Next, Cai Jing began to introduce sea ships and navigation, and I sailed to the ocean with hundreds of people at most and dozens of people at least. This refers to the total number of people, including the ship's operators and passengers, and even the total number of people carried as a ship's strength. If you only talk about operators, it is much less than that. Even if a large sea vessel with more than 2,000 materials can carry hundreds of people, the actual operators only need dozens of people, and more than 100 people. The operation of seagoing vessels requires the division of labor and cooperation of the operators on board to form an orderly organization. A variety of crew members with different divisions of labor to ensure the navigation of a sea vessel, and the crew group of a sea ship is composed of a leader, a head worker, a beckon, a leader, a leader, a handyman, a miscellaneous officer, a passenger, a sailor, and a fire. The head of the program is the length of a ship. The Song Dynasty stipulated that the first of the cities could lure the ships, and those who were able to extract the accumulated price of goods and goods and a subsidy of more than 50,000 yuan would have a difference in the number of officials. There is a government subsidy for the successful investment promotion of a certain amount or the cumulative cargo of the ship reaches a certain amount, which may be the earliest trade protection policy.

Among them, the head of the program has the permission of the government to be responsible for the management of the ship's personnel affairs, and has the right to manage and even punish the crew at fault. If the crew of a foreign ship is at fault, it shall be handed over to the head of the ship. The Tsunade can also decide whether or not to allow others to board the boat. The foreman, beckon, and head are all the main responsible persons for navigation technology. The pinsmith is also known as the boatmaster, the penny master, and the helmsman. Some ships have more than one rudder and therefore require more than one helmsman. Helmsmen generally have a lot of sailing experience. The boat master knows geography, stargazing at night, sunshine during the day, and compass in obscurity. Or hook the seabed mud with a ten-zhang rope, and smell it to know where it goes. There is no rain in the sea, and where there is rain, it is near the mountains.

In case of emergency, the ship must obey the command of Seiko. And Seiko is responsible for the safety of the boat. Beckoning, the head is the person in charge of navigation technology who is subordinate to the pinker. The trick is a long oar placed on the bow of a boat, similar to a long oar tip placed on the stern of a boat. As the head of the sailors, he is responsible for managing the sailors of the entire ship. The Ikari is the person who is responsible for lifting and releasing the Ikaku. Piercing stone is used to fix ships when they are parked on the water, and large ships have more than one piercing stone. The bow of the ship is equipped with a large bowl, two marquees, the big pier is on the two cheek posts in the bow, there are wheels, and the upper thread is a rattan rope, which is as big as an oak, five hundred feet long, and the stone is drooping, and two wooden hooks are sandwiched on both sides of the stone. "It is used like a big park, but on both sides of it".

A sailor is a person who is responsible for paddling, sailing, and maintaining the ship. Generally, it is recruited by the shipowner before the ship departs. The sailors were responsible for handling the ship's oars and sails, as well as repairing the ship. Ghost slaves are good at swimming, and people are not blind". The ghost slave, also known as the Kunlun slave, is a dark-skinned race in Southeast Asia, because of "extremely powerful, can carry hundreds of catties", and "people do not blink in the water", they are raised by some sea ships and are specially used for miscellaneous labor. Huo'er was a sailor of a lower status.

The ship's operators form a hierarchical structure with high and low order. In the same ship, the owner of the ship has the highest status, or the head of the ship, if there is no owner in the ship, the head of the ship is the length of the ship, followed by the head of the ship, the anchor hand is lower than the tip worker, and the sailor is lower than the anchor hand. The many different positions made up the hierarchy and organization of the ship's owner, chief, and miscellaneous officers, to the sailors and crews.

The number of crew members such as pinsmiths and sailors increases and decreases with the size of the ship, that is, "the number of pins and hands used by them increases and decreases depending on the width and narrowness of the ship". For example, Fujian requisitioned and dispatched civilian sea vessels, with a beam width of 1 zhang 2 feet to 1 zhang 3 feet, 1 head worker, 1 anchor hand, and 13 sailors, a total of 16 people. There are 1 1 square and 4 foot foreman, 1 beckoner, and 15 sailors, a total of 18 people. 1 zhang 5 feet to 1 zhang 6 feet head worker, 1 beckoner, 2 anchors, 17 sailors, a total of 21 people. One penny seven feet to one zhang eight feet Seiko, 1 person each, 2 bowl hands, 20 sailors, a total of 24 people. There are 2 Seiko people, 1 Zhaotou, 3 bowl hands, and 23 sailors, a total of 29 people. There are 2 clerks, 1 recruiter, 3 bowl hands, and 27 sailors, a total of 3 people. There are 2 workers and 2 recruiters, 3 anchors, and 33 sailors, a total of 40 people. The beam beam of the 2,000 material "passenger boat" sent to Goryeo was two feet and five feet wide, and there were 60 Jian Shi and sailors. "Shenzhou" requires 180 people (three times as many as Shenzhou). The Shenzhou was the largest ship built by the old man to envoy to Goryeo, and it could carry five or six hundred people at the same time.

The number of ships that we ship on the sea is huge, and the number of people who sail and even make a living on the ships must also be huge. According to incomplete statistics, there are 3,833 civilian ships registered in Mingzhou (Ningbo), Wenzhou, and Taizhou, and 15,454 are below 1 zhang, totaling 19,287. If you add the number of sea ships in Yuezhou (Shaoxing Prefecture), the number of sea ships in Zhedong Road exceeds 20,000. The number of sea vessels in Fujian is not less than that in eastern Zhejiang. Fujian is the most important sea ship manufacturing industry, every year there are a large number of Fujian sea ships to the two Zhejiang defense sea, Fujian sea ships all over Jiangyin, Xupu, Dinghai and other places. All show that the number of sea vessels in Fujian is not less than that in eastern Zhejiang. When there are more private sea vessels in Fujian and eastern Zhejiang, there should be more than 40,000 ships. Together with the coastal roads of western Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Huainan and other coastal roads, there are far more than 40,000 private sea vessels. If you count the naval warships, the number is even larger, probably more than 100,000. This means that there are hundreds of thousands of people on board, a large social group.

There are two types of sea routes: ocean routes from the port of departure of our country to overseas countries and coastal routes connecting domestic coastal areas. The Imperial Court Municipal Shipping Law stipulates that only the port that has established the Municipal Shipping Division has the authority to issue trade certificates, and is the legal port of departure for foreign trade. Since the fourth year of Kaibao (971), the first city of Guangzhou was set up, and before the first year of Yuanyou, three city divisions were set up in Guangzhou, Hangzhou and Mingzhou, and in the second year of Yuanyou (1087) and the third year of Yuanyou, Mizhou and Quanzhou were added in 1088. Mizhou City has not existed for a long time, and it mainly accepts entrepot trade from Guangzhou, Quan, and Ming states. The main ports of departure are Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou, where the city shipping department is established. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), the city shipping law stipulates that "those who have not been the ship division of Guangzhou City have issued Nanfangang ships, and those who have not been shipped to Japan and Korea by the ship division of Mingzhou City shall be considered as violating the system." The law stipulates the division of the shipping area between Guangzhou and Mingzhou City, and stipulates that other ports cannot issue trade certificates to foreign countries. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), the law added Hangzhou as a port of departure, and especially emphasized that non-city ports could not send ships: those who did not send ships to Hangzhou, Ming and Guangzhou and sent maritime merchant ships were considered to be in violation. Traders are required to report their trade with the country at the Trade Certificate.

In order to prevent smuggling leakage, seagoing vessels must go through the port of departure to inspect and register the goods of personnel, and send them directly to the place of trade. The policy that only the port of the city port can issue overseas trade certificates and that merchant ships must return to the port of departure for withdrawal has been gradually established from the period of the Zhezong Dynasty and has been continued until now, which also shows that the ocean route of the law is the route between several ports that set up the city port to connect with overseas countries. The route from Mingzhou to Goryeo is from Dinghai and goes straight to Goryeo through Haicheng in the east of Zhoushan Islands, that is, "from Mingzhou Dinghai to the sea, and the sea to the north". When going to Goryeo, from Zhaobao Mountain, Hutou Mountain, through Shenjiamen, Meizen, Langgang Mountain, out of the ocean. Back to Mingzhou, from Renlang Gangshan, through Tantou, across Suzhou Ocean, to Ligang, Jiaomen, Zhaobaoshan, Dinghai, to Mingzhou. From Japan to Mingzhou, "Jia Bo takes the northeast wind to", and it is also straight out of the ocean east of the Zhoushan Islands. Cheng Xun came to the Song Dynasty, passed through Goryeo Tanluo, went to Suzhou Yangshifan Mountain, passed through Mingzhou Xu Weng Mountain, Liegang, Hutou Mountain, Zhaobao Mountain, to Mingzhou. This is the northern route that takes the north route between Japan and the DPRK.

The ocean route to the countries of the South China Sea has two starting points: Quanzhou and Guangzhou. The route of merchant ships from Quanzhou to Southeast Asia goes straight out of the deep-sea "Qizhou Ocean" in the east of Hainan Island, which is in the southeast of Wanzhou in Qiongdao, that is, east of Hainan Island, and Kunlun Ocean is in the "south of Qizhou Ocean". Kunlun Ocean in the outer sea of Zhenla, from Wenzhou to the South China Sea countries, through the Qizhou Ocean, Jiaozhi Ocean, through the city, from the Kunlun Ocean into the seaport of Zhenla State. The Cochin Ocean is in the south of Hainan Island to the area of Champong, and the Kunlun Ocean is near the south of Cambodia and Thailand. The merchant ships from Quanzhou to the South China Sea "departed in the winter moon, and took advantage of the north wind to reach the country of Japo day and night. Direct shipping from Quanzhou to Southeast Asia, and does not stop at the coastal ports of Fujian and Guangdong, from Quanzhou through the deep sea to Java Island.

Guangzhou's route to the countries of the South China Sea is from the mouth of the Pearl River to Southeast Asia through the eastern part of Hainan Island. Guangzhou from the sea to Texas 700 miles, Texas is expected to ship inspection division, Guangzhou ocean route is from the Pearl River estuary into the sea, the so-called "east wind southwest", from Tuen Mun to the east of the South China Sea Island Qizhou Ocean, direct to Southeast Asia. There are two intersections of the route from Quanzhou and Guangzhou to the countries of the South China Sea, one is the Jiaozhi Ocean in the south of Hainan Island, and the other is the Three Buddhas. The countries west of Sriwijaya and China pass through Sriwijaya. The country of the Three Buddhas is in the South China Sea, and the waterways of Zhubo are also rushed.

The ocean routes through Mingzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou are not coastal routes, and they only intersect with the coastal routes at three points: Mingzhou Port, Quanzhou Port and Guangzhou Port.

Seagoing vessels mainly rely on sails and sails, depending on the wind or bad, especially the seasonal trade winds for ocean-going voyages. Even if the oars are used in navigation, they are mostly used as an aid to sails. The countries of the South China Sea and our dynasty go by the northeast monsoon in winter and return by the southwest monsoon in summer, and Guangzhou and Quanzhou hold a ceremony to pray for the wind when the ships depart and return from the sea in winter and summer. From Myeongju to Goryeo, it will sail from the south wind in May, and return from Goryeo to Beifeng in mid-July. From Japan to Meishu is to sail in the middle of March by the east wind and northeast wind, the sea ship uses a variety of sails such as the main sail and the lipon, and uses the wind in different directions, only the head wind cannot be used. Some large seagoing vessels use sails entirely without oars, while others sail inshore or when ocean-going vessels enter and leave port.

There are three main methods of navigation for ships: surface targets, astrology, and judging water conditions. By the time I had added a compass for navigation, but mainly as a means of navigation on a cloudy night. In addition, there are methods such as lighthouse navigation. These methods rely on long-term experience. Ships often sail in groups when they go to sea. Methods have been formed to convey information and communicate with each other through flags, torches, singing, gongs, drums, and musical instruments. There is a dedicated liaison officer. These means of contact ensure that the fleet is not separated, or can be dispersed and reunited.