Liu Chan (shàn) (207-271), that is, the queen of the Shu Han Dynasty, the character Gonghei, also known as Shengzhi ("Wei Luo"), nicknamed Adou. Liu Bei's son[1], his mother was Empress Zhaolie Gan, the second emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. When he was young, he suffered many times, but fortunately the general Zhao Yun rescued him twice, Liu Bei settled Yizhou and entered Shu, and was named the prince after the establishment of Shu Han. He succeeded to the throne as emperor in 223 AD and reigned for 42 years. During this period, he worshiped Zhuge Liang as his father, and supported Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition, favored Huang Hao in the later part of his reign, and ruled corruption. In 263 AD, Deng Ai entered from Yinping, Ke Mianzhu, killed Zhuge Zhan and his son, Liu Chan surrendered, and Shu Han was destroyed by Cao Wei. After the death of Shu, Liu Chan was sent to Luoyang, where he was named the Duke of Anle, and later died in Luoyang.

Chinese name: Liu Chan

Aliases: Gonghei, Shengzhi, Adou

Nationality: Chinese

Nationality: Han nationality

Date of birth: 207 AD

Date of death: 271 A.D

Occupation: Emperor→ An Le Gong

Major achievements: economic development, people's livelihood, and self-regulation of state affairs

Nickname: Si Gong (Jin), Emperor Xiaohuai (Han Zhao)

Temple No.: Renzong (Han Zhao)

Year name: Jianxing, Yanxi, Jingyao, Yanxing

Reigned: 42 years

Age: 64 years old

Biography of the character

Early life experience

Liu Chan was born to Liu Bei's concubine, Lady Gan, and was the eldest of Liu Bei's three concubines[2-3]. In September 208 (the thirteenth year of Jian'an), Cao Cao sent Cao Chun to lead five thousand tigers and leopards to defeat Liu Bei in Changbanpo, Liu Bei led Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and other dozens of horsemen to abandon his wife and fled, but Zhao Yun reflexively killed Cao Jun and rescued Liu Chan in infancy.

Liu Chan of Three Kingdoms 12

In 212 AD (the seventeenth year of Jian'an), he was intercepted by Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun when he was brought back to Eastern Wu by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Sun[4].

In 219 A.D. (the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an), Liu Bei proclaimed himself the king of Hanzhong and made Liu Chan the crown prince.

In 221 A.D. (the first year of Zhang Wu), Liu Bei established himself as emperor, established Shu Han, and established Liu Chan as the crown prince. In order to let Liu Chan be well-informed and master the ability to govern the country, Liu Bei asked him to learn more books such as "Shenzi", "Han Feizi", "Guanzi", and "Liutao", and Zhuge Liang personally copied these books for him to study, and asked him to study "Zuo Chuan" as a teacher. Not only that, but also made him learn martial arts. There is a record in "Huanyu Ji": "Shooting the mountain, in the north of Chengdu County, fifteen miles, Liu Zhu Zen learned to shoot here.

Enthroned as emperor

In April 223 (the third year of Zhang Wu), Liu Bei died in Yong'an Palace, and in May, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne and became emperor in Chengdu at the age of seventeen. Honored Empress Wu as the Empress Dowager. Amnesty for the world, change the era name Jianxing [5].

In the early days of Liu Chan's succession, according to Liu Bei's edict, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang assisted the government. In the same year, Liu Chan canonized Zhang Fei's daughter Zhang as the queen. In this year, there were rebellions in Shu Han, first Zhu Bao, the Taishou of Qiqi County, occupied the county and rebelled, and then King Yi Gaoding raised troops. Zhuge Liang sent Shangshulang Deng Zhi to envoy Wu to reconcile with Sun Quan.

In the spring of 224 A.D. (the second year of Jianxing), Shu was committed to the development of agricultural production and stopped fighting to allow the people to recuperate.

In March 225 A.D. (the third year of Jianxing), Prime Minister Zhuge Liang led the army to conquer the four southern counties, and the four counties were pacified, so Yizhou County was changed to Jianning County, and the two counties of Jianning and Yongchang were combined into Yunnan County, and the two counties of Jianning and Qiqi were combined into Xinggu County. In December, Zhuge Liang's class returned to Chengdu.

From 228 A.D. (the sixth year of Jianxing) to 234 A.D. (the twelfth year of Jianxing), Zhuge Liang fought with Cao Wei on many northern expeditions, and the two sides won and lost each other. In August 234 (the twelfth year of Jianxing), Zhuge Liang died of illness in Weibin. Wei Yan, the general of the expedition to the west, and Shi Yangyi, the prime minister, led the troops to attack each other due to discord over power, and Wei Yan's troops were defeated and fled; Yang Yi killed Wei Yan and led all the troops and horses to withdraw to Chengdu. Liu Chan granted amnesty to the world, appointed Wu Yi, the general of the left, as the general of the chariot and cavalry, and guarded Hanzhong on the holiday. Shi Jiangwan, the prime minister of the prime minister, was appointed as the secretary of the decree and the prime minister of national affairs.

In the first month of 235 A.D. (the thirteenth year of Jianxing), Yang Yi, the commander of the Chinese army, was demoted to a commoner and moved to Hanjia County. In the summer of April, he was promoted to Jiang Wan as a general.

In April 236 (the 14th year of Jianxing), Liu Chan went to Mao County to visit Guanhan, watched the flow of Wenshui, and returned to Chengdu ten days later. He instructed Fu Jian, the king of Wudu, to lead more than 400 households of the people to move to Guangdu.

In June 237 (the fifteenth year of Jianxing), Empress Zhang died.

In the first month of 238 A.D. (the first year of Yanxi), Liu Chan established the former empress's sister Zhang as the empress. Amnesty to the world, change the name of the era. The crown prince Liu Xuan was appointed as the crown prince, and the prince Liu Yao was appointed as the king of stability. In the winter of November, the general Jiang Wan led the army out of Chengdu and stationed in Hanzhong.

From the death of Zhuge Liang to Liu Chan's "self-regent of state affairs", with the assistance of Fei Yi, Dong Yun, Jiang Wan and other virtuous ministers, Liu Chan did not dare to mess around, Shu Han maintained nearly thirty years of rule, and the next ten years were Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition, but at this time Liu Chan. Moreover, Liu Chan gradually became unconscious, and he was also quite fond of the eunuch Huang Hao, Jiang Wei was afraid of Huang Hao, so he had to support troops to reclaim Hanzhong.

pass away

In 263 A.D. (the sixth year of Jingyao), Wei generals Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and others attacked Shu on a large scale, Deng Ai smuggled through the Yinping army to press the border, Liu Chan discussed with the ministers how to resist, and decided to send Zhuge Zhan to lead the troops to meet the battle, but Zhuge Zhan was defeated. After that, Liu Chan accepted the construction of Qian Zhou and surrendered to Cao Wei.

Comic book "Never Forget to Remember"

After the death of Shu Han, Liu Chan moved to Luoyang, the capital of Wei State, and was named the Duke of Anle County. One day, when Sima Zhao set up a banquet to entertain Liu Chan, instructed him to play Shu music, and used singing and dancing to cheer up, the old ministers of Shu Han remembered the pain of losing their country, and they all hid their faces or bowed their heads and wept. Du Liu Chan is calm and calm, not sad. When Sima Zhao saw it, he asked Liu Chan: "Does An Le Gong miss Shu?" Liu Chan replied: "There is joy here, and I don't think about it." When his old minister heard this, he said to him while he was going to the toilet: "Your Majesty, the next time Sima Zhaoruo asks the same thing again, you will first look at the top of the palace, then close your eyes for a while, and finally open your eyes and say very seriously: 'The grave of the ancestors, far away in Shudi, I don't miss a day!'" In this way, Sima Zhao will be able to let His Majesty return to Shu. After Liu Chan heard this, he kept it in mind. When the wine was half-drunk, Sima Zhao asked the same question again, and Liu Chan hurriedly taught him what Yin Zheng had taught him. When Sima Zhao heard this, he immediately replied: "Hey, how does this seem like what Yin Zheng said?" Liu Chan was amazed and said, "How do you know! Sima Zhao and the ministers laughed. Sima Zhao saw that Liu Chan was so honest and loyal, and never doubted him again[6]. Liu Chan spent the rest of his life happily in Luoyang in this way. And this is the origin of the allusion of Le Bu Shu.

In 271 A.D. (the seventh year of Taishi), Liu Chan died, and Liu Chan was appointed as Sigong [7]. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan rose up, the country name was Han, and Liu Chan was posthumously named Emperor Xiaohuai.

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Historical evaluation

Chen Shou: "After the director of the virtuous minister, he is the king of reason, and after the eunuch is confused, it is said that "the silk is impermanent, only dyed", and it is believed! Ceremony, the monarch succeeded to the body, changed the yuan over the years, and the three years of Zhang Wuzhi, it was called Jianxing, and the ancient meaning of the test was violated. The country does not have a history, and there are no officials in the notes, which is to do many things and write strange books. Although Zhuge Liang is in politics, all of this is still not thoughtful. However, after twelve years and the name is not easy, the military has repeatedly forgiven and is not presumptuous, and it is not also outstanding! Since the dawn is gone, the system has gradually lost, and the advantages and disadvantages are different! ”[8]

Liu Chan

Zhuge Liang: "The court is eighteen years old, gifted and benevolent, and Corporal Ed. ”

Sima Zhao: "People are ruthless, but they can be so much!" Although Zhuge Liang is here, he can't be supplemented for a long time, and Jiang Wei is evil? ”

Xue Jue: "The lord secretly does not know his faults, and his subordinates allow themselves to seek abonement, and they do not hear the right words when they enter the court, and they have dishes through their wild people." ”

Li Mi: "Qi Huan has to be in charge of the middle and domineering, and use the vertical trick to flow insects." An Le Gong won Zhuge Liang and resisted Wei, and let Huang Hao lose the country, knowing success or failure. ”

Sun Sheng: "1 Liu Chan is weak and has no risk of guessing. "2 Although Zen is a mediocre master, there is no stubbornness, the coolness of the war, although the war has been repeated in the north, there is no landslide chaos, even if the monarch and the minister can not stick to it, and borrow one from the back city, he can retreat to the east to think about the future."

Li Te: "Liu Chan has such a country and descends to others, isn't it mediocre?" ”

Chang Xuan: "The Lord is not a tool for Zhongxing." ”

Zhang Fan: "Liu Chan is cowardly and harmless. ”

Wang Chong: "The queen of mediocrity, although there is a bright warp and weft, there is no plan to attach to it, and there is no general of minions outside, so it can cover the world." He also said: "Deng Ai overflowed Jiangyou with 20,000 tired soldiers." Jiang Wei raised 100,000 teachers, returned to the south, and Ai Yi became a bird. The poultry Ai has been gone, and if it is returned and refused, the survival of Shu is immeasurable. It is the bus of the way back, as far as the five cities. Make Ai light into Chengdu. The soldiers are divided and destroyed, and they are recruited by themselves. However, with the knowledge of the bell meeting, it is called the ovary; Jiang Wei fell into it, and reprimanded the corresponding advantages and disadvantages. What a pity! ”

The original painting of the Three Kingdoms killing Liu Chan

Zhu Jingze: "If you throw yourself into a well to survive, run rampantly and fear death, face the guilt, and kneel to wait for punishment, it is his plan." Immediately sing the song of no worries, the song of the banquet Suodharma, Liu Chan does not think about Longshu, Shubao has no heart, he is disloyal to Jia, and the Jin Emperor is the song of neighboring countries, which is his talent. Huang Hao, Huan Cen dusk, pet Gao Yang, Jiang Zong, is his responsibility. peeling the face and gouging the eyes, Sun Hao's punishment; Abandoning relatives is the ambition of Cushman & Wakefield. The rest of the details cannot be discussed. Listen to the suspense of my son, and let Mrs. Mirror. ”[9]

Luo Guanzhong: "1 Pray for the life of the minister, cover the favored ministers at that time." Fifty-four states are the kings of the industry, and they belong to others when they are idle. ”[10]

"2 Tens of thousands of Wei soldiers came into Sichuan, and the latter lord secretly lost his own life. Huang Hao always had the intention of bullying the country, and Jiang Wei was empty. The heart of the whole loyal and righteous man is so strong, and the king of the festival is sad. Zhaolie's business was not easy, and his achievements were suddenly ashes. ”[11]

Zhou Shouchang: "The big starry night of Wuzhang Yuantou is still intimidating for thousands of years. Liao (Yuan Jian) [Gongyuan] and Li Zhengfang both relegated to the Marquis of Wu, and the Hou died in tears. Who dares to ignore Li Miao for this, he has no heart at all. Make the clear judgment of the non-queen master, then slander and heart, take advantage of the provocation, fear that Tang Wei and Yuan will become a servant monument, and Ming Zhang Taiyue will not be miserable, and he will not wait for the cold flesh and the king's heart will change early. Seeing that he was angry, he was punished and punished, and the gentleman was called the sage of the queen, so it was unreachable. ”

Cai Dongfan: "Although Chengdu is in danger, it is still possible to borrow one from the city, and the latter lord would rather follow the Zhou Dynasty, not from the king of the northern land, and surrender in the face, and sit on the soil of Shu, which is to blame the latter master." ”[12]

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Grave site

In 271 AD, Liu Chan, the queen of Shu Han, died in Luoyang and was buried in the east of Zhaiquan Village, Pingle Town, Mengjin. In the 60s of the last century, Liu Chan's tomb also has a large mound with a height of 7 meters and a diameter of 15 meters. Due to the economic constraints of the Luoyang cultural relics department, Liu Chan's tomb has been razed to the ground.

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Family members

Consorts

Mourn the queen, Zhang's family, Zhang Fei's eldest daughter. When Liu Chan was the crown prince, he became the crown princess. She was made empress in 223 and died in 237.

Empress Zhang, Zhang Fei's second daughter. After the death of Empress Jing, she was made empress in the first month of 238. After the fall of Shu Han, he followed Liu Chan to Luoyang.

Wang Guiren, Liu Chan's harem, Liu Xuan's biological mother.

Li Zhaoyi, Liu Chan's harem, committed suicide when Shu Han perished.

children

The following seven people are recorded in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", among which Liu Xuan was killed after the death of Shu Han, Liu Chen committed suicide on the day of his death, and the rest surrendered and were moved to Luoyang at the same time as the queen. After the Yongjia Rebellion, "the descendants perished" [13].

The eldest son, Liu Xuan, was established as the crown prince in the first year of Yanxi (238), and after the death of Shu Han, Zhong Hui rebelled in Chengdu and was killed by the rebels.

The second son, Liu Yao, was crowned King of Anding in the first year of Yanxi (238), and surrendered after the death of Shu Han.

The third son, Liu Cong, was crowned the king of Xihe in the fifteenth year of Yanxi (252), and died of illness in the fifth year of Jingyao (262).

The fourth son, Liu Zhan, was crowned King of Xinping in the nineteenth year of Yanxi (256), and surrendered after the death of Shu Han.

The fifth son, Liu Chen, was crowned king of the northern land in the second year of Jingyao (259), and once opposed the mention of Zhou to Wei, but was rejected by Liu Chan, so he committed suicide on the day of the death of Shu Han.

The sixth son, Liu Sui, was crowned the king of Xinxing in the second year of Jingyao (259), and surrendered after the death of Shu Han. Inherited Liu Chan's title of Duke Anle.

The seventh son, Liu Qian, was crowned the king of the party in the second year of Jingyao (259), and surrendered after the death of Shu Han.

brothers

Liu Feng

Townsman Liu Yong

Anping mourns Wang Liu Li

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Anecdotal allusions

Origin of the name

Liu Chan, nicknamed Adou. It is rumored that Liu Chan's mother, Mrs. Gan, became pregnant because she dreamed of swallowing Beidou at night, so Liu Chan's nickname was "Adou". Later generations often used the term "Adou" or "Adou who can't be helped" to describe mediocre and incompetent people.

Name pronunciation

Although the character "Zen" in Liu Chan has two pronunciations: "shàn" and "chán". Combined with historical facts, here

Statue of Liu Chan[14]

It should be pronounced "shàn". There are at least three reasons for this:

1. Liu Chan's heir. The matching of names and characters is the practice of the ancients to take words. Taking the characters of the Three Kingdoms as an example, there are Zhuge Liang's character Kong Ming, Huang Gai's character Gongfu, Zhou Yu's character Gongjin and so on. If the Zen character is pronounced chán, then what is its relationship with the character heir? And if it is pronounced shàn, it has a complementary relationship with the character heir. One Zen and one heir, one let one continue.

2. Although it is uncertain when the pronunciation of the Zen character chán exists, it is certain that it is directly related to Buddhism. According to official documents, Buddhism was just introduced to China in the Han Dynasty, (Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty supported the spread of Buddhism into China in order to make good relations between China and India), and at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to China for only a hundred years, and Taoism and Confucianism were extremely prosperous, Buddhism had little influence, and there was no clear evidence to prove that Liu Bei believed in Buddhism, so why did he name his only son at that time in Buddhist terms?

3. Liu Chan's character is the heir, and the meaning of Liu Chan's name and word is the meaning of inheritance. At the same time, Liu Bei once accepted Kou Feng, the son of Marquis Luo, as his righteous son Liu Feng. Liu Feng's birth year is unknown, but please note that Liu Feng died in 220, Liu Chan was born in 207, Liu Feng could not have been only 13 years old when he died, so it must have been earlier than Liu Chan, so Liu Bei may have deliberately named his son Liu Chan, which just means "Feng Chan".

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Artistic image

Twisters

Adou became the emperor - weak and incompetent

Various images of Liu Chan (12 photos)

Adou's country - I don't want to think about it for nothing

Throwing a fight against Zhao Yun - buying people's hearts

Liu Bei fell to Adou - bought people's hearts

Sima Zhao tried to surrender Liu Chan - he couldn't think about it