In the study, Xu Chuan moved the mouse and opened his mailbox.

An email from across the Atlantic was lying quietly inside.

It was sent by Edward Witten, and it is also the research result of his and Deligne's joint efforts in the past three years on the problem of unifying the theory of strong nuclear force and weak electricity.

Although Witten said that they are still quite far away in the theory of strong electricity unification, they have almost reached the end of this road, and it is difficult to further deduce.

But the theory that two Fields Medal winners, two tenured professors at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, work together is invaluable to any scholar who is working on the same problem.

After taking a deep breath and expelling the turbidity in his chest, Xu Chuan downloaded the paper in the email.

Research on Unified Field Theory of Strong Electricity Based on the Principle of Scale and Gauge Invariance

"Refinement of the Standard Model—Derivation of the Great Unified Node, Normalization of the Mass Coupling Constant, and Handling of Simple Particle Magnetic Moment Anomaly."

Clicking on the paper, the title and description came into his eyes.

This is only half of the unified theory of weak electricity.

As for how to mathematically unify the strong nuclear force with the theory of weak electricity, the current main research direction of the research path is the one studied by Witten and Deligne, which is derived from the scale theory and the gauge theory.

This makes it possible to obtain all possible forms of interaction.

Xu Chuan did not let go of any character, and carefully read this 'inherited' paper.

Whether it's generalizing it to the quark part and the full three generations of fermions, it's relatively easy to do.

Through the first generation of fermions, the electroweak unified theory of the lepton part is established, and the tension quantity of the free field is transformed after the electromagnetic interaction.

These three steps of derivation are relatively easy for scholars who have a certain degree of research in particle physics.

In the unification of the three forces of strong and weak electricity, countless physicists and mathematicians have followed one after another, accumulating little by little, confirming the forms of various interactions little by little, perfecting the Higgs mechanism little by little, breaking the spontaneous symmetry, and particle-coupling.

Because all of the above generalizations are based on the case that the particles are massless.

But!

The first step is to write down the tension quantity of the free field and find the global symmetry it has.

This is the complete unified theory of weak current.

In particular, it was not until 1983, at the end of the twentieth century, that it was confirmed experimentally.

Doesn't that sound simple?

However, it took more than half a century of theoretical physics to turn these theories into formulas.

Therefore, after completing this half of the unified theory of weak electricity, it is necessary to introduce the Higgs mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking to give mass to elementary particles.

Take the expression of electromagnetic interaction in the electroweak unified theory as an example.

Subsequently, the global symmetry is localized, the ordinary partial derivative is replaced by the covariant derivative, four gauge fields are introduced, and the interaction terms of the fermion field and the gauge field are given

To put it simply, the whole process can be broken down into three steps.

The difficulty of unifying electromagnetic forces and weak interaction forces alone is enormous, not to mention the strong interaction and gravitational force that follows.

In the third step, the complete normalized pull quantity is written out, and the kinetic energy term and the interaction term are separated.

Experiments have shown that except for a very small number of particles such as photons, most of the particles themselves have mass.

The second step is to localize the global symmetry and introduce the gauge field.

Flipping through the research of the two mentors, Xu Chuan drew the knowledge and theories he needed.

The EW theory is used to deduce the three most important parameters of the large unified node, namely the weak current coupling strength, the high-quality particle mass and the weak-strong coupling strength, and then it is proved that the three microscopic forces are unified under the mass of high-quality particles, and the standard model closed-loop is realized."

"This is a very good idea, but how to construct the Lagrangian quantity after unification is the first problem to be solved."

Looking at the paper, Xu Chuan muttered softly to himself.

As for the theories and ideas in the paper, with his current gaze, it is obvious that he can find the core problem with a sharp point.

He didn't believe that the two of them would get stuck in the first step, and if that were, Witten probably wouldn't have sent him the paper.

Soon, the continuation of the thesis confirmed his judgment.

Interestingly, here they cite the more basic symmetry of supersymmetry theory, stirring fermions and bosons together, and combining Klein-Gordon and Dirac Lagrange as invariant."

"If this is the case, it can be extended to construct a homogeneous Klein-Gordon Lagrangian feature to a large extent, but only for massless particles here, and it will need to be processed later"

The light in the study was warm, the moonlight outside the window was bright, Xu Chuan flipped through the papers presented to him by the two tutors, muttering and deducing unconsciously.

From his point of view, for the unification of strong electricity, Witten and Deligne have not yet finished the work. But there is no doubt that they have come a long way on this road.

They constructed a unified Lagrangian quantity containing all elementary particles, using the Klein-Gordon Lagrangian quantity, the final vacuum expectation value to the equation for the conservation of mass between elementary particles, and introduced the mass coupling constant and the determination of the effect of effective mass on the magnetic moment anomaly.

Although there are still many problems in this paper.

For example, how to calculate and confirm the proton magnetic moment anomaly based on the accurate calculation of the conservation of isospins;

For example, how to explain the combination of strong and weak interactions that lead to deuterium magnetic moment anomalies;

Or for the influence of a single weak interaction and the combined effect of weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction, how to give a scheme to find the lepton magnetic moment anomaly, etc.

These are all issues that need to be addressed in the future.

However, it is no exaggeration to say that if these theories and concepts are compiled into papers and made public, there is no doubt that they will be a major earthquake for the theoretical physics community.

If these theories are confirmed by the collider after the upgrade or construction of the CERN or CPRHC is completed, the work that has been done in these theories may not be impossible for the two to win a Nobel Prize in their lifetimes.

After all, the unified theory of strong electricity is the greatest crown in physics today.

However, just a few hours earlier, Witten and Deligne had chosen to give him the result to help him unify the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness.

At his desk, the posthumous manuscripts from Professor Higgs and the research from the two mentors, Witten and Deligne, were like fragments that formed the key that opened the door to the unity of the powerful electricity.

Although neither is perfect, and many places are just theories or speculations, for Xu Chuan, this is enough.

It was enough to help him save countless hours on the road of unifying strong electricity.

In the study, Xu Chuan focused all his energy on the white manuscript paper in front of him.

The ballpoint pen in his hand glides smoothly across the paper, leaving wonderful characters one by one, as if every stroke is a poem, and every word is a bright star, lighting up the whole world.

In the days when he studied the unification of the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness, his world was reduced to this small villa and the countless formulas and theories displayed on manuscript paper.

Xu Chuan was immersed in the study of the unification of strong electricity, and the days passed like this day by day, and more than a month passed.

Although for him, it is not a matter of spending a month, two months, or even half a year or more to devote himself to a certain problem.

But for people outside, such a long period of 'disappearance' inevitably makes people a little worried and anxious.

At the foot of the Purple Mountain, the weather in mid-May is unpredictable, the morning is still sunny, and it will already be raining at noon.

In another small villa in the villa complex near Xuchuan Villa.

Zheng Hai walked out of the room with a towel on his shoulder, his hair half dry and half wet, and a cigarette in his mouth.

Tang Sijia, who was looking at the book under the verandah, frowned, sniffled, and couldn't help but say, "What are you doing without taking a shower after the training?" ”

Zheng Hai shrugged his shoulders, consciously stayed away from her, sat directly on the verandah, and replied casually: "I'll go after smoking this one." ”

Xu Chuan retreated and studied, nesting in the villa and not going out. For him, the day-to-day security and driver work can be said to be almost completely idle.

In addition to the daily patrol and inspection, I sweat like rain in the exercise room to hone my 'force' and maintain my physical condition.

Tang Sijia glanced at him, saw the cigarette in his hand, and complained: "Smoking after strenuous exercise, you are not afraid of tossing and blowing up your lungs." ”

Zheng Hai smiled, talked about the cigarette ash casually, and said: "Life is just this hobby, it is impossible to smoke all cigarettes, right?" ”

Ignoring Zheng Hai, Tang Sijia closed the books in her hand, looked at the dripping rainstorm outside with some concern, and said, "It's been more than a month, why hasn't the professor come out yet?" ”

"With the problem solved, he naturally came out. It hasn't come out yet, so it must be that the problem hasn't been solved yet. Zheng Hai said habitually.

"But he has missed the physical examination in the first quarter of this year for more than half a month."

Tang Sijia frowned and said: "And he doesn't go out in the villa like this, whether it is sitting for a long time or thinking for a long time, it is a lot of pressure on the body." ”

"If something happens, shall we go in and take a look? At least you have to know about his physical condition first, right? ”

Zheng Hai glanced at her and said, "I advise you not to do this kind of thing while he is concentrating on research, if you interrupt his research, you will probably be able to make a name for yourself." ”

"And for such a thing as a physical examination, it won't be too much of a problem to delay it for a month or two."

Hearing this, Tang Sijia's lips opened, and she glanced at Xu Chuan's villa and stopped talking.

Although I am worried about the physical condition of this lord, if I really interrupt his research or train of thought as Zheng Hai said, I will probably be able to 'leave a name in history'.

When Zheng Hai and Tang Sijia were chatting, in the study room of the villa, Xu Chuan's work on the unification of the theory of strong nuclear force and weak electricity also came to the last moment.

Although the research process was not as smooth as he expected, he was still confident in the final result.

If the unified theory of strong electricity is compared to a labyrinth, then he is only one or two corners away from the exit of the labyrinth, and it is only a matter of time before he finds the right way out.

The results of the anomaly magnetic moment anomaly of the octet state can be obtained by applying the Calabi angle tool to the effective mass change of the quark. This allows us to refine the physical meaning of the CKM matrix by using different experimental data from hadron decay, obtaining the unity of the MNS matrix and the CKM matrix. ”

That is: [COSθc=2m^mag-P_d-M^mag-N_d/M^mag-P_d+1/4∑jk(Mm^mag-J_d-M^mag· K_d)】

"From the point of view of decay, both have the same structure and follow the same conservation of weak isospin, and the difference before and after is the difference between quarks and neutrinos."

In the study, staring at the manuscript paper on the desk, Xu Chuan, whose hair and beard were messy, had a bright light in his eyes, and his mouth was softly muttering.

"Based on supersymmetric transformations, the mass of scalar particles does not break the gauge symmetry, and their values cannot be determined by symmetry."

"In the color superconducting state, the quarks of the color anti triplet form Cooper pairs in momentum space, and Cooper pairs are in

Coordinate space is a loosely bound state of long-range associativity. ”

"Moreover, with the decrease of the baryon number density, the attraction interaction of the quark pairs of the color reversal triplet is enhanced, and the quark pairs will gradually form a bound state in the true sense, and the quark pairs will also have an attraction interaction with the quarks with opposite colors to form baryons."

On the basis of symmetry breaking, the three coupling constants of strong, weak and electromagnetic are unified at the energy level of 10^15GeV at the mass of Higgs, while the unified coupling constant of electroweak is 10^12GeV and the strong coupling constant is ."

"To sum up: the unification of the theory of strong nuclear force and electroweakness is mathematically complete!"

The ballpoint pen in his hand stopped, and Xu Chuan gently picked up the thick stack of scratch paper on the table.

After two generations of efforts, in the Higgs, Witten, Deligne, Schwinger, South. On the foundation laid by countless forerunners, his theory of the unification of strong electricity has finally been completed!

This is not the result of him alone, but the glory of countless people working together.

Looking at the paper in his hand, the corners of Xu Chuan's mouth gradually hooked up a satisfied smile.

He remembered Professor Higgs's posthumous manuscript, and Witten's unwavering commitment to leaving it to him, just so that he could see the more distant world.

Perhaps, this is the meaning of the existence of civilization.

Everyone is trying to live their short life, leaving all the achievements to future generations to inherit and learn. Later generations will also grow on the basis of their predecessors and look up to the mysterious and unknown world.

Human beings are growing up so slowly and repeatedly.

It's really remarkable!

PY Trading This Big Guy's Book

Title: "The Old Objects I Repaired Have Become Fine"

Introduction:

Can my puppet dance?

Will the ink fountain I repair command the saw to see the wood?

The oil lamp I repaired will make all the lights in the room flicker?

The doll's house I built, the dolls run around every day, organize all kinds of performances?

No, the old things I repaired, why are they all refined one by one?!

Shen Le, a graduate student majoring in cultural relics restoration at University B, said he was very panicked. If you continue like this, I won't dare to touch this major!

Who knows what the bronze tripod dances like......