped out to ascend the throne.

Yang Jia's ascension to the throne in such a situation can be said to be full of contradictions, difficulties, internal and external worries, and difficult to follow. Therefore, Taishi Gong said: "When Emperor Yang Jia, Yin declined. ”

In the third year of Yangjia (BC1436), he conquered Danshanjung in the west. During the reign of Yang Jia, he once went west to conquer Danshanjung, but was unsuccessful, and the defeat led to civil strife in the dynasty.

Slave owners and aristocrats killed each other. Yangjia was no longer able to control the situation, the Shang Dynasty declined again, and the princes did not rule.

Yang Jia reigned for four years and was buried in Diquan (northeast of present-day Luoyang) after his death. After his death, his younger brother Pan Geng ascended the throne.

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－

Babylon, located on the east bank of the Euphrates River northwest of Nippur, belongs to the Akkadian region, longitude 44°25'E, latitude 32°33'N.

Around the year 2000 BC, the Western Semites, a nomadic people from the west, formed a powerful nomadic tribe and invaded the Ebla region, plundering the city of Abbula, and setting a fire to it as they left. The Second Ebla Dynasty perished. Later, the Western Semites established many regimes in the Ebra region, the largest of which was the Yamhad, which basically inherited the sphere of influence of the Second Ebra Dynasty, and Ebra itself also stationed a Western Semitic people, and established the Third Ebra Dynasty on the ruins. But in reality, apart from Ebla as the capital, there are hardly any bright spots. It has always been a vassal state of Armhard.

Most of the West Semites did not stop at Mesopotamia after defeating the Second Ebra Dynasty and opening the way to Mesopotamia, and their main forces entered the Akkad region, which was the period of the Ishin (Eastern Semites) and Larsa (Western Semites) in the southern Sumerian region, at this time the Isin Dynasty had an absolute advantage in the Akkadian region and the Silesian region, and Marry, who inherited the remnants of the Second Ebra Dynasty (Eastern Semites), also took refuge in Isin.

Therefore, these West Semites entered the development of this place, did not dare to be arrogant, and began to quietly develop new cities in various places.

And these people were the second group of Western Semites to enter Babylonia after the time of the Akkadian Empire. Regardless of the order, later generations called these Semitics who entered Babylonia the Amorites, but the Semites who did not enter Babylonia and remained in the West were given other names, because compared to those who remained in the same place, the Semites who entered Babylonia achieved brilliant results and left their names in history. However, the Semitic people of Syria, near Silesia, are sometimes referred to as the Amorites.

The first Amorites to enter Babylonia were initially used as slaves and were widely distributed throughout the country, and were later absorbed by the Larsa dynasty.

And the second group of Amorites who burned the city of Ebla, they quietly established the city of Babylon in the region of Akkad, which is the origin of the Babylonians, and of course later after Babylon unified Mesopotamia, all the Amorites called themselves Babylonians, and the two seem to be synonymous. However, it is not difficult to understand that, just as the Eastern Semites called themselves Akkadians, only the victors are remembered.

In 1894, Sumu Abu founded the First Babylonian Dynasty (also known as the Kingdom of Ancient Babylon).

Sumu Abu, reigned 13 years, BC 1894-1881. Contemporary with Ereshum II of Assyria.

Sumurael-el, reigned: 36 BC, 1881-1845. Contemporary of Ikunum in Assyria.

In 1880 BC, Sumulael succeeded to the throne of Babylon in Sumuab.

Sabium, reigned 14 years, 1845-1831 BC.

In 1844 BC, Sabium succeeded to the throne of Babylon in Sumurael.

Apil Sinapil-Sän, reigned 19 BC, 1831-1812 BC.

In 1830 BC, Apil Sheen succeeded to the throne of Babylon in Sabium.

Sim Mupalitlit, reigned: 20 years, 1812-1792 BC.

In 1812 BC, Apil Sin's son, Sim Mupalit, succeeded to the throne of Babylon.