readx;? The Sumerian army consisted mainly of infantry. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 The weapons of info light infantry are axes, daggers and spears. The regular infantry was also equipped with copper helmets, felt capes and leather skirts.

There were also carts drawn by wild donkeys in the Sumerian army. These early chariots were not very useful in battle, and some believe that they were mainly used as a means of transport, but the soldiers on them wore tomahawks and spears. The Sumerian chariot had four wheels with two soldiers on it, pulled by four wild asses. The body is a woven basket with solid wheels.

The distant weapons used by the Sumerians included slings and simple bows.

The Sumerians cultivated crops and invented the plough later than the Chinese. Among the plants grown are barley, chickpeas, lentils, millet, wheat, turnips, dates, onions, garlic, bitter cauliflower, leek, and wasabi, and their livestock includes cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Domestic cattle are their main negative livestock, and donkeys are the main transport livestock. The Sumerians also hunted fish and birds.

The Sumerians had the skill of smelting copper, which was used to make tools and weapons, and most farmers still used wooden tools.

The alluvial plains of southern Iraq were then an area of frequent flooding. To survive here, the people here must have the ability to know and even control the Tigris and Euphrates rivers without being flooded. In Sumerian, words like canals, dams, reservoirs are abundant.

The Sumerians dug ditches in southern Mesopotamia and created a huge irrigation system. Its irrigation system includes water-drawing booms, canals, canals, dikes, weirs and reservoirs. Canals and canals must be repaired frequently to remove silt. The government has people who specialize in managing aqueducts and canals, and the wealthy have access to their own aqueducts. Relying on a complex irrigation network and successfully harnessing the turbulent waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Sumerians created the first civilization in southern Mesopotamia, dismantling the original clan system in the southern region of the two river basins and making a rapid transition to an era of civilization.

Farmers used canals to flood their fields, drain water, use cattle to trample fields and kill grass, use pickaxes to dig the ground, hoe, harrow and shovel to loosen the soil when the ground is dry. However, it was also because of this method of flooding the fields that eventually destroyed their fields, and the canals carried a large amount of salt, and the direct flooding without any treatment was one of the main culprits of the destruction of Sumerian civilization.

In fact, this is to expand the area of the desert, the sea carries a lot of salt, and it is a forbidden area for freshwater plants on land, as long as the sea water flows in, the fresh water of the entire region will be salted, and the desert will not shrink, but expand, because what is a desert? A desert is a place where there is no life. Only when life thrives will the desert not expand. The same seawater will also pollute the groundwater, making it salty and leaving hundreds of millions of people in the north without water to drink.

At present, there is also the discharge of heavily polluted black oil into the desert, which is called waste utilization, which is actually the same as seawater, which will expand the desert area and pollute the groundwater, but the amount is much smaller than the amount of seawater brought in. If it's seawater, it's pervasive.

Inspired by it, the book returns to the main story:

The Sumerians harvested in the autumn and harvested in teams of three. After harvesting, the grains and stems are separated by grinding stones, the grains and bran are separated by beating sticks, and finally the grains and bran are blown away by wind.

Around 3500 BC, Aryan potter-wheel-making techniques spread to Sumer via Elam. Sumerian ceramics have motifs painted using cedar oils, and they used bow drills to ignite the fire to bake the ceramics. The Sumerians had stonemasons and jewellers who were able to work alabaster (calcite), ivory, gold, silver, agate and lapis lazuli.

In 3200 BC, the Sumerians were inspired by the potter's wheel and invented the wheel. Combat vehicles thus appeared. The ruins of your have been handed down in the form of chariots.

The techniques that emerged in the Sumerian civilization were: wheels, saws, leather, bracelets, hammers, saddles, nails, pins, rings, shovels, kettles, knives, spears, arrows, swords, glue, daggers, bags, helmets, boats, armor, quivers, scabbards, boots, slippers, forks, and winemaking. The Sumerians had three different types of boats: kayaks made of reeds and animal skins, sailing boats using bitumen to prevent water from seeping in, and wooden boats sometimes pulled by human or animal power.

The use of boats and the invention of wheels led to the flourishing of trade. Archaeological finds of obsidian from Anatolia, Turkey, lapis lazuli from northeastern Afghanistan, strings of beads from Dilmun (present-day Bahrain), and some seals inscribed with the Indus civilization indicate that there was a wide trade network along the Persian Gulf coast. The epic of Gilgamesh mentions trade with distant nations in exchange for scarce Mesopotamian goods such as wood. In particular, the cedar wood of Lebanon has been well received.

The Sumerians used slaves, but slaves were not the backbone of the Sumerian economy. Female slaves were used as weavers, millers, and porters. In the early days of the Sumerian plastic arts, small sculptures and mosaics were predominant. The unearthed masks, priestly carvings, bull heads (bull head harps), and the "flag of your" are exemplary examples of the time. Later, the Sumerians favored larger statues and reliefs (the Naram Sin).

In 3500 BC, the earliest surviving clay tablet was unearthed at Ohaimir Heights, near the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Kish. A small stone slab was found here, the two sides of which depicted in straight lines the pictorial symbols representing various things, among which the heads, hands, feet, and linear symbols of human beings can be identified. At present, more than 2,000 hieroglyphs belonging to the Uruk culture period have been discovered, most of which are written on clay tablets. These tablets were written in the early stages of the text, mainly economic and management texts, but they also included a list of words for students to learn and practice.

The Sumerian script comes from the hieroglyphs on the seals of the Harappan civilization, which is the oldest known human script.

Originally, this type of writing used graphics to draw various things such as pigs, cows, horses, sheep, and crops, and it was a pictorial hieroglyph. Gradually, the graphics became simpler and simpler, and this hieroglyph gradually developed into ideograms, combining one or several symbols to represent a new meaning. For example, "mouth" is used to represent the action of "speaking", and symbols of "eye" and "water" are used to represent "crying", etc.

With the popularization and popularization of writing, the Sumerians simply used a symbol to represent a sound, such as "arrow" and "life" are the same word in Sumerian, so they are represented by the same symbol "arrow". Later, some restrictive radical symbols were added, such as adding an "inverted triangle" before the person's name, indicating that it was a man's name. In this way, this writing system is basically complete.

The Sumerians used reed stalks, bone sticks, or wooden sticks sharpened into triangular tips as pens to write on clay tablets made of damp clay, and the glyphs naturally formed a wedge-shape, so this kind of writing was called cuneiform.

In order to preserve the clay tablets for a long time, they need to be dried before firing. This kind of fired clay tablet is not afraid of being eaten by insects, does not rot, and can withstand fire. But the fly in the ointment is that the clay tablets are very bulky, each piece weighs about a kilogram, and each piece has to be laboriously moved around. Up to now, there are dozens of millions of clay tablets excavated, the largest of which is 2.7 meters long and 1.95 meters wide, which can be described as a huge book!

Cuneiform writing is an original invention of the Sumerian civilization and best reflects the characteristics of the Sumerian civilization. The cuneiform script has had an important impact on the formation and development of many ethnic languages in West Asia. Later Babylonian, Assyrian, Hittite, Syrian and other countries all slightly modified cuneiform script as their own writing tools. Even the alphabet created by the Phoenicians contains elements of cuneiform. Cuneiform was the world's first translatable script, but due to its extreme complexity, it died out altogether by the first century AD.