Chapter 750: The Unification of the Theory of Strong Nuclear Force and Electroweakness (2)

Hearing Witten's curious inquiry, Xu Chuan smiled and said lightly: "If I say that CRHPC will definitely take the lead in perfecting the data of inert neutrinos, do you believe it?" ”

Even if CERN completed the LHC upgrade first, he was not very worried that the discovery of inert neutrinos and warm dark matter would be snatched away.

Even if he had traded out the calculation method of physical particles in the high-energy field through the condition that China entered the CERN and became a member of the country.

He is not worried that CERN will get this result first.

After all, for the observation of dark matter, what is needed is not only a powerful collider, but also a micro-charge dark matter model and an effect field theory dark matter model.

These things were made by himself in his previous life based on LH-LHC collision data, and if CERN wanted to go down this path, it would need a large number of Higgs cases to accurately measure the relevant data and analyze it further.

This step took him more than a year at the beginning, and even if CERN researchers and engineers could work together to complete the work, it would take them at least half a year to complete the relevant theoretical models.

On the phone, hearing Xu Chuan's confident answer, Witten smiled and said, "It seems that you know far more about inert neutrinos and dark matter than you imagined. ”

Xu Chuan shook his head and said, "No." ”

On the phone, Witten asked with a frown.

Xu Chuan didn't care, nodded, and said: "Professor Higgs sent me a manuscript a few days ago, which contains some ideas for the unification of strong nuclear force and weak theory, integrating my own previous thinking on the unification of strong electricity, and I am currently integrating it. ”

"Are you researching the unification of strong electricity? Is there any progress? Coming back to his senses, Witten couldn't help but swallow his air dryly, and asked quickly with a burning sensation in his throat.

He is responsible for physics + part of mathematics, and Deligne is responsible for part of the calculation of mathematics.

To explain this problem, we need to understand the three theories of the Higgs mechanism, strong interactions, and quantum chromodynamics.

As for Edward Witten, he was not worried about his ideas being spoofed.

"For the strong nuclear force, how to invalidate the quark confinement effect between the atomic nuclei is the key to unifying the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness, which is also the calculation of the spontaneous breaking energy level of symmetry."

Since the Young-Mills existential and mass gap problem was solved, he and Pierre Deligne have joined forces to work on the unified theory of strong electricity.

Xu Chuan thought for a while and said, "Yes, there is indeed a point, but there are still a few points ahead that I don't know." ”

Taking a deep breath and trembling slightly, Witten couldn't help but ask, "Can you tell me about it?" ”

“.”

Today's mathematical ability is enough for him, and his research on mathematics has slowed down a lot.

It's hard not to wonder if his energy and attention are still on the Riemann hypothesis.

Witten nodded, and didn't ask any more questions.

The question of what exactly is the origin of mass is a difficult question that physicists have been pondering since the emergence of physics.

"What you mean is that in a universe made of clear matter, the mass created by the symmetry break of the Higgs mechanism may account for more than 80% of the total mass. And the remaining 20% of the mass is caused by the chiral symmetry of quarks? ”

The answer may be right in front of you, and I'm afraid no physicist can resist it.

The proof paper of the weak Riemann conjecture has landed in the "Annals of Mathematics", the crown of analytic number theory, and if you want to say who has the most hope of plucking it off the Everest of mathematics, it is probably Xu Chuan.

After chatting a few words, Witten subconsciously asked, "Are you still studying the Riemann hypothesis?" ”

In fact, since the proof of the weak Riemann conjecture was completed, or the Young-Mills existential and mass gap problem was completed, his energy was not focused on mathematics.

Since the two sides have already carried out exploration and research in this field, especially with him as a student, it is estimated that in a few years at most, dark matter detection will have results.

But since the Riemann conjecture came out in the second half of last year, almost half a year has passed now, and in the intervening time, Xu Chuan went to the field of chemistry to toss, and also came up with a quantum theory paper on electrochemical microscopic solid reactions.

But as a physicist, the unified theory of strong electricity has a fatal temptation for him.

Although he is also curious about the student's achievements in the theoretical speculation of dark matter, the detection of inert neutrinos and dark matter is the key core of the current wrestling between CPHPC and CERN in Europe, so it is better not to embarrass Xu Chuan.

If you can't explain the problems logically and consistently, you will inevitably encounter doubts from others.

Not only because Witten is his mentor, but also because this kind of theoretical thing, even if it is stolen, needs to face questions from scholars all over the world.

After all, the purpose of his deep study of mathematics is to help him break the ceiling of physics.

If he was from a competitor's point of view, he shouldn't have asked the question.

Xu Chuan said with a smile: "Some theoretical speculations still need to be verified after the construction of the CRHPC ring collider is completed." ”

"Because we can't find the symmetry of the hadron spontaneously breaking the energy level, nor can we find a coupling constant, we can make the particles corresponding to these fields interact with each other under the mathematical system to complete the unification."

But so far, neither of them has been able to complete the job.

"In the Standard Model, although the strong force is theoretically unified with the other two forces, in practice it is not really unified like the weak electricity, it is just a patchwork of them."

In the study, Xu Chuan methodically explained his idea of unifying strong electricity.

Hearing this goal, on the other side of the phone, Witten was stunned for a moment, and his breathing became a little heavier.

After a slight pause, he looked at the manuscript paper on his desk, reached out and flipped to the first page, and continued.

"It may help me to move a little further in the unification of the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness."

Xu Chuan glanced at the manuscript paper on the desktop, and subconsciously said in a trance: "The mathematical unity of the theory of strong and weak electricity. ”

This idea can be said to be almost contrary to the current mainstream view in the physics community.

"So what are you working on now? Chemistry? Witten asked curiously.

Waiting a few years is not a big deal for scholars like them.

Based on current observations, matter in the universe can be divided into two categories: ordinary matter and dark matter.

Dark matter aside, human observations of it are almost none.

What is the main source of mass of ordinary matter is the direction that physicists have been exploring.

In the current physics community, the mainstream theory of the source of mass is the combination of the Higgs mechanism and strong interactions.

As we all know, the mass of visible matter in the universe is mainly concentrated in the nucleons in it. Nucleons include protons and neutrons, and the nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons, protons have a positive charge, and neutrons are not charged.

According to the quark model, protons are made up of two U quarks and one d quark, while neutrons are made up of one U quark (upper quark) and two d quarks (lower quarks).

After the construction of the collider, physicists found that the masses of u quarks and d quarks were 3 MeV and 5 MeV, respectively.

This is in contradiction with the standard model requirement that fermions have no mass.

In order to explain the discrepancy between theory and experiment, Professor Higgs proposed the famous Higgs mechanism, introducing the Higgs particle, a 'God particle'.

In the theory, the interaction of the Higgs particle with the fermion gives the fermion extra mass.

In 2012, the Higgs particle was discovered at the Particle Collider, which proved the correctness of the Higgs mechanism.

However, according to experimental data, the interaction of the Higgs particle with the fermion gives the fermion an extra mass, which accounts for only five percent of the protons.

The remaining 95% comes from the interaction of quarks and gluons and their respective motions.

In other words, energy and mass are interchangeable, which is the basis of Einstein's special theory of relativity in 1905.

This is known as quantum chromodynamics and strong interactions.

Knowing these three points, it is clear that 5 percent of the mass comes from the Higgs mechanism, and the remaining 95 percent comes from strong interactions.

(To put it simply, the true source of quality is more complicated than that.) ）

However, judging from the explanations and speculations in Xu Chuan's phone call, the source of quality is contrary to this theory, if not completely opposite, and not far away.

He actually thinks that the mass created by the symmetry break of the Higgs mechanism may account for more than 80% of the total mass. The remaining 20% of the mass comes from strong interactions.

Xu Chuan shook his head and said, "No, it's not a big problem for the observable quality source to quote the current mainstream mechanism. ”

"But to fully explain the origin of mass, a different concept needs to be introduced."

Witten: "What's the concept?" ”

Xu Chuan smiled and said lightly: "Void! ”

"The Void?" Witten frowned and asked in surprise.

"Yes, the Void."

Xu Chuan nodded and continued: "Mass originates from the void, and the Higgs field also originates from the void, and when the void is broken, through the evolution of symmetry, one part of the gap is the Higgs field, and the other part is broken in another unknown field. ”

"Personally, I would like to believe that the field break in this position will form what we know as dark matter and dark energy. Of course, this is speculation, so let's not mention it for now. ”

"As for the origin of mass, in my speculation, the Higgs field formed by the void break will give mass to the particles interacting with it when it undergoes a spontaneous symmetry break."

"Some of these particles are coupled to the Higgs field and feel the drag or drag generated by the Higgs field to gain mass, while some particles are not coupled to the Higgs field and remain massless."

"This is the current mainstream view, but we still don't have any reasonable explanation for the source of energy for strong interactions."

"So here I introduced the concept of the void field, forming a strong quark and gluons when they form protons and neutrons, and when the gluons interact, they will break the void field and obtain energy from the void field, or simply produce new gluons, and then continue to maintain and produce strong interactions."

"And this part of the energy source will not be taken into account when we do the mass calculation in the ordinary way, because the essence of the void field is zero."

"But theoretically, this part of the energy cannot be ignored."

(Something made up randomly,Let's have fun (ov)ノ)

Listening to Xu Chuan's explanation, Witten frowned and continued to ask: "You mean, the excited states of baryon and meson originate from the breaking effect of gluon and void field?" ”

Xu Chuan nodded and said, "Theoretically, that's the case." ”

Witten: "But how do you verify it?" ”

Xu Chuan smiled confidently and said, "After the construction of the CRHPC collider is completed, after the exploration of inert neutrinos and dark matter is completed, special detection tools will be activated. ”

"At that time, I will verify the quark confinement effect in protons and the chiral symmetry breaking of positive and negative quarks through higher-capacity single-proton collision work."

"If my theory is correct, then in a high-energy collision, we should be able to observe the energy reaction between the gluon produced during the quark pairing process and the breaking effect of the void field."

"Being able to observe this is enough to test my theory."

Witten breathed a long sigh of relief and said, "I will definitely pass by then." ”

After saying a word, he was suddenly stunned for a moment, as if he remembered something.

The pair of dark green pupils under the black-framed glasses suddenly contracted, Witten's eyes condensed, and after reacting, he quickly said: "This is not the unified theory of strong electricity!" ”

Xu Chuan smiled and said, "Yes, it is not the unified theory of strong electricity, the unified theory of strong electricity is only a part of it, and it is included in the theory of the void field." ”

"But I think I still have a long way to go to perfect the Void Field Theory. At present, it is my job to complete the mathematical unification of the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness. ”

"It's also a very difficult thing to do, and I'm just starting to have some ideas for this work."

"Thanks to the manuscript left to me by Professor Higgs, I was able to try to solve this problem through the Higgs mechanism and the quark free progressive perspective, but how to find the coupling constant and the strong spontaneous breaking energy level is still difficult to do."

Hearing this, Witten was in a trance, and was silent on the phone for a long time, until Xu Chuan's inquiry voice reacted.

"Mentor? Are you still there? ”

Hearing Xu Chuan's voice, Witten suddenly shook his head, came back to his senses, took a deep breath and said: "Regarding the unified theory of strong electricity, in fact, when you solved the existential and qualitative problem of Yang Mills three years ago, Professor Deligne and I had already begun to delve into this problem. ”

"Before calling you today, although we haven't solved it yet, we have found some way out of this problem, I will send you all these things by email, at least in the completion of the strong electricity unification part, it should be of some help to you"

Before Witten's words fell, Xu Chuan hurriedly said: "Wait, mentor, this is your research results, I can't ask for it!" ”

Listening to Professor Witten's meaning, it is obvious that it is completely different from his previous explanation of the idea and theory of the unification of strong electricity, and Witten wants to give him the research of the two of them, the complete kind, to help him complete the rest of the work.

Witten smiled and said, "Don't be in a hurry to refuse, I'm sure Deligne will definitely agree with my idea." ”

"Also, I have a request."

After a slight pause, he continued, "I hope you can complete the Void Field Theory within ten years, and."

"Confirm it!"

Smiling, Witten added over the phone: "Ten years, I think I can still wait." More distantly, I probably won't be able to see it. ”

"So I hope to be able to see it while I'm still alive."

"I'll admit that ten years to get this job done is going to be tough and it's going to put a lot of pressure on you. But if I can, let me be selfish, I want to be able to see it appear before I leave this world. ”

PS: The unified theory of strong and weak electricity involves a very important new technology in the back, plus some inheritance plots of the old generation and the new generation, so there are more scenes, but the next chapter should be completed.