readx;? Sumerian law protected women, and women could reach a very high status, but in the whole culture, men were in charge. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 ｉｎfo

The Obaid culture appeared over the course of 500 years and was named after the excavated ruins of Obaid. Distributed in Mesopotamia and the eastern part of present-day Saudi Arabia, it belongs to the typical early Sumerian culture, belongs to the Bronze Age culture of West Asia, later than the Eredu culture (first found in the year) and earlier than the Uruk culture (first found around the year).

There were already local indigenous settlements in the area, which were later than the earliest age of the Eredu culture (年, for settlements), and the two eras were staggered.

Years later, the Sumerians began to build the city of Obaid. It is located on the south bank of the Euphrates River west of Basra, close to the ruins of the city of your.

The temple architecture of the Ubaid culture clearly entered a new stage of development, with a rectangular plan and a nave in the middle, with tables for offerings at one end and smaller rooms and niches on either side. The four corners of the building are facing the southeast, northwest, and four directions. This was a common feature of almost all temple architecture in Mesopotamia since then.

After the late Ubaid culture, the structure of the temple did not change much, but the layout became more symmetrical and the area increased. It is speculated that there are more than 1,000 tombs in the site, and more than 200 of them have been excavated to belong to the late period of the Obaid culture. There is a second burial, which is presumed to be a family tomb. Most of the burial goods are only pottery, and the more special ones are clay figurines and models of sailing ships. The former is a nude male figure holding a short cane, with a lizard-shaped head and many mud balls on his shoulders and chest, while the latter has a hole in the center for a mast, similar to a river boat in modern Iraq.

The people of Obaid have mastered advanced irrigation techniques and have learned to grow crops such as barley, wheat and flax. In addition, they raise cattle and other livestock, and engage in fishing and hunting activities. Most of the small towns here are built around temples, and the houses are quite rudimentary. In terms of funerals, people are mostly buried on their backs and upright limbs after death, and young children are buried in pottery vessels. The pottery is relatively coarse, and most of them are monochrome pottery decorated with black, green, brown and other colors of animals and plants and geometric patterns.

The inhabitants of this culture are mainly engaged in agriculture, supplemented by fishing and hunting, and have been able to use irrigation techniques to grow wheat, barley and flax. The remains of the animals indicate that the inhabitants had raised cattle. Copper, stone, and timber were traded.

At this time, small towns had appeared around the temple. However, the dwelling houses found in the ruins are simple in structure, and some are made of adobe in addition to reed sheds. In the Eredu ruins, your ruins, and Obeid ruins, the tombs of the Obeid culture have been found. The tomb is square, and the burial style is a single burial with straight limbs on his back, but there are also several joint burial tombs, some of which sprinkle ochre powder on the body of the deceased or put a hematite ore on the head. The toddler is buried in pottery. In northern Mesopotamia, bent limb burials have been found, showing more obvious local characteristics.

Among the relics, pottery is the most distinctive, mainly plain crude pottery and painted pottery. In the late period, wheel-made pottery appeared, and the shape of the vessel was goblet, bottle, bowl, oval large plate and the front end of the flow with the flow open. The paintings are mostly black, green, and brown monochrome, and the motifs are dominated by animals, plants, and geometric patterns. In addition to pottery containers, other pottery products include spinning wheels, ornaments, and human figures. In southern Mesopotamia, pottery sickles and pottery axes were found.

The relics of the Obaid culture also include stone shovels, stone spears, stone chips, bone awls, bone axes, etc. A small number of seals have been found in northern Mesopotamia, and copper artifacts have been excavated at individual sites. Terracotta figurines were found in the tombs, all nude with lizard-shaped heads.

The Sumerian religion was not very developed, but religion played a very important role in his life. They worship many nature gods, such as the gods of heaven, the gods of the earth, the gods of water, the gods of the sun, the gods of the moon, goddesses, etc. One of the remarkable features of Sumerian religion is that it does not advocate any bliss and eternal afterlife, but rather with the existence of this world, believing that after death, people will become ghosts wandering in the underworld forever.

Each city of Sumer had its own gods and theologies, and these gods changed over time, so it is impossible to speak of Sumerian religion. Some of the Sumerian beliefs are derived from the Harappan civilization, while others are derived from the primitive beliefs of the local indigenous people. It was the source of later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology.

The Sumerians believed that the ground was a flat plate and the sky was a zinc cover. The main god of Sumer is the god Ann, and Ann's most important companions are Enki of Eredu in the south, Enlil of Nipur in the north, and Eanna (Ishtar), the god of Venus in Uruk. The sun god is called Utu, the moon god of your is called Nanna, the earth goddess is called Ninhursag, and there are hundreds of other minor gods. Each god is connected to a city. The importance of these gods also changed as the politics of these cities rose and fell. Man is made of clay by God, and his purpose is to serve God. If God is angry, they use earthquakes or storms to punish people. The Sumerians believed that man could only survive under the mercy of God.

The religious development of the Sumerians can be divided into two stages:

In 0, the sacred objects of religious belief and worship in Mesopotamia were mainly those alien forces of nature that were directly related to basic economic activities (agriculture, animal husbandry), which were personified as gods in people's religious fantasies, but often manifested as non-human figures (mainly animal figures). The main purpose of worshipping these alien forces of nature is to pray for a good harvest, and the gods worshiped are mainly the gods of abundance. Since the inhabitants have different divisions of labor, the divinity they give to the god of abundance is also different because of it. In the minds of the swamp dwellers, the fruit growers, the herdsmen, and the peasants, the divinity of the fertility gods is obviously different. The animal-shaped gods may have been a reflection of totem worship and clan ancestor worship.

In the aftermath of the Great Flood, there was a marked change in the image of religious deities, and the gods were considered to have human form, and more importantly, in Sumerian religious mythology, the world of gods began to be organized into a celestial structure similar to the Council of Elders (the supreme ruling body of the early states), in which each god acquired certain official positions and functions. In fact, it represents the situation of many states in the future.

The worship of natural forces in the valley evolved into the patron deity of various city-states during the Sumerian period.