In recent years, costume TV dramas have been very popular, and novels and stories reflecting court life have also flooded the Internet and book markets. This is an emperor through the ages, and that is a faint monarch who has been stinking for thousands of years; This is a loyal minister who does not care about the two masters, and that is a traitor.

When the emperor can be said to be the highest ideal of the ancients, and Liu Bang was still a small pavilion chief, when he saw the majestic scene of Qin Shi Huang's travel, he was very envious, and blurted out the sentence "The big husband should be like this". Xiang Yu also saw Qin Shi Huang patrolling in Wuzhong, sparks appeared in his jealous eyes, and he gritted his teeth and said, "He can replace him."

If you succeed in becoming the emperor, you will be the supreme immediately, no matter what you say and do, it is right! What if it fails? That is hypocrisy and cunning, bringing disaster to the country and the people! To name a few:

Li Shimin, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, spoke highly of him in history, saying that he was a great politician, calligrapher, and outstanding leader. Love the people like a son, and be good like a stream. But I always think it's not necessarily! It is undeniable that in the process of the establishment and unification of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin did make great achievements! However, because he was the second son, although he was the official residence of Shang Shuling, the general of the right military candidate, and later promoted to the king of Qin, he was not awarded the position of prince after all. In order to become the emperor, he launched the Xuanwumen Rebellion in 626 AD, killing his eldest brother Li Jiancheng and fourth brother Li Yuanji, and cutting ten nephews to the roots! At that time, his father Li Yuan was still alive, and he was the emperor, and he didn't know how to grieve when he saw his children and grandchildren killed! He didn't dare to punish Li Shimin, so he could only crown him the crown prince and have full authority to deal with military affairs! Abdicated soon after. Li Yuan is still smart, if he doesn't abdicate, Li Shimin may not dare to kill his father! I often wonder: How can a person who can kill all his brothers and nephews really love the people? In order to maintain his rule, he naturally has to make a show of fame and reputation, if he threatens the imperial power, don't say that he is like a son, and his own son will be killed!

After Li Yuanji's death, he left behind his concubine Yang, who is said to have a graceful body and a soft temperament. After the death of her husband and son, Yang was lifeless. One day when I went to the palace in person, I actually asked for death! Li Shimin saw that she was born beautifully, not only did he not punish her, but welcomed her into the house and comforted her! Killing his brother and nephew and daughter-in-law as his own, only the first emperor of the ages can do it.

Besides, Wang Mang has always been regarded as a traitor who is hypocritical and cunning, and Tuogu has reformed the system to bring disaster to the country and the people! In fact, this is not the case.

Let's talk about the Han first. Sun Wukong once said: The emperor will stay in turn, and he will come to my house next year! [Of course, this is what Mr. Wu Chengen asked him to say, Sun Wukong does not exist] Whether Wang Mang should usurp the Han Dynasty or not, it seems that there is no right or wrong today! At that time, Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, was just a scoundrel who mixed up in the market, and when he saw the honor guard of Qin Shi Huang's patrol, he issued a sigh of "the husband should be like this", and later Ping Qin destroyed Chu and took the world. After Zhou Shizong Chai Rong was as kind to Zhao Kuangyin as a mountain, after Chai Rong's death, Zhao Kuangyin bullied his orphans and widows, and became the emperor in the imperial robe. Later generations also said that he was wise and powerful. Liu Bang and Zhao Kuangyin can be emperors, why can't Wang Mang do it? According to culture and personal moral cultivation, Wang Mang is not worse than them, which should be understandable!

Secondly, Wang Mang is hypocritical. Wang Mang treats people, is gentle and frugal, and does not put on a show; Serving his mother and widowed sister-in-law, and raising his brother's orphaned son, he was both thoughtful and checky; Whether it is to make friends with talented people or to serve family uncles, they are all tactful and polite.

Wang Mang's eldest uncle Wang Feng was sick, Wang Mang personally took care of it, and tasted medicine for Wang Feng.

After the ascension of the old Wang family, the children of the Wang family were mostly "extravagant, and they were high in the voice of the horse". When his cousins relied on power and spent all day drinking and doing wrong, he was able to achieve self-denial and self-discipline, and he was able to do the same for more than ten years. At that time, he did not know that he would be reused by the court in the future. If he is hypocritical, to whom does he show hypocrisy?

Before Wang Feng died, he asked his sister, the Queen Mother Wang Zhengjun, to take care of Wang Mang. And Wang Shang directly proposed to divide his own mining to seal Wang Mang. At that time, celebrities, such as Dai Chong, Jin She, Chen Tang and others, also asked for Wang Mang's title.

In this way, a poor boy from a middle-class family, with no dazzling political achievements, let alone military merits, was made a marquis at the age of 29.

Wang Mang was cautious in the officialdom, striving for perfection in dealing with people, making friends with Confucian celebrities, and his reputation gradually grew, becoming a model in the world, so his career was relatively smooth, and finally he reached the peak of power and became the most dazzling person of that era.

Unlike in modern times, when Yuan Shikai was proclaimed emperor, he was deceived by the lies of his son and subordinates, Wang Mang's voice at that time was high, and it was genuine.

The great families admired his character, the people of Li appreciated his kindness, and the Confucian scholars regarded him as a leader in the realization of the "royal road". At this time, Wang Mang also had the ambition to be the emperor, and he kept making small moves. But his coveting of the throne is more about hoping to use imperial power to realize his political ambitions. The throne is clearly not the ultimate goal.

After all, Wang Mang wants to be a saint.

After Wang Mang entered the center of power and even took charge of the government alone, he did not coerce the Son of Heaven to order the princes like Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao in later generations, and was still as humble and polite as before. He distributed his land, his property to the common people, and even his own money for the relief of the victims. Driven by him, other officials followed suit, and even the Empress Dowager also reduced her fiefdom to help the victims! In such a society where corrupt officials and corrupt officials pervert the law, Wang Mang not only keeps himself clean, but his wife also dresses the same as a servant.

As the old saying goes, Prince Yun is guilty of the same crime as the common people, but this is just a Confucian slogan, and there is very little that can be done! But Wang Mang did it! His son killed a slave, and Wang Mang immediately forced him to commit suicide! Such a thing, open the history books of all dynasties, and only Wang Mang can do it! If you are not right, how can you be right? A son doesn't have to kill someone, but how can someone else be convicted of murder?

Wang Mang's third major crime lies in the reform of the Togu system. After Wang Mang became the emperor of the new dynasty, he stubbornly and enthusiastically carried out his retro reforms. At this time, his position is already very solid, there is no need to disguise at all, he should show his true colors! However, his real idea was that all people in the world would be equal, that slavery would be abolished, and that the tiller would have his own land. A family of eight has more than 900 acres of land, and the excess must be given to landless peasants!

However, Wang Mang failed! His ideals offended the interests of the Liu clan and the powerful landlords, who constantly rebelled! Due to natural disasters, peasants everywhere also revolted!

In the fourth year of the emperor, Wang Mang, the "son of crossing", had reached the point of exhaustion, and the gods of heaven and earth were unwilling to let a "modern man" forcibly change the trend of history, and specially endowed Liu Xiu, a patriarch of the Han family, with magic skills such as "Great Meteorite Summoning Technique" to help him defeat the main force of the new dynasty in Kunyang. As the people everywhere continued to resist, Wang Mang finally couldn't stand it; The Green Forest Army entered Guanzhong. In desperation, Wang Mang could only be a dead horse as a live horse doctor, ordered the release of prisoners, distributed weapons, and made an alliance with blood, calling on everyone to swear together: "If there is a person who is not a new room, the society ghost will remember it!" If you are not loyal to our court, the ghost will not let him go! Then the prisoners were commanded by General Genshi and set out to meet the enemy.

But the prisoners are not stupid at all, your Wang Mang is gone, let us be cannon fodder, we will be willing to die for him? As a result, as soon as the Weishui was crossed, the prisoners fled in all directions, leaving General Genshi alone, who ran back to Chang'an to report to Wang Mang on his achievements. That kind of bitterness, helplessness, and desolation is difficult to experience without experiencing it personally. It didn't take long for the Green Forest Army to come in, and Du Wu, a native of Shang County, killed Wang Mang. In order to snatch his body, people hurt each other and were killed and injured in the scramble. Later, Wang Mang's head was hung out for public display, and the bold man cut off his tongue and ate it. It is really embarrassing that the ruler who was once rich all over the world and above 10,000 people finally came to such an end. What's even more interesting is that Wang Mang's head was also collected by later generations of rulers until the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Mang, as a negative teaching material, will always be nailed to the pillar of shame in history.

This is the monarch, and then the courtiers.

In June 1402, the city of Nanjing was in chaos. Fang Xiaoru sat quietly at home, waiting for the moment of arrest.

Three years ago, Zhu Di raised troops in Beijing, in the name of "Qing Jun's side", against his nephew Emperor Jianwen's policy of cutting feudal domains. Before sending troops, his military advisor Yao Guangxiao knelt down and entrusted, saying that on the day of the destruction of Nanjing, Fang Xiaoru would definitely refuse to surrender and hoped not to kill him.

"Kill Fang Xiaoru, the seed of reading in the world is extinct!" Yao Guangxiao said meaningfully.

After Zhu Di conquered the city of Nanjing, Fang Xiaoru really did not flee or surrender.

After being imprisoned, Zhu Di repeatedly asked someone to persuade him to surrender, but Fang Xiaoru finally refused.

When Zhu Di was about to ascend to the pole, in order to take advantage of Fang Xiaoru's fame among the world's corporals, he was asked to draft an edict for enthronement.

Fang Xiaoru was wearing filial piety clothes, cried and went to the palace to see Zhu Di.

Secretary Shi wrote a conversation between the two.

Zhu Di: Sir, please don't be sad, I am just following the example of Duke Zhou to assist King Zhou Cheng.

Fang Xiaoru: Where is King Cheng now?

Zhu Di: He (referring to Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yunwen) set himself on fire and died. Fang Xiaoru: King Cheng is gone, why don't you make King Cheng's son the emperor?

Zhu Di: The country is dependent on Changjun (meaning that Zhu Yunwen's son is young and not suitable for governing the country). Fang Xiaoru: Why don't you become the king's brother?

Zhu Di: This is our family matter, please don't worry too much.

After speaking, he ordered to put pen and paper on the left and right.

Zhu Di: The edict must be drafted by Mr.

Fang Xiaoru wrote a few words, then threw his pen on the ground and cried. and cry and scold: death is death, and the edict cannot be grassed.

Zhu Di: Aren't you afraid of punishing the Nine Clans?

Fang Xiaoru: I will punish the ten clans!

Zhu Di was completely enraged, and ordered someone to cut Fang Xiaoru's mouth with a knife on the spot, from his cheek to his ear.

Fang Xiaoru's clansmen, friends, and protégés were executed in front of him one by one, and he was unmoved.

It was his younger brother Fang Xiaoyou's turn, he rarely left tears, and his younger brother persuaded him in turn, "Why should Brother be in tears, take righteousness and become benevolent here."

It took 7 days to kill a total of 873 people.

In the end, it was Fang Xiaoru's turn. He died in anger and wrote a fateful poem:

The sky is in chaos, who knows the reason? Traitors have to be scheming, and they are still using the country. The loyal ministers were indignant, and exchanged blood and tears. To be martyred in this way, what do you want? Woohoo sorrow, I don't care!

At the time of his death, he was only 46 years old.

This was the most widespread massacre in Chinese history. Fang Xiaoru has since become synonymous with "bone man" and the hardest "hard bone" in the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Di asked Fang Xiaoru to draft the edict of enthronement, but in fact, it was just a show, and it was the same whether it was written or not! Fang Xiaoru didn't write, and threatened not to write about the extermination of the Ten Clans! May I ask what enmity is there among these ten tribes, and it will cause them to perish with you? Zhu Di and Zhu Yunwen, who is qualified to be the emperor? The father dies and the son replaces, the brother dies and the brother dies, it is the former emperor who is talking to himself, and there is no axiom in itself, but he seeks justice in a false proposition, and the result must be that he is seeking fish from the wood! Fang Xiaoru unreasonably involved his family, relatives and friends, as well as his friends and protégés, and he didn't understand what the meaning was.

There is an old Chinese saying that "once a son of heaven is a courtier", and every emperor has a group of teams that he reuses. Not to mention two different dynasties, even if the throne changes in the same dynasty, it will also cause a large turnover of people. But there is such an officialdom tumbler in the five dynasties, who has achieved the position of prime minister after four different dynasties. Some people scolded him as a representative of traitorous ministers, and some praised him for serving the people wholeheartedly. Who is he?

This person's name is Feng Dao, the word is Dao, and the name is Changle Lao. He successively served in the Later Tang Dynasty Zhuangzong, the Later Tang Dynasty Mingzong, the Later Tang Emperor Min Emperor, the Later Tang Dynasty Emperor, the Later Jin Emperor Gaozu, the Later Jin Emperor Chu, the Later Han Gaozu, the Later Han Yin Emperor, the Later Zhou Taizu, and the Later Zhou Shizong Ten Emperors, plus he once represented the Later Jin Gaozu to the Khitan Emperor Yelu Deguang to establish a father-son relationship, a total of eleven emperors' courtiers.

Many descendants scolded Feng Dao for being a villain, blindly living with no shame. Ouyang Xiu said that he was "shameless", and Sima Guang even scolded him as "the most traitorous minister". During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Hu San Province said that although he was "a very human minister, the country could not die, and regarded his king as a passerby, how important it was". Cai Dongfan, a popular novelist in the Qing Dynasty, a down-and-out scholar, even angrily denounced "Taishi Feng Dao, the most old-fashioned, really the most shameless." ”

In fact, Feng Dao in history, although he was exquisite, wandered among the emperors of previous dynasties, but he was a typical moral gentleman. He loved the people, took pity on the common people, and was not greedy for pleasure. As for the loyal king, there must also be a loyal king...... Tang Zhuangzong, an emperor who knows how to listen to operas, sing operas, and karaoke, is loyal to him? Then you have to be able to sing. Tang Mingzong is better, and Feng Dao is not disloyal to him. To Li Conghou, it was too short, and it was only a month to be the emperor. Feng Dao and Li Conghou haven't established a relationship yet. Later, Li Congke and Shi Jingtang were replaced, a half-son of Tang Mingzong and a righteous son of Tang Mingzong. It is difficult for a Qing official to decide family affairs, or royal family affairs, Feng Dao doesn't care what he does, and whoever does it is not your own people? And when Yelu Deguang extinguished the Later Jin Dynasty, occupied Bianliang, and ravaged the Central Plains, Feng Dao, who had been released as an official, took the initiative to enter Beijing. But he is by no means here to compete for officials, Feng Dao entered Beijing this time, just doing what he can to save people.

During Shi Jingjiao's reign, Feng Dao had sent an envoy to the Khitan, and Yelu Deguang admired his talent and wanted to keep him in the Khitan, but Feng Dao found a reason to slip back to the Central Plains. This time, Yelu Deguang extinguished the Houjin, and Feng Dao rushed to meet him again. Yerod said angrily, "Why did you come to see me again?" ”

Feng Dao said respectfully: "There are no soldiers and no city, how dare you not come?" ”

Yerod Guang asked in an almost cursing tone, "What kind of old man are you?" ”

Feng Dao said self-deprecatingly: "No talent, no virtue, stubborn old man." ”

With such a low voice, most of Yerod's anger was dissipated. When Yelu Deguang asked Feng Dao how to govern the world, Feng Dao said: "Now the Buddha can't save the people, only the emperor can save the people." ”

Justice is at ease in the hearts of the people! No matter how later generations attacked and belittled Feng Dao, at that time, because of this sentence, countless people in the Central Plains survived. When Feng Dao went to the funeral after his death, the people of Kaifeng spontaneously organized a queue beside the road, paper money flew all over the sky, and the leaves on the side of the road turned gray.

But in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a scholar Hu Sansheng who was indignant at Feng Dao, he said that Feng Dao - a very human minister, the country could not die, and regarded the king as a passerby, how important!

It's really strange, the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty were already people who lost the country, why is this Brother Hu still alive? Where is the shame?

In the Qing Dynasty, it was even more terrible. The famous thinker Wang Fuzhi raised Feng Dao's crime to an unprecedented height - Feng Dao's evil floated in the Shang king, and its calamity was fierce in thieves!

I really don't know how Feng Dao hurt him, and I don't know what qualifications he has to evaluate Feng Dao like this. The Manchus are also foreigners, why don't you die?

Mencius said: "The king regards his ministers as his siblings, and the ministers regard them as his heart; The king regards his ministers as dogs and horses, and the ministers regard him as his countrymen; The king regards the minister as a mustard, and the minister regards the king as an enemy. "The people are precious, the community is secondary, and the monarch is light." Those who really think about the poor people, not for fame and fortune, regardless of success or failure, and who do not hesitate to live are heroes! Because of kindness, because of kindness, because of weakness, they often fail to succeed, and later generations regard them as faint kings and traitors according to the qualitative thinking of success and defeat; And unscrupulous means for personal gain, regardless of loyalty and treachery, cut the grass and eradicate the roots, but are regarded as heroes of the Ming Dynasty, such guidance is really wrong! Will you still talk about benevolence and righteousness in the future? So when we look at the hero of historical commentary today, we should look at his motives and not at the results! Those who indiscriminately kill innocent people for the sake of personal rights and the wealth of their descendants, even if they succeed, are not worthy of worship; People who sacrifice themselves for the survival of the people, and who swallow their anger and seek perfection, do not have to hate even if they fail! Compared with the lives of ordinary people, personal success or failure is naturally more important! As an ordinary person, people saved your life, and you scolded him for being a traitor; People killed your parents and set himself up as kings, but you said that he was a hero of Mingjun! If the dead know underground, I don't know how they would feel.

Soldiers can be killed, but not humiliated! This sentence is good, but you can't say that the common people can kill me and not be humiliated!

Just a personal idea! Believe that loyal ministers do not matter to the two masters, and the martyrs do not obey the second husband, and there is no need to be angry. The lord is clear and loyal, the husband is virtuous and the woman is martyr; Why do you want to die with him?

Welcome to reading, welcome to listening.