readx;? Pottery carvings. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 Info is engraved on the edge of the pottery mouth and abdomen, the content includes the sun, the moon, flowers and trees, fish, birds, insects and beasts, etc., the picture is concise and stretched, the style is simple and full of vitality, which not only reflects the beautiful emotions of the ancestors of Hemudu who love life and nature, but also reflects the inner world of the ancestors who hope that the wind and rain will be smooth and the agricultural harvest will be bumper. Representative works include fish algae pattern pottery pots, rice spike pattern pottery pots, pig pattern pottery bowls, five-leaf pattern pottery blocks, etc. These pottery with the art of carving are basically complete when they are unearthed, even if they are fragments, they are crushed in situ and can be put together completely, indicating that the ancestors of Hemudu cherished them very much, and they should be sacrificial supplies, and it is speculated that the primitive religious consciousness has sprouted among the ancestors.

Human body ornaments include juan, tubes, beads, rings, cakes, etc. Most of the ornaments such as beads and rings are made of jade and fluorite, which shimmer with pale green brilliance in the sunlight and are crystal beautiful. There are also ornaments made of the tusks or teeth of beasts, and the vertebrae of fish.

Domestic animals are mainly pigs and dogs. Broken bones and pig teeth are everywhere, and pinched chubby pottery pigs and pig ornaments carved on black pottery bowls have been found. There is a clay pot with the image of rice ears and pigs carved at the same time, which concretely and vividly reflects the reality that livestock breeding is dependent on agricultural production. Many of the bones were made from the shoulder blades of buffaloes, indicating that buffaloes had been domesticated at that time.

Yangshao Culture: The upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River basin are centered on Guanzhong, western Henan, and southern Jinnan, including the bordering areas of northwest Hubei, eastern Henan, and Gansu-Qingdao. Time: Years ago. Typical sites: Banpo ruins and Dadiwan ruins of Mianchi County, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province.

The Banpo site is located in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The economic life of Banpo residents is equal to agriculture, fishing and hunting.

The Banpo site is divided into three areas: residence, pottery and tomb, and the residential area is the main body of the village. The kilns where things are stored are distributed between the houses, and the shape is mostly small mouths and large round bags. Both livestock pens are rectangular.

Judging from the excavated house remains, the houses of the Banpo people are round and square, semi-crypt and ground-based. These houses are constructed using wood and mud, and their architectural style is as follows: there is a canopy in front of the door, just like the prototype of the "hall", and then develops into the house, forming a backward "bright room"; the partition wall forms two "secondary rooms" on the left and right, which is the form of "one light and two dark", if you observe horizontally, the compartment and the interior are divided into two parts, front and back, forming the pattern of "front hall and back room".

In the center of Banpo Village, there is a large house of about 160 square meters, after entering the door, there is an activity space in front and 3 small rooms in the back. The space in the front is a place for clan members to meet and deliberate, and the three small rooms in the back are the residences of the most respected grandmothers or clan leaders of the clan commune. At the same time, it is also a "collective dormitory" for the elderly and children. In ancient society, the palace room of "front facing and back sleeping" originated from the large house of "front hall and back room" in Banpo, with the large house as the center and surrounded by many small houses.

The square houses of the late Banpo period were developed from the early "semi-crypt type". This type of house is built entirely with a mixture of rafters, planks and clay. The whole house is supported by 12 wooden piles, and the wooden columns are arranged in 3 rows, 4 in each row, forming a regular column network, which has begun to take shape of "between".

After the death of adults in Banpo, they are buried in public cemeteries, and they are often buried with ornaments such as pottery and bone beads. The adult tombs are all shallow vertical pit graves, most of which are single-person supine and straight-limbed burials, with their heads facing northwest, and there are also a few secondary burials, bent limb burials and leaning burials.

The urn coffin for burying children is around the house in the residential area, with a bowl, basin and urn or two urns buckled opposite each other as burial tools, often in the bottom of the burial vessel cover consciously chiseled a small hole, like the soul entrance.

There are also 2 same-sex joint burial tombs. There are 2 men and 4 women buried separately, and it is generally believed to be a burial custom in a matrilineal clan society. A girl's pit tomb contains delicate and rich burial goods, with wooden plank burial utensils, indicating the love for the girl at that time.

Most of the burial goods are practical utensils and decorations for daily life, and in the late period, there are special burial vessels for the deceased.

The production tools are made of stone, bone, horn, mussel and pottery. There are axes, shovels, adzes, knives, stone grinding discs and grinding rods, arrowheads, hooks, harpoons, etc.

The household utensils are mainly pottery. The pottery is mainly red pottery, as well as red-brown pottery and a small amount of gray pottery, and there are three kinds of pottery: sand, mud and fine mud. Common pottery items include coarse sand pots, small-mouthed pointed bottom vases, and bowls. The painted pottery is very good, the red ground is black color, the pattern is concise and simple, the human face, fish, deer, plant branches and leaves and geometric patterns are painted, and some also organically combine the human face and the fish into a vivid and distinctive human face fish pattern. Cloth mat patterns and other woven prints are found on the bottom of many pottery. Two whistles (or called pottery xun) unearthed pottery, intact and preserved, are made of fine clay, the surface is smooth but uneven, gray-black.

There are often painted geometric patterns or animal-shaped patterns on the red pottery, which is the most obvious feature of Yangshao culture, so it is also called painted pottery culture. In the course of 2,000 years of development, the scale of production and process technology have been very stable. The general trend is that the clay red pottery and painted pottery gradually decreased, and the proportion of gray pottery and black pottery increased, and finally developed to the Longshan culture period, which was dominated by black pottery.

Twenty-two inscribed symbols have been found on pottery, and some believe that they may have been a primitive script.

A lot of ornaments were found, totaling more than 1,900 pieces in 9 categories. Divided by shape, there are ring ornaments, sulfur ornaments, bead ornaments, pendant ornaments, square ornaments, sheet ornaments and tubular ornaments, etc.: by function, there are hair ornaments, ear ornaments, neck ornaments, hand ornaments and waist ornaments;

Yangshao culture: The various tribes inherited the traditional production methods of various cultures in the pre-Yangshao period. Yangshao culture is in the primitive stage of hoe farming, using the method of slash-and-burn cultivation and the farming method of land rotation, and the production level is still relatively low. Agricultural production is dominated by the cultivation of millet crops. Another drought-tolerant crop ~ millet has also been discovered. Near the north bank of the Yangtze River, the site of Xiawanggang in Xichuan, Henan, traces of rice were found. Agricultural production within the scope of Yangshao culture is relatively developed, and the variety of grain crops is not only a kind of millet. For the first time, carbonized seeds of mustard or cabbage were discovered.

Livestock breeding has also advanced somewhat compared to the early Neolithic period, with pigs, dogs, and sheep raised, and a small number of horse bones have been found. Chicken bones have been found in abundance and may have been domesticated into poultry. It shows that the Banpo people lived an economic life based on agriculture, and hunting and gathering also occupied a certain position.