The dialogue between Zhen Shiyin and Jia Yucun Jia involves the issue of talent selection in ancient China, as well as the imperial examination system, which will also be used in this aspect later.

Human social life gave rise to tribes, and those who could solve the tribe's food problems became leaders. As the population multiplied, the material needs exceeded the capacity of the place where they lived, and the tribes either continued to expand their territory, or migrated or even separated. The scope of human activities continues to expand, and the tribes continue to increase, at this time, the tribe can recruit good fighters to become the leader, at this time, the main task of the leader is to lead the tribe to resist foreign enemies, keep the territory, followed by the development of production, fight disasters, and improve life. I think that the selection of talents in the tribal period is based on strength, and whoever can make the tribe strong is the leader and talent.

The productive forces continued to increase, the population continued to increase, the scope of human activities was further expanded, tribal wars were constantly staged, small tribes were reduced to slavery and merged into large tribes, and large tribes of equal strength merged, giving rise to tribal alliances, and on the basis of tribal alliances, early states were born. In a tribal alliance or country, the population is larger, the more talented, and how to divide the labor of talent is a problem that must be faced. Therefore, in order to ensure the continued development and growth of the group he belongs to, he has the legendary "Zen Rang", and takes the initiative to give way to people who are more talented than himself. Legend has it that Yao, Shun, and Yu are all Zen as supreme leaders, so other positions can be imagined.

We need to note that tribal wars have formed hatred, prisoners of war have become slaves, the descendants of slaves are still slaves, the number of slaves has increased, and the difficulty of centralized management has increased, and slaves have been assigned to each member of the tribe for separate management, and slaves have become private property. The living conditions of slaves were poor, and the living conditions of slave owners were further improved, and with the development of productive forces, the large slave owners with more slaves gradually became dominant in the tribal confederations or in the early states. Dayu had to mobilize a lot of slaves when he controlled the water, and with such a foundation, his son Qi could "succeed the father and the son".

The tribal alliance led by Xia Qi has become so strong that no other tribal alliance can compete with it, since he has created a "family world", he needs to get the support of all the tribal leaders in the alliance, and he can "succeed the father and the son", of course, he must win over other tribal leaders to do the same, most of the other tribal leaders are unwilling to "Zen concessions", they choose to support the "hereditary" proposed by Xia Qi. Xia Qi combined the patriarchal patriarchal system at the end of the primitive society with state management, and promoted the continuous development of the power distribution system with the primogeniture inheritance system as the basic feature.

The king, who was ordered by heaven to reign over the world, was regarded as the son of heaven, so he was called "the son of heaven". The Son of Heaven is the great sect of the world, and his eldest son is called "Zongzi", who is the successor to the throne and the hereditary heir, also known as the son. The rest of the sons could only be made princes, or stay with the king as ministers, doctors, and scholars. The eldest son of a prince, secretary, doctor, or scholar who did not become a king is the successor to the position. The other sons will be divided into the next ones. In this way, the ancestors are kings, and the descendants have become ordinary people. Liu Bei said that after he was King Jing of Zhongshan, he couldn't eat enough to farm, and he had to weave straw shoes and sell straw mats.

The selection of talents in Xia and Shang does not look at ability, but only at background. If Chen Sheng asked at the time: "The prince will have a kind of Xiangning", the answer would definitely be: "There is a kind". A child is destined to be a talent when he is born, which seems very ridiculous now, but when Xia Qi founded the country, it did play a role in winning over supporters and stabilizing society. The people in the "circle" are always talents, and they are always the managers of the country. However, over time, they continued to be separated, and some people in the "circle" continued to be demoted, and finally excluded from the "circle". The most important thing that the excluded people bring out of the "circle" is knowledge and culture, as I said in the sixth episode of "I Read the Dream of Red Mansions" when discussing Chinese characters with everyone.

Once these intellectually literate people leave the "circle," they will never be able to enter. Talented people at the bottom of the society cannot enter the state management, and those who are in the state management do not have to work hard, as long as their fate is good, they can occupy the pit and not, and after, they still occupy the pit and still occupy the pit after, and in the long run, the country will not be a country. When encountering a wise king, the "hereditary" system will be appropriately adjusted, and talents will be cultivated and selected through education.

By the time of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the talent selection mechanism had improved somewhat, and the three links of school education, talent selection, and official appointment had been linked. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the government schools, the main objects of education are the children of the nobility with the privilege of "Shiqing", send them to the country for further study, cultivate talents, conduct examinations every other year, on the basis of academic success, select scholars, report the selected list, review the moral ability, and then determine the promotion and appointment, which greatly improves the quality of talent and management level.

In the year of the Western Zhou Dynasty, several generations of faint monarchs, exhausted military force and lost national strength, Zhou Tianzi ran out of the central military force that could balance the princes, the princes began to sit large, and the Zhou royal family lost control of the whole country. Following the example of the Son of Heaven, the princes opened schools one after another in order to cultivate their own talents, and the objects of education were no longer limited to the nobility, and some capable commoners were absorbed, trained, selected and appointed. Civilians who had been trained and did not get appointments opened private schools when they had the knowledge and culture, which in turn promoted the progress of education, and private schools gradually emerged and continued to expand the target of education.

In order to strengthen their own power, the princes and doctors of various countries paid a wide range of people and competed to raise scholars. The scholar became a social class, rising in status and influencing day by day. The practice of cultivating scholars began to prevail, which created a large number of outstanding talents at that time, further promoted the development of private education, promoted the prosperity of academic thought, and created conditions for the contention of a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period.

Qin Xiaogong changed the law to become strong, appointed Shang Ying, and implemented the military merit system, which mainly includes two contents: First, all those who have military merits, regardless of their background, class and class, can enjoy the rank of knight and become an official. Second, the hereditary privileges enjoyed by the clan nobles will be abolished, and they will no longer be able to obtain high-ranking officials and fiefs based on blood relations alone, as in the past. Under the historical conditions at that time, the military merit system showed great vitality until Qin Shi Huang swept through the six mergers and annexed Kyushu, and the military merit system was the main mechanism for Qin to select talents, which was more superior than the style of raising soldiers in Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei in the same period.

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the world was unified, the country was gradually peaceful and stable, the military merit system and the style of raising soldiers did not meet the needs of talent selection, and Liu Bang began to implement the election system in the eleventh year of Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (196 BC). This system was originally a system of employing supplementary officials, including the emperor's conscription, private recommendation, etc., and gradually evolved into a probationary system.

The probation system is roughly divided into two categories: one is the regular subject, the most important subject is filial piety, and each state and county recommends filial piety and honesty every year according to the proportion of the population, and the standard of filial piety is "to stand up for people and take filial piety as the foundation, and to be honest in government as the basis", and "filial piety" and "integrity" are the basic conditions for becoming talents. The other type is the special department, which is the emperor's temporary designation of the selection criteria and names according to the needs, and the subjects are set up as you like, and the most important subject is virtuous and square, that is, to recruit people who can "speak out, and advise", so as to open up the way of speech, and correct the mistakes of the emperor. In addition, there is the Ming Jing Department, and the Ming Jing is proficient in the scriptures, and the reading is good. "Jing" originally referred to the pre-Qin classics, and since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, "Jing" specifically referred to Confucian classics. There are also subjects such as yin and yang, the art of war, etc.

At the beginning of the implementation of the probation system, it was able to embody the principle of selecting and appointing talents, and at the same time, it greatly promoted the formation of the social atmosphere of studying Confucian classics and the development of education. The premise of probation is the recommendation of the official in charge, and there is no objective evaluation standard in the recommendation. If you want to attract the attention of officials, let him see you, recommend you, and reputation is very important, so in order to become a celebrity, some people sell their reputation, praise each other, cling to the powerful, and bribe and ask for trust, resulting in declining morale and false investigations. In order to reverse this situation, in the first year of Emperor Yangjia of Hanshun (132 AD), on the basis of inspection, examinations were added, Confucian scholars took the Confucian classics, and scribes took the examination of the rules and regulations. If you want to pass the examination, you must study hard, and the school has become an auxiliary institution for selecting talents.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the inspection system was manipulated and used by the gate lord clan, they swayed the social opinion at that time, and the corruption in the process of recommendation and examination was serious. Cao Cao did not come from a family of famous scholars, and his grandfather happened to be a member of the group of eunuchs who opposed the famous scholars. Many celebrities looked down on Cao Cao and confronted Cao Cao's regime. Therefore, Cao Cao not only had to win over some celebrities to cooperate with him, but also had to suppress the local clan forces represented by celebrities. After Cao **, Cao Pi adopted Chen Qun's suggestion and implemented the "Nine Grades Zhongzheng System" as a supplement to the inspection system at that time.

The "Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System" is a policy whereby the central government (Ministry of Officials) directly sends people to the state or county to be large and small central officials, and the central government recommends talents, and the central government reviews and selects talents. The county has a large zhongzheng, and the county has a small zhongzheng, and the small zhongzheng in the county divides the well-known people in the jurisdiction area into "nine grades" or "nine grades" according to their virtues and talents, and reports them to the big zhongzheng, and after the big zhongzheng verifies, reports to Situ, and finally reports to the Ministry of Officials for review, and after the review, they are used as standby candidates for appointing officials of all sizes according to their grades.

This situation seems to be to bring the right to recommend and review talents to the central government, which is conducive to cracking down on local gate valve clans. On the other hand, it has made it easier for the central wealthy families who are in power, and they gradually control local and even central elections. Those who have low official positions or failed to be officials of the local family are declining, and the status of the central wealthy family of vested interest groups is further consolidated, and in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the powerful family of the gate lord clan has developed to the peak, and the selection of talents pays special attention to the bloodline and ignores the moral ability. As a result, the development of school education has regressed. Therefore, some policies are good when they are proposed, but they become worse and worse in the process of implementation, and to a certain extent, they will be replaced by more advanced and scientific policies.

After hundreds of years of war in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wen of Sui Yang Jian unified China, he continued to fight against the power of the gate lords, and the scholar system gradually collapsed, and Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty abolished the "Nine Grades Zhongzheng System" to maintain the privileges of the scholars in the third year (607 AD), implemented the talent selection system based on examinations, and began to implement the imperial examination system. In the Tang Dynasty, the transition from the "Nine-Rank Zhongzheng System" to the imperial examination system was completed, and the imperial examination selection was fully implemented.

The so-called imperial examination system is a selection policy in which the central government or the emperor personally conducts (sub-subject) examinations and admits talents without recommendation. The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was divided into three levels, namely the township examination, the provincial examination, and the official examination. Only those who pass the examination, open competition, and selection at all levels, and pass the official examination are appointed.

The Song Dynasty basically followed the imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty, and carried out reform and innovation, with the following aspects: First, the palace examination system was established, and the emperor directly participated. The second is to stipulate the examination cycle, and the township examination, the general examination, and the palace examination are held once every three years. The third is to limit the power of examiners and formulate a series of measures to prevent cheating in exams.

During the Liaojin period, the imperial examination system was not valued, but it was only set up for the Han people, and it became a means to win over Han intellectuals.

The Yuan Dynasty continued to reform and innovate the imperial examination system: first, it clearly determined the specific date of the examination. It also stipulates that there will be three examinations, each of which will be separated by three days. The second is to clarify the scope of the examination, the scope of the questions is "Analects", "Mencius", "The Mean" and "University", and the scope of the answers is Zhu Xi's "Notes on the Collection of Four Books and Chapters and Sentences".

On the basis of following the old system, the imperial examination system of the Ming Dynasty was further improved, mainly in the following aspects: first, in the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384), the system of "three-year competition" was officially stipulated, and the township examination was held in the "year of the competition", and Xiucai could participate in the township examination, once every three years, on the 9th, 12th, and 15th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, three examinations, each of three days. It is autumn, so it is called "autumn test", also called "autumn squirt". Those who have passed the township examination can participate in the second year's examination, which is also once every three years, on the 9th, 12th, and 15th of the second lunar month, and there will be three exams of three days each. Therefore, it is called "spring test", also called "spring test". Second, the Ming Dynasty stipulated that the examination paper must be written in eight strands. Thirdly, the examination process has been changed to four stages. In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of retaining the township examination, the meeting examination, and the palace examination, the children's examination was added.

The Tongsheng Examination is a selection competition to obtain the qualification to participate in the imperial examination, including the county examination, the government examination and the hospital examination, and the system of the Tongsheng Examination is more complete in the Qing Dynasty.

The county examination is held in each county, presided over by the county, and the candidates who participate in the county examination must go to the county ceremonial room to register, we know that the central government has the State Council, which corresponds to the county government in the county. To register in the gift room, you need to fill out the registration form, such as place of origin, name, age, physical health, and the resume of the three generations of ancestors, etc., which is similar to filling in the school registration form now, but you do not need to fill in the gender, and women cannot take the exam. After filling out the registration form, you need to find four candidates who are preparing to take the exam at the same time, and then these five people jointly guarantee each other, sign, draw and pledge, and find another student who has already passed the children's examination as a special guarantor. It is so complicated, mainly to ensure that the candidates are from the county, to prevent impersonation, but also to ensure that the candidates have not been dismissed from office for three generations, have not served a criminal sentence, and also ensure that the candidates are innocent and are not descendants of untouchables such as advocates and slaves, and also to ensure that the candidates are not mourning and filial piety for their parents. Then, take a seat with the stamp on the cover of the exam paper, a single room, and take four consecutive exams.

After passing the county test, you can participate in the government test, which is generally presided over by the prefect, and the joint guarantor has to find one more, and the other requirements are similar to the county test, and there are three consecutive exams. Those who pass the prefectural and prefectural examinations can be called "children" and can continue to take the college examinations. Some scholars have to take many years to pass the most basic county and government exams to become children. Some scholars get the identity of a child in one exam, but they can't pass the college exam, and they are still a child when they are gray-haired, and Lu Xun's Kong Yiji is an old child.

The Qing Dynasty's academy examination was held twice every three years, and the emperor appointed Xuezheng to be the chief examiner throughout the country, and Xuezheng was also called "Admiral College", so the examination presided over by the Admiral College was called "Academy Examination", and those who could be appointed as Xuezheng were generally central officials such as the Jinshi Supervisor Yushi and the Liubu Shilang. Qi Lisheng, who we talked about in the first episode, was a student in Yunnan.

The first examination of the hospital examination is called the annual examination, and those who have obtained the status of a child can participate, and there must be one more joint guarantor, and one more special guarantor. Xiucai has "fame", enters the scholar class, and has basic privileges such as exemption from forced labor and taxes, not kneeling when seeing county officials, and not being punished casually. The top students are called "Di Sheng", enjoy the special living allowance of the state, and the scholar who wants to participate in the child examination must ask "Di Sheng" to act as a special guarantor, so as the head of the show, "Di Sheng" has a certain social status in the local area, and the particularly outstanding can also be guaranteed to study in the Guozijian and become a tribute student who is ready to contribute to the emperor.

A group of local veteran talents must also take the first exam of the college examination, and select those with good results, and then take the second exam with the rookie talents. The second examination of the college examination is called the "science test", the examination is passed, it is called the "record subject", the whole children's examination is successfully completed, and then you can participate in the township examination in the "year of the big competition". It is not easy for Jia Yucun to be qualified to participate in the township examination, and it is also something to be proud of as a scholar.

As we said just now, the township test is also called "Qiu Fu", and if Qiu Qiu succeeds in the first battle, it is "lifting people", and the township test is called B Bang, also called B Branch. When the results of the examination were announced, it was the time when the osmanthus was fragrant, also known as the laurel list, and the first place in the township examination was called "Xie Yuan". Not only can you take part in the examination, but even if you can't pass the examination, you also have the qualifications to be an official, and you can act as a middle- and lower-level official of the government, and the people can call you "master".

In the "year of Dabi" township examination, and the old people of the previous session can participate in the examination held in the spring of the second year at the same time, and the success of the first battle of the spring of the spring will become a tribute, and the intellectuals who contribute to the emperor will have the qualification to participate in the palace examination. When the results of the examination were announced, it was the time when the apricot blossoms were blooming, also known as the apricot list, and the first place in the examination was called "Huiyuan".

The most complete preserved examination place is the Nanjing Confucius Temple, where each person who takes the examination has a single room, which is called the "No. room". The invigilation is very strict, and when candidates enter, they should be strictly searched to prevent candidates from hiding "cheat sheets" on their bodies. When the test taker enters the "room number", the door must be locked. The "No. 1 room" is very narrow, with only two wooden planks up and down, the upper board is used as a table for writing exam papers, and the lower board is used as a chair, and the two boards are used as a bed when sleeping at night. There is also a charcoal fire and a few candles for the candidates in the "No. 1 room". Charcoal fires can be used for cooking and heating. During the test, candidates are not allowed to come out until the end of the test. It is like this to raise people to participate in the examination, and the township test and the child test we talked about earlier can be imagined.

About one-twentieth of the people who participated in the examination became tributes, and they could continue to participate in the palace examination, with a small number of 100 people and a large number of 2 or 300 people. In the palace examination, the emperor personally wrote the questions and came to the examination room in person, and only tested one "policy question", which was to ask the candidates about current affairs and politics, economic development, governing the country and securing the country, consolidating political power and other strategies. The list that announces the results of the palace examination is called the first list, also called the first branch, because the list is made of yellow paper, also known as the gold list. The Jinshi with the title of the gold list were announced in three batches. The first three people are the champions, the eyes of the list and the flowers, and they are given to the Jinshi and the first. A number of second-class names were given to Jinshi. The top three are all the remaining candidates, as long as they take the palace examination, they will be given the same Jinshi background. After the palace examination, the road to the imperial examination has come to an end, and even if you are not satisfied with the ranking, you cannot retake the exam. Jinshi can act as middle and low-level officials of the government, and their status is higher than that of lifting people, and their promotion is faster than that of lifting people.

The champion is the top figure in the pyramid of China's imperial examination system, and the champion in the examination means "becoming famous in one fell swoop", and only one champion is produced in three years, without superhuman talent, strong perseverance, and healthy physique, it is impossible to take the champion. There are also scholars who take the first place in the township test is "Xie Yuan", the first in the examination is "Hui Yuan", and the first "champion" in the palace test, which is called "Lianzhong Sanyuan". In the 1,300-year history of the imperial examination, there were only a dozen people in the liberal arts.

Time is limited, and what we are discussing is the general situation, as an important talent selection system, the imperial examination has certain objective criteria and democratic spirit. It had a far-reaching impact on Korea, Japan, Ryukyu, Vietnam and other countries around China at that time, and also had a great influence on Britain, France, Germany, Italy and other European countries of the industrial revolution. In China, the imperial examination system satisfies to a certain extent the requirements of the small and medium-sized landlord class for political participation, eases the internal contradictions of the landlord class, conforms to the requirements of historical development at that time, is conducive to the consolidation and stability of the feudal regime, and the right to select and appoint talents is completely controlled by the central government, which is conducive to the strengthening of centralized power and promotes the development of education to a certain extent.

However, the content of the imperial examination was limited to a few Confucian classics, and the examination method focused on rote memorization, which caused schools to pay attention to examination-oriented education, which was not conducive to cultivating and selecting talents with practical ability. In addition, the imperial examination closely linked reading, scientific examination and being an official, and the only purpose of many people studying was to become an official in the middle of the jinshi, which affected school education, and other academic ideas were suppressed and imprisoned, especially in the natural sciences, and the school became a vassal of the imperial examination. The prevalence of slavery and the withering of talented people is one of the reasons why China was backward and beaten in the world competition more than 100 years ago.

Zhen Shiyin's house was on fire and wrote about the real illness of Nanzhi's trouble

Zhen Shiyin's house caught fire, [text description: Probably because of the disaster, so one after another, five and four, burned a street like a mountain of flames. There is a comment on this sentence [Jiaxu Mei Criticism: Write the real disease of Nanzhi Summoning Disaster. 】

In the second episode, when discussing Qi Lisheng's preface, I quoted this sentence from the text: "So one after another, five and four, burned a street like a mountain of flames." At that time, combined with the author's writing technique, I briefly talked about my opinion, I think the author clearly wrote that the Zhen family was burned due to the fire in the gourd temple, and secretly wrote that the climax of the decline of Jiafu was a raid on the family, the big family, relatives, friends, and protégés must have been one after another, and an interest group was uprooted.

The "Nanzhi" in the criticism is Nanzhili Province, and the Qing Dynasty changed it to Jiangnan Province, we discussed it once in the ninth episode, and then briefly said it again. In the early years of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang built the capital of Yingtianfu (now Nanjing), called Jingshi. Yingtianfu, Suzhou, Fengyang, Yangzhou, Luzhou, Huai'an, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Huizhou, Ningguo, Chizhou, Taiping, Anqing, a total of 14 prefecture-level units are directly subordinate to the central court, called "Zhili", and the jurisdiction is about the current Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, two provinces and one city.

In the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), the capital was moved to Shuntianfu, Beijing became the new capital, the emperor canceled the Beiping political envoys, on the basis of the Beiping political envoys and states, and merged other areas closer to the capital, by Shuntianfu, Yongpingfu, Daimyofu, Baoding, Hejianfu, Zhendingfu, Shundefu, Guangpingfu, Yanqing Prefecture, Baoan Prefecture directly under the central six departments, called "Beizhili", referred to as "Beizhili", the scope is about the current Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, plus a small part of Henan and Shandong. The original Beijing division was renamed Nanjing, and the original Beijing division jurisdiction "Zhili" was renamed "Nanzhili", referred to as "Nanzhi", the original jurisdiction was basically unchanged, and "Nanzhili" was equivalent to the status of the capital in the Ming Dynasty, but the emperor did not live there.

In the Qing Dynasty, in the second year of Shunzhi, Jiangnan Chengxuan Political Envoy Department was set up, Nanzhili was changed to Jiangnan Province, the status of the capital of Nanjing was abolished, and the governor's yamen was set up in Jiangning Mansion (now Nanjing). The concept of "Nanzhi" has gradually faded, and the official name "Nanzhili" has been more than 200 years, and the folk may call it for a longer time.

Because of the existence of this criticism, it is also associated with a major historical event in the gourd temple, and there are different opinions. Around the Nanzhi area, the mainstream red school believes that it was the incident of Cao Xueqin's Jiangning Weaving Mansion in Nanjing, and the Suoyin school believes that it was the "Yangzhou Ten Days" or "Jiading Three Massacres" that occurred in the Jiangnan area.

"Yangzhou Ten Days" and "Jiading Three Massacres", we introduced to you when we discussed "Text Prison" in the eighth episode, it is indeed a disaster for the people of Jiangnan, these two tragedies occurred in the "Nanzhi" area, but they do not meet the characteristics of "summoning trouble", the so-called "summoning trouble" is because of their own negligence and has been duly punished, "Yangzhou Ten Days" and "Jiading Three Massacres" are not caused by the fault of the people of Jiangnan.

Cao Xueqin's house was copied, which was an ordinary thing in the early years of Yongzheng, and it could not be regarded as affecting the entire Jiangnan region, and it was inappropriate to call it "Nanzhi Summoning Disaster". If it weren't for Cao Fu's harassment of the post station, the transfer of property, and the concealment of contraband, perhaps the disaster of raiding the house could have been avoided. Moreover, the Jiangning Weaving Mansion was copied, and the number of officials involved was not too large, and the social impact was not large.

Since the critic annotated the sentence "write out the real illness of Nanzhi's summoning disaster" in the book, this "Nanzhi summoning disaster" must be an earth-shattering event and is widely known, so that other readers can understand what it means at a glance. Its characteristic or "real disease" as mentioned in the criticism is "one after another, hanging five and four, and burning a street like a mountain of flames".

What else can be referred to as "Nanzhi summons trouble"? It is related to the imperial examination system we discussed in the previous episode, and I think it is the major case of the Nanqiu imperial examination.

After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in order to consolidate the political power and strengthen the rule, it was necessary to obtain the support of the Han landlords and bureaucrats, and it was necessary to encircle the Han intellectuals. In the second year of Shunzhi, the township test was held in the northern provinces that were the first to be conquered, and the Manchu rulers had never played like this before, so they conducted the experiment first and admitted the first batch of people in the Qing Dynasty. In the third year of Shunzhi, the examination was held in Beijing, and the first batch of Jinshi who founded the country were admitted. There is a certain effect, and then the township test is implemented in the Jiangnan area, the Jiangnan township test is commonly known as the South Horse, and the Beijing Shuntianfu Township Test is called the North Horse. During the Shunzhi period, there was a major case that caused a national sensation - the Ding You Jiangnan Township Trial Case.

In the Ming Dynasty, the punishment for imperial examination cases was generally lighter. At most, the examiner will be tortured, spanked with a board, and then demoted, and no one will die, and the candidates who take the exam will have their results invalidated and will take the exam again after three years. In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, the officialdom was dark, corruption became a common practice, and the fraud in the imperial examination was not strange for a long time, and this bad atmosphere continued to the Shunzhi period, Shunzhi ascended the throne at the age of six, and was the first emperor after the Qing army entered the customs, the child was too young, and his uncle Wang Dolgon was regent. The imperial examination system was restored, but Dolgon was busy conquering the whole country, suppressing rebellions, soldiers, national affairs, the land of death and life, the way of survival, and what is the examination! At that time, the rulers didn't care, they didn't have time, they couldn't be busy. Impersonation and favoritism in the examination room are more serious than in the last years of the Ming Dynasty, and the examiners are too good.

A few years ago, the army was in chaos, and the Shunzhi Emperor was small, so the imperial examination was carried out, and after the Shunzhi pro-government, while continuing to play the imperial examination, he had to settle a lot of things, and the examiners saw that the emperor wanted to select and win over the Han people to rule more Han people, and bullied the emperor as a novice who did not understand the mystery at all, so he was even more unscrupulous. The first case was the case of the Beiqiu Imperial Examination, and something happened to the township examination held in Shuntianfu, Beijing.

The chief examiners Li Zhenye, Zhang Ipu, and others openly accepted bribes from Lu Yiji, Dr. Cai Yuanyi, and Jinshi Xiang Shaofang, and all the children of the three grades and above of the Beijing official were admitted, and public power became a tool for the examiners to seek personal gain and make contacts. As the saying goes, "the rich and the powerful are bullied", the rich are not as good as the powerful, the small officials are not as good as the powerful, and if you spend money and have no quota, you can't pass the exam. So after the list was released, there was a lot of discussion, and those who were really talented and did not get admitted and those who spent unjustly spent money and no quota all shouted unjust complaints.

Especially those who spent unjustly money, they had some capital and some channels, so they continued to petition and succeeded. In the matter, Ren Kepu was on the Shunzhi Emperor to expose the matter, the investigation was true, Shunzhi Longyan was furious, Li Zhenye, Zhang Ipu, Cai Yuanyi, Lu Yiji, Xiang Shaofang, Tian Yunsi, Wu Zuolin, who were illegally raised in the examination, were sentenced to be executed, the death penalty was executed immediately, there was no room for relaxation, their family property was confiscated, and their parents, brothers and wives were exiled to Shangyang Fort, which is near the current Tieling Ivory Mountain Scenic Area.

In order to ensure the fairness and impartiality of the scientific examination, and prevent the candidates from cheating and the corruption of the examiners, according to the "Great Qing Dynasty Laws", once discovered, the criminal should be displayed on the street for three months, and then sent to the border areas to fill the army. If the criminal carries more than 100 catties of shackles, the whole shackle made of wooden planks is very large, unable to stand, too heavy, too squatting, too long, let alone lying down, heavy shackles, the criminal will not live for a few days.

Emperor Shunzhi killed several people in one go, and since he was severely punished, he felt that he should investigate to the end and use the lesson of blood to prevent this kind of incident from happening, so he ordered the Ministry of Rites to recruit those who were raised in the Shuntianfu Township Examination back to Beijing for a re-examination, and they were not allowed to be absent. The time and questions of the re-examination are all determined by the emperor. After the New Year, on the 17th day of the first month, a re-examination was held in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. On April 23, Emperor Shunzhi personally interrogated in Taihemen, and after reprimanding the 25 people who should have been executed a few days ago, they each beat 40 boards, exiled Shangyang Fort, and were able to go to Tieling Ivory Mountain for permanent tourism, which was already regarded as an extrajudicial grace. Emperor Shunzhi also released cruel words, saying that from now on, the examiners and candidates will give me honesty, and if there are similar incidents, see how I clean you up!

Just over half a year later, there was a major case of the Nanfu Imperial Examination. After the "Nanfu" was released, there were 120 people in the middle of the lift, many of whom were Jiangnan celebrities, but many of them were obtained by bribing the examiners. Half a year ago, the criminals in the "Beiqiu" imperial examination case were severely punished, which greatly encouraged the students in Jiangnan and caused a "mass incident." When the results were announced, some candidates who failed the list stopped the examiner and scolded them angrily. The students who failed to make the list were furious and gathered in front of the Jiangnan Gongyuan to shout grievances. Someone also posted a "big-character poster" on the door: "Kong Fang tried to join the god of money, and the question was first divided into rich and poor (alluding to the examination of the official You and Qian Kaizong), and one person rewrote the two big characters of "Gongyuan" as "sold out" (sold out). The word "tribute" added a "four" in the middle, which was rewritten as "賣" (the traditional character of the word for sale); The word "courtyard" is pasted with paper, and "阝" becomes the word "finish". The Tribute Academy, which satirically selects talents, has turned out to be a shop stall for money transactions. When the two examiners returned from the examination, the boat passed through Changzhou and Suzhou, and a large number of scholars chased the boat and cursed, and even threw bricks and tiles at the boat.

This was reported to the emperor by the supervision officials, and he participated in the Jiangnan Township trial fraud and the "Beifu" Township Examination case, and Emperor Shunzhi's anger did not subside, and now he heard the news again, which added fuel to the fire. In this Ding You Jiangnan Township Examination, the examiner was Fang You, a waiter of the Hanlin Academy, who accompanied the emperor or the prince to study, and was the emperor's adviser. The deputy examiner is the Hanlin Academy to review Qian Kaizong. When Fang You went to Jiangnan to take the main exam, Shunzhi personally instructed him to select talents for the country and take strict exams, and now that such a thing has happened, it is extremely hateful. Shunzhi ordered all the examiners who presided over the "Nanqiu" imperial examination to be tied up and escorted to the capital.

Soon a legendary novel appeared in the Jiangning bookstore, called "The Story of Ten Thousand Gold", which uses the square word to go to one point as ten thousand, and the word money to the side as gold, alluding to Fang and Qian Er's main exams, describing the ugliness of "ten thousand" and "gold" two main exams secretly connecting joints and accepting bribes. The famous opera artist You Tong wrote another script "Jun Tianle", which bitterly ridiculed the examiner Hu Tu (confused), suppressed the student Shen Bai, who was really talented and learned, and named Jia Siwen (fake Siwen), Cheng Buzheng (Cheng Buzheng) and Wei Wuzhi (ghost ignorance) who did not learn and did not know how to learn. The script of "Jun Tianle" has been circulated to Beijing, and it has caused a storm in the city, and Emperor Shunzhi has added anger.

After the New Year, the re-examination was held in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, and all the lifters in the "Nanqiu" imperial examination participated in the examination, and they were not allowed to be absent, this time each lifter was wearing shackles, and the officers and soldiers of the guard barracks were monitored with knives, and they were heavily guarded, not like the examination room like the execution ground! Students in the south have relatively thin clothes, in the first month, Beijing is cold, answering exam papers in the cold wind, and there are soldiers holding knives next to them, and some people are cold, afraid, and nervous and shivering and can't write. As a result, only Wu Keming was excellent in the three tests, ranked first in the text, and took a solution to the test. More than 70 people have been allowed to take part in the next examination in three years, and more than 10 people have been exempted from their status as lifters and suspended from taking scientific examinations, that is, they will not be allowed to apply for civil service examinations for several years, and more than 20 people have been exempted from their status as lifters and stopped taking scientific examinations, that is, they will not be allowed to apply for civil service examinations for life.

From the arrest of the examiner of the "Nanqiu" imperial examination to the final conclusion of the case on November 28, the trial took a long time, and Shunzhi issued an edict to the Criminal Department: Fang You and Qian Kaizong were decided, and the wife's property registration was not entered into the official, and after the house was raided, the wife, children, and concubines were all demoted to official slaves. The rest of Ye Chuhuai and other "Nanfu" examiners were all 18 (one of whom had died of illness) was immediately hanged, and his wife's property was confiscated into the official. The hanging is better, and the whole corpse is obtained, and the beheading is the death without the whole corpse. Fang Zhangyue and other eight people cheated on the new people, each played 40 big boards, the family property was not in the official, the parents and wife were exiled to Ningguta, which is now a little south of Mudanjiang City in Northeast China, and now life is good, you go to the Snow Township Forest Park to travel, see thousands of miles of ice, live in a farmhouse fire kang, eat Wuchang rice and mountain delicacies, and also comment on "I Read Dream of Red Mansions". In the past, it was a bitter cold place, where capital sins could be avoided, living sins could not be escaped, and people were allowed to live and suffer sins.

In this imperial examination case, there was also an episode, the famous Jiangnan celebrity Wu Zhaoqian handed in a blank scroll. Usually, everyone thinks that his articles are "amazingly talented", but this time the emperor tried it himself, and he handed in a blank paper, and public opinion was in an uproar. Some people say that he was frightened, cold, and afraid, and so frightened that he forgot to write a pen. Some people also say that he is arrogant and arrogant, deliberately showing off, trying to attract the emperor's attention.

In fact, it was Wu Zhaoqian who saw that the examination room was like an execution ground at that time, insulting Sven, and he was full of emotion, threw the pen away, and said: "Will I, Wu Zhaoqian, pay bribes because of the exam?" The tone and attitude are very high, putting on a posture of "this official is not appropriate". This angered Emperor Shunzhi, and you don't want to give you the opportunity to retest, do you think you can be famous? Look down on the imperial examination as an official, and send you to Ningguta to be a soldier! When Wu Zhaoqian was leaving, his friends Gu Zhenguan, Wu Meicun, Xu Qianxue and others in Beijing came to see him off, and Wu Meicun also wrote a long poem "Sad Song for Wu Jizi" to send him on the road. Gu Zhenguan is a descendant of Gu Xiancheng, the founder of Donglin Academy, and this Wu Meicun has been verified by some researchers as the original creator of "A Dream of Red Mansions", and Cao Xueqin is a later processing and organizer.

Exiled for more than 20 years, Wu Zhaoqian's poetry flourished, wrote many sad and generous poems and tear-jerking letters, Gu Zhenguan coincidentally entered the family of the powerful minister Nalan Mingzhu as a tutor, and became friends with Nalan Rongruo, the eldest son of Mingzhu, who was the first poet of the Qing Dynasty. In the cultural circle, Nalan is much more famous than his father, "If life is only as it is first seen, what is the autumn wind and sad fan." "One generation and one couple in a lifetime, fighting for two ecstasies." "Who reads the west wind and is cool alone? Xiao Xiao Huang Ye closed the window. Contemplating the past and setting up the remnant sun. was shocked by the wine, and the gambling books were consumed with the fragrance of tea. At that time, it was just ordinary. "A trip to the mountain, a trip to the water, and a trip to the side of Yuguan." A thousand tent lights in the middle of the night. The wind is more, the snow is more, and the dream of the broken hometown cannot be realized. There was no such sound in the old garden. "There are too many familiar Nalan words! Nalan Xingde learned about the great poet Wu Zhaoqian through Gu Zhenguan, and he was sorry for the literati, and the literati loved the literati, so he asked his father to intercede with Emperor Kangxi, and spent money to redeem Wu Zhaoqian.

In addition to Jiangnan and Beijing, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi were implicated. The officials who were not examiners, such as Shang Shu and Shilang of the Criminal Department who tried the case, were also severely punished. The wide range of involvement, the number of people involved, and the great shock to the whole country are rare in the more than 200-year history of the Qing Dynasty.

So I think it's a response to the sentence in the text, "So one after another, five after another, burned a street like a mountain of flames." The criticism said: "Write the real disease of Nanzhi's summoning disaster." "If there is really a historical event, it should be the case of Ding Younan's imperial examination. From the Beijing case to the Jiangnan incident, the successive occurrence of scientific examination cases can be described as "one after another"; examiners were executed, their homes were raided, their relatives were sent into slavery, people in the new imperial examinations were removed from their fame, their homes were confiscated, and their entire families were exiled, famous literati were innocently implicated, and judges hearing cases were also trapped. "The real disease of Nanzhi summoning trouble" is fully embodied in the "Ding Youke Case".