Last time, I talked about the "cooperative relationship" between the Ming Dynasty and Franco, and it also showed that only by developing foreign trade and making more money and engaging in armaments can we be strong.

The Ming Dynasty, under the premise that "sovereignty is mine", leased Macau to the Portuguese. This is a real rental, after all, both parties had "business needs" at that time.

Only 500 taels of silver were collected every year, and it was stipulated that the Portuguese needed to come to the local county government to pay rent on a quarterly basis, which was the rule of the Ming Dynasty government. The real invasion of Macao by Portugal actually occurred in 1887 when the Qing Dynasty and Portugal signed the "Lisbon Draft", which stipulated that Macao was ceded to Portugal, that is, the Qing Dynasty lost its support to Macao. But before that, Macau was considered a leased land, because the Chinese side had to collect rent.

From the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty to the second year of Jiajing (1523), the Portuguese had already appeared in the waters of Guangdong, but after being expelled by the Ming Dynasty sailors, the Portuguese had no choice but to march to the southeast sea. Therefore, in the first 20 years of the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there were basically no Portuguese on the coast of Guangdong.

In the twenty-seventh year of Jiajing (1547) and the twenty-eighth year (1548), under the leadership of Zhu Kun, the governor of Zhejiang and the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang coastal defense military affairs, the Ming army not only achieved the "Shuangyu Great Victory" and the "Zoumaxi Great Victory", but also through these two battles against the Portuguese colonists, the Ming army expelled the Portuguese back to the waters of Guangdong. It shows that the Portuguese were held to death by the Ming Dynasty.

Macao was occupied by the Portuguese in the 32nd year of Jiajing (1553). The story recorded in the "Guangdong Tongzhi" is: Francois landed in Macao under the pretext of drying goods, and "Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the sea route, bribed him". In addition, because Chinese merchants and Portuguese smuggled to obtain huge profits, Chinese merchants took the initiative to transport bricks and tiles for the Portuguese. From here, Portuguese settlements began to exist in Macau.

In the Chronicles of Great China, Zeng Dezhao, a Portuguese missionary who came to China during the Wanli period, said: "How did Macao fall into the use of the Portuguese? It was because the Portuguese helped the government to exterminate the pirates, and the government rewarded them for living in Macao. But this statement is a bit nonsense, because the book was written by the Portuguese themselves, and it is certain that they glorify themselves, and it is well known that many of the pirates who engaged in the smuggling trade in Guangdong were actually Portuguese. So his claims are not credible.

It is also said that the Guangdong government of the Ming Dynasty considered that instead of letting pirates spread around, it was better to demarcate the islands and let them stay honest, which would also facilitate the government's monitoring and extermination. Of course, there are other theories, such as that the Portuguese actually bribed the local government to obtain the right to use the island.

At present, there are many islands off the coast of Guangdong, and there are not a few islands that can be inhabited, but among the many islands, only Macao has given the Portuguese the right to use and reside, and the other islands have been recorded as occupied by the Portuguese, but they are all temporary, and the Portuguese themselves left soon after.

This may have been due to the expulsion of the Portuguese colonists from the Cantonese government. However, Macao was very close to the land, and it was also vulnerable to encirclement and suppression by the Guangdong official army, and around the second year of Jiajing, the Ming army in Guangdong had learned the advanced firearms and warships of the Portuguese, and its military superiority was comparable to that of the Portuguese.

Therefore, there is no situation where the Ming army cannot defeat the ghosts and the ghosts occupy them by force. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Portuguese must have been recognized by the Ming Dynasty for their residence in Macao. Judging from the fact that Macao was leased to the Portuguese, the Ming Dynasty leased Macau to the Portuguese was more like a kind of Zhao'an, in order to facilitate the management of the ghosts.

In 1557, the Dongguan Mutiny occurred in Guangdong, and the rebels "reached the provincial capital". The mutiny was finally put down by the deputy commander-in-chief, Tong Kekuan, who mentioned this mutiny in the Ming Dynasty's Xian Bo Lu, because Tang Kekuan invited the Portuguese in Macao to join them in helping to suppress it, and in return, promised to reduce their rent.

This can be seen as Portugal's extension of an olive branch to the Ming Dynasty. Similarly, in 1557, the Zhejiang Japanese were surrounded and suppressed by Hu Zongxian and Qi Jiguang, and the Japanese fled south to Fujian. By 1562, the Japanese invaders captured the city of Xinghua in Fujian, but in 1564, the Ming army cleared the waters of Fujian.

In 1566, the Japanese who fled to Guangdong were also cleared by Yu Dayou and other Ming Dynasty generals. In this way, the Ming coastal area was basically cleaned up. However, if we count from 1523, when the "Ningbo Tribute Incident" caused the unstoppable Japanese trouble, to 1566, the war in the southeast sea lasted for 43 years, and the war against the Japanese has lasted too long, so that the Ming army has long been exhausted, and really does not want to continue the war against Portugal.

It should be noted that the real solution to the problem of Japanese pirates still depends on the change of internal policy of the Ming Dynasty. During this period, the Ming Dynasty began to adopt a flexible and focused strategy of cracking down, turning a blind eye to coastal smugglers, so that the Japanese lost their collaborators and turned to Anfen.

Therefore, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty expected that the same results should be achieved when the strategy against the Japanese was transplanted to the Portuguese issue, and thus the recruitment of the Portuguese appeared. In the History of Early Sino-Portuguese Relations, there is a historical material of the Portuguese that reflects the attitude of the Kingdom of Portugal towards the Ming Dynasty.

In 1554, the King of Portugal wrote to his brother Louis that he mentioned China and made clear three main points in the Portuguese relationship: first, the envoy Sousa sent to China was not to occupy Macao, but to negotiate trade with China; Second, relations with China focus on expanding trade and reducing tariffs.

Third, "Portugal" was renamed "Pudulijia" and no longer called "Franco", thus reducing the hostility of the Chinese. Sousa, mentioned in the letter, was active in China, the South Seas, and India between 1546 and 1571, and was one of the captains of the Portuguese trading fleet with China.

It can be seen from this letter that the change of Portuguese policy towards China, as mentioned earlier, around the second year of Jiajing, the Grape people also went to the waters of Guangdong, but they were committed to colluding with pirates and smuggling trade, and also regarded China as an American barbarian, and were extremely rude to the Chinese, which led to the Sino-Portuguese War.

The Portuguese were still like this in Fujian, Zhejiang and other places, but they were beaten by the Ming Dynasty sailors and sent back to the waters of Guangdong. As a result, the Portuguese finally began to reflect on themselves, and even offered to change their name to "Puduli" to prove that they had severed ties with the pirates of the past.

In fact, the Ming Dynasty had been exhausted by the Japanese problem, and now that the Portuguese had changed their attitude, the Ming Dynasty was happy to cater to them. So, around 1557, the Ming Dynasty began to regard Portugal as a "tributary country", after all, in the eyes of the "Celestial Empire", this is already a great gift, you must know that the Portuguese envoys in the last years of Zhengde also went to Beijing in the hope of trade, and at that time the Beijing Ministry of Rites could only be treated as a tributary of the distant domain.

Because the "ancestral system of the Ming Dynasty" stipulated that those who paid tribute without exchanges would not receive their goods, the Portuguese failed to ask for trade. Now, the Ming officials had regarded the Portuguese in Guangdong as "tributary vassal merchants" and received them as tributary, so they had the legal "status of vassal states". This was actually the beginning of the recruitment of the Portuguese, and the Ming Dynasty wanted to further control the Fangui Lao, so it decided to rent out Macau.

In order to facilitate management and the collection of tariffs, with the acquiescence of the imperial court, the Portuguese were finally able to occupy Macao (leased land) in a bright light. At this time, there was still a dispute within the imperial court (Jiajing Dynasty) about whether Macao could be leased, so the status of Macao was still unresolved, because the previous dynasties had not encountered similar problems, and the imperial court only ordered the local government not to move Macao for the time being, so that Macao was temporarily in the boundary of three irregularities.

In the later period of Jiajing, Pang Shangpeng proposed three strategies for governing Macao. The first strategy was to block the waterway with stone and sand to communicate between the land and Macao, and prevent the feudal ships from sailing arbitrarily, which actually meant that the Portuguese had the right to settle in Macao, but the Ming Dynasty had military jurisdiction and could take back Macao at any time, and if it was not happy, it would not be leased to it;

The second strategy is to burn down the houses of the ghosts and use violence to expel the ghosts; The third policy was to set up a pass between Macao and the land and send commissioners to station, "so that the Chinese are not allowed to trespass and the Yi people are not allowed to leave without permission." In this way, "Macao" actually became a prison, which was convenient for the local government of the Ming Dynasty to administer it.

Around these three points, in the late Jiajing and Longqing periods of the Ming Dynasty, the civil and military officials of the central government of the entire Ming Dynasty fell into repeated arguments, each saying their own reason, nothing more than how to reduce the risk and increase the value, after all, the Portuguese helped the Ming Dynasty to eliminate the Japanese Japanese and suppress the rebellion.

In Histo

IC Macao (History of Macau) said: In 1573, the Portuguese Pedro took the initiative to tell Guangdong Haidao that the Portuguese side was willing to rent 500 taels of silver for an annual rent of Macao, and the matter was reported to the imperial court, which was agreed. As a result, the Portuguese were legally granted the right of residence in Macau.

However, the scholars and doctors of the Ming Dynasty still disagreed with this. Chen Rui, the "Governor of Liangguang" in the early Wanli period, often used the expulsion of "ghost guys" as a threat to make the Portuguese unconditionally obey the orders of the Guangdong government. In the late Wanli period, as the Portuguese consolidated their power in Macao, the de facto "management of Macao" also fell into the hands of the Portuguese. In this way, the debate over whether Macao can be leased has really ended, after all, the raw rice has been cooked and cooked, so it is better to accept it when it is good.

Therefore, the early exchanges between China and Portugal around Macao were always carried out on the basis of China's "sovereignty rests with us", and the premise of maintaining this foundation was that China had an overwhelming advantage over Portugal in terms of military strength. However, in the late Qing Dynasty, due to the "earth-shattering reversal" of the military strength between China and Portugal, this was also the fundamental reason why the "Macao" inherited from the Ming Dynasty was illegally occupied by Portugal.

In the final analysis, the interaction between countries is based on strength, not on economic relations in the full sense of the word (long-term leases). This has been true since ancient times, both in China and abroad. This is why Portugal dared to be so arrogant to the countries of the time, but it had to be submissive to the Ming Dynasty.

The Portuguese colonists were subdued by the Ming Dynasty sailors, and the Portuguese royal family also discovered that the national strength of the Ming Dynasty far surpassed their own, so they did not dare to act rashly!

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