Particles are divided into fermions and bosons based on their spins, and electrons belong to fermions. We mentioned α particles earlier, but radioactive substances also emit β particles when they decay.

There are two types of decay of β emitting particles, one is β-, and the other is β+. The former decays to produce electrons, while the latter produces positrons.

We know that electrons have no color and taste, so there is only one type of electron. Similarly, there is only one positron.

Then, the electrons and positrons are bound to undergo an annihilation reaction. In this way, when two radioactive materials decay in different β, they will inevitably be changed by the energy of the annihilation reaction.

At this moment, I'm thinking about radioactive matter, why can it decay to produce electrons and positrons, respectively?

So, is there a possibility that they had electrons and positrons when they were formed? How so?

That is, the electron combines with a particle to form a new particle A, and then A combines with the positron to form a radioactive substance.

Since the electron has already bonded to other particles, it is no longer a separate particle. Therefore, the electrons in it are not annihilated by the positrons.

β- The particle is a high-energy electron, so can it only annihilate with the high-energy positron? That's right, that's it.

In this way, it is clear that not all electron and positron pairs can be annihilated.

Annihilation reactions require the participating particles to be energetically symmetrical. As long as the energy of an electron and a positron is different, then they will not undergo annihilation reaction.

A hole is a void in the valence band that occurs when an object loses an electron, so what happens when an electron is gained by an object?

We take it for granted that the holes will disappear, but in fact the holes are not. Instead, it forms an exciton with electrons, what's going on?

Notice that the holes are in the valence band, which is full of valence electrons. Whereas, the electrons gained by an object do not necessarily become valence electrons.

As long as this electron does not become a valence electron, its energy state and valence electron are not the same. Therefore, it just can't dissolve the holes.

We know that electrons and holes are carriers, so are the excitons they form carriers? Carriers are particles that carry electric current, which is represented by electric charge.

Excitons have no charge, so they are not carriers. Carriers are divided into minority carriers and majority carriers, so which one is a minority carrier, electron or hole?

Since holes are formed by the loss of valence electrons, it is obvious that there are fewer valence electrons than ordinary electrons. Even if the object regains electrons, the holes will not change much.

So, holes are a minority of carriers. Loneliness is the death of a father or the death of both parents. In ancient times, emperors and monarchs often referred to themselves as solitary.

Soliton actually refers to a kind of water wave, that is, a water wave that is separated from other water waves and moves alone.

This phenomenon is present in sound, electricity, light. We know that thinking sometimes goes into a lonely area, and it must be a state of solitude.

In this case, why aren't we an orphan?? As far as I know, there are two types of neutrons: slow neutrons and fast neutrons.

And they are all important particles in nuclear reactors. Among them, fast reactors and thermal reactors are the most important auxiliary reactors.

I think that the instantaneous neutrons in fission neutrons are fast neutrons, and the slow-emitting neutrons are slow neutrons. At present, electrons and photons are considered limit particles and cannot be divided into the other two particles.

As for the future of particles, it is not yet known.