Last time, I talked about the discriminatory "ethnic policy" and cruel "class oppression" of the "Mengyuan court", and finally died within a hundred years, which can be called a "short-lived dynasty".

The "Yuan Dynasty", which was powerful for a while, perished too quickly, and there were no more than two main points. First, the "Yuan Dynasty" implemented a "policy of ethnic discrimination", deliberately dividing people into "four classes" according to their ethnicity, similar to the "caste system" in India (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras), and the largest number of Han Chinese were ranked at the bottom.

The status of the "Nanren" (southern ethnic minority), which must be lower than that of the "Shudras" of the four castes in India, has fallen to the level of the "Dalits", which are the largest in Indian society, and can only live by collecting corpses, digging dung, and prostitution, and are "untouchables".

This is like what we often heard in later generations say that India is a "country of rape", that is to say, "old men" of high castes such as "Brahmins" and "Kshatriyas" can rape women of lower castes such as "Dalits" and even "Shudras" in the streets at will, because they are actually "Dalits" who are "untouchables" and have no human rights and are not protected by law. This is why during the "Yuan Dynasty", the "Han" and "Southern" women were accustomed to "dropping their heads", after all, they did not want to give birth to their enemies!

In fact, when an ethnic minority enters the Central Plains and unifies China, it is normal to try its best to safeguard the interests of its own nation, but if other ethnic groups, especially those with a huge population like the Han nationality, are oppressed urgently, it will be purely self-inflicted, so they will be overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang.

From the name of "Zhu Yuanzhang" changed from "Zhu Chongba" to "Zhu Yuanzhang", we can see the social situation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Because "Zhu Yuanzhang" was born at the bottom, brave and strategic, had a high vision, and had a large pattern, he developed rapidly in the "Red Turban Army", and it did not take long to establish an armed force under his control.

With the "Zhu Family's Army" conquering the east and west, and successively destroying Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng and other surrounding forces, the lineup and combat power of the "Zhu Family's Army" suddenly became stronger. At this time, it coincided with the "Ming Kingdom" and the capital of "Nanjing", and if the supreme commander still called "Zhu Chongba" or "Zhu Baba" and other rustic names, it would not be like a leader.

So, "Zhu Chongba" renamed himself "Zhu Yuanzhang". "Zhu" is homophonic with "诛", which means "to kill"; "Yuan" refers to the "Yuan Dynasty", that is, the "Mengyuan Imperial Court"; "Zhang" is a sharp jade. Therefore, the original meaning of "Zhu Yuanzhang" was to "destroy the original tyranny of the Yuan Dynasty", so as to facilitate propaganda and appeal.

As the "founding emperor" of the "Ming Dynasty", Zhu Yuanzhang was born in the "poor peasant" at the bottom of the society, and worked as a "beggar", "monk" and other "lowly occupations" in the society at that time.

Therefore, the name was changed to "Zhu Yuanzhang", and "Zhu Chongba" informed the world of his original intention of "Zhu Yuan", that is, "to drive out the Tartars and restore China". Therefore, the name "Zhu Yuanzhang" is actually an "advertisement", which not only has a propaganda and appeal role, but also appears "decent" without losing its majesty, and it is good to change!

Although the "Manchus" also put the interests of the Manchus first, they did not deliberately discriminate against other ethnic groups as the Mongols did. Although after the "Manchu Qing" entered the customs, there were also "Yangzhou Ten Days Massacre", "Jiading Three Massacres Massacre", "head without hair, hair without head", but after the unification of the world, the Manchus were not as ferocious and perverted as the Mongols to the Han people, at least on the surface, and in addition to the "Manchu-Han conflict", in the "Miao-Han conflict" and "Hui-Han conflict", the "Manchu Qing" mostly oriented towards the Han people.

With the passage of time, the degree of Sinicization of the Manchus became deeper and deeper, so that from the "Qianlong" period, many "Manchus" who entered the customs no longer said "Manchu" but used "Chinese" in general. Later, more and more Han people came to serve as officials in the "Manchu court", and their positions became higher and higher, which was simply impossible in the "Mengyuan court"! It is no exaggeration to say that the "Manchus" in the Northeast in later generations have been heavily sinicized, and only a very small number of old people understand "Manchu" and "Manchu".

Second, the "Yuan Dynasty" was not so much a "dynasty" as a "military-political alliance", because under the "military pressure" of the Mongols, the "Han Chinese", "Jurchen", "Khitan", "Dali", "Tubo", "Wuer" (Huihui), "Sogdian" (Turkic), "Dashi" (Arab), "Persian" (Iran), "Yelikwen" (Crusaders) and so on were forced to participate in a military and political alliance, which lacked economic accommodation and was naturally prone to disintegration.

The "Manchu Qing Dynasty" is different, if the "Mengyuan Imperial Court" is "mixing cold dishes", then the "Manchu Qing Imperial Court" is "boiling soup and drinking", not only boiling the entire various regions of China into a "pot of soup", but also economically, politically, and militarily integrated, and cultural exchanges have also become frequent, respecting "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism".

This makes the Han people feel that although the masters of the world have changed, the management method has not changed, and the main culture is still the culture of the Han people. Therefore, the resistance of the Han Chinese to the Manchus was far less strong than that of the Mongols, after all, the Mongols were far less civilized and more barbaric than the Manchus.

In a different time and space, although the "Yuan Dynasty" was one of the few feudal unified dynasties ruled by ethnic minorities in China's long history, and under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the "generation of Tianjiao" and Kublai Khan, the "Great Mongolian Emperor", it also created brilliance, but the good times did not last long and ended dismally.

At that time, the Mongolian cavalry could be said to be "invincible in the world". However, in the last years of the "Yuan Dynasty", the "Mongolian cavalry" was often easily defeated or even eliminated by the "Ming infantry", so that even the old land of the Mongols could not be defended in the desert steppe. Such a contrast is inseparable from these three reasons.

The first reason is the so-called "long-term stability" of the "Yuan Dynasty", which led to a significant decline in the combat effectiveness of the steppe nomadic cavalry; The second reason is that the cruel rule of the "Yuan Dynasty" completely lost the support of the people, and everyone worked together to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty; The third reason is that the "Ming army" used new "gunpowder weapons" on a large scale.

The "Yuan Dynasty" and the "Qing Dynasty" were nomads who won the world on horseback, and then lost their most basic riding and archery ability because they were content with pleasure for a long time. In fact, the Mongolian cavalry during the period of Kublai Khan, the "ancestor of the Yuan dynasty", was very powerful, and it is not an exaggeration to say that it was invincible in the world.

However, in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, many Mongolians, especially the elite class, were content with pleasure all year round, and their combat effectiveness was not as good as before.

A comfortable environment is easy for people to fall, and at the same time, it is easy for people to relax their guard. Therefore, the combat effectiveness of the cavalry of the Yuan Dynasty had already declined from the time the rulers began to enjoy themselves. With the passage of time, the combat ability of the Mongol cavalry is also declining, except for the occasional swarm of wielding scimitars and screaming to give themselves courage, but when they really faced the "Red Turban Army" infantry, they were defeated by the stalking tactics of the sea of people.

The "Yuan Dynasty", as an era when ethnic minorities ruled the world, did not show a strong social management ability in the real sense, and instead of doing the things of many ethnic groups, it also regarded itself as extremely noble, and regarded the people of other ethnic groups as inferior and self-satisfied.

Such a system of ethnic discrimination will inevitably cause dissatisfaction among many low-level people, especially the Han people, who are always thinking about how to resist the oppression of "Tartar dog officials", and it is best to overthrow the "Mengyuan court". In addition, the "Yuan Dynasty" artificially created an unfair system, which made the people's grievances too deep.

By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the ruling class had committed constant atrocities and had completely lost the support of the people. As a result, the desperate people had no choice but to rise up and rebel against the imperial court, which resulted in a response, which accelerated the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and finally made Zhu Chongba, who was born a "poor peasant", pick up a "big bargain" and reigned in the world.

The decline and change of Chinese dynasties is not uncommon in the long history of thousands of years. The "Yuan Dynasty" came to an end after only 97 years of rule, followed by the "Ming Dynasty" established by "Zhu Chongba", which fully absorbed the lessons of the demise of the "Yuan Dynasty", not only abolished the policy of "ethnic discrimination" and "national oppression", but also implemented the "garrison tuntian" to reduce the burden of the people. At the same time, "Zhu Chongba" also vigorously rectified corruption and won the hearts of the people.

Although the Ming Dynasty was first established and was in ruins, the "Ming Army" as a rising star, even if there were few cavalry and many infantry, they not only had a commander who made wise decisions, but also had a variety of new "gunpowder weapons" to support, which could repeatedly hit it when resisting the group charge of the Mongol cavalry, and the effect was obvious.

There are many reasons for this, but first of all, the "Yuan Dynasty" at that time was still relatively strong at the beginning, especially after the unification of the country, the rulers of the "Yuan Dynasty" began to manage national affairs more and more laxly, which just gave the Han people the opportunity to rise, after all, the status of the Han people was too low.

At that time, the people in the Central Plains were still dominated by the Han people, and many armies also lost their original hard work and combat effectiveness, and once a war broke out, it was too late to block the Ming army's attack; The second is that the "Mongolian cavalry", even if the field strength is strong, is only good at running, as for attacking and defending the city, it is to play to its strengths and avoid its weaknesses. The Ming army, on the other hand, seized on the tactical weakness of the Yuan army, delivered a fatal blow, and finally won the victory.

Some people do not think that the "Mongolian iron cavalry" cannot defeat the "Ming Dynasty infantry", but due to the combined influence of multiple factors, this result is just caused.

First of all, it is not that the combat power of the "Mongolian cavalry" is really inferior to the "Han army" of the Ming Dynasty, but that the "Mengyuan court" has poor control of the locality.

After the founding of the "Ming Dynasty" in the south, when Zhu Yuanzhang and his ministers were chatting, they talked about why the Yuan Dynasty would die quickly? After discussion, it was learned that it was because the Yuan Dynasty government was indeed mismanaged, which led to the "Yuan Dynasty" to perish so quickly, which has to start with Kublai Khan, the "ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty".

At that time, after Kublai Khan unified the world, he did not consolidate his position at the first time, but shrank the strategic scale. For example, most of the elite troops were originally transferred to the Yangtze River area, but later due to civil strife in the north, these main forces were returned to the desert steppe.

The main "government yamen" positions in the Central Plains were still held by the Han people, and were responsible for managing the Han people, after all, many Mongolians did not know Chinese characters and did not know how to speak Chinese. At this time, many Han officials were given the opportunity to deceive and conceal their superiors and subordinates everywhere, and Kana demanded them, spread rumors, and confuse the public.

This is also the first reason why Zhu Yuanzhang was able to succeed. Secondly, the "Mengyuan Imperial Court" at that time was also in a state of civil strife in the struggle for power, and had no intention of confronting Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming army. Moreover, at this time, the "Yuan Dynasty army" was already decayed, and it was all composed of "catching Dinglaf" or "debt slaves", and it was impossible to continue the war, and it was far from the invincible momentum of the Mongol cavalry back then, and it was timid in the face of an enemy who was also strong in battle.

As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang's "Ming Army" was overwhelmed in the Northern Expedition, and soon entered the Central Plains, breaking through the capital in one fell swoop, and defeating the Mongols without temperament.

The third reason is the problem of the Mongol cavalry itself. Why was the "Mongol army" invincible all over the world and invincible on the battlefield? This was due to the fact that the Mongol cavalry at that time was almost equipped with three horses to ride back and forth, and they were good at archery, and adopted the "wolf pack tactic" or "swarm tactic" in tactics, as long as the opponent's formation was disrupted, they would charge with all their strength for hand-to-hand combat, and they could use a scimitar to cut the enemy.

The "Mongols" did not like the "Persians", "Great Cannibals" or "Turks" to use their scimitars to slash their heads vigorously, but were accustomed to using their superior "horsemanship" to evade the deadly slashing of the enemy, and instead slashed each other's thighs or arms with their backhands when the two horses were in relative misalignment.

In this way, the opposing cavalry will be seriously injured and fall off their horses, and after falling to the ground, they will either be killed or trampled to death by the horses, or at least they will not escape the bloodshed and die. Therefore, the most powerful feature of the Mongolian cavalry is not "cavalry archery" but "knife technique", because the "Turks" and "Jurchens" are equally powerful in cavalry archery.

Because of this, the Mongol cavalry was the real nemesis of the nomadic cavalry such as the "Jurchen", "Khitan" and "Turkic". On the contrary, the Mongol cavalry suffered greatly against the Song infantry formation, because the opponent had begun to use "gunpowder weapons" and was accustomed to holding long knives and large axes to cut the legs of horses side by side.

At this time, the nomadic cavalry will give full play to the advantage of "ranger diffuse", and after shooting the infantry without shield protection, the entire infantry army formation will be chaotic, so they will take the opportunity to attack with all their strength, and once they break through the Song Dynasty infantry formation, they will begin to chop melons and chop vegetables like a one-sided massacre.

However, the "infantry of the Ming Dynasty" was not the "infantry of the Song Dynasty", because the morale of the two was different, the equipment was different, and the tactics were different, so there was no need to worry about the Mongolian cavalry approaching at all, because the "musketeers" would use the "three-stage platoon gun shooting" to beat the swarming Mongolian cavalry to their backs, and before that, there was artillery waiting.

When the "Ming Dynasty infantry", especially the "Shenji Battalion", was relatively large in number, even the Mongolian cavalry could not resist the advance of the "Ming army" at all, but they were suitable for "field battles" and not for "street battles", and suitable for attacking but not suitable for defending the city. Therefore, when the Mongol army found that the Ming army of the Northern Expedition could not be defeated, they either fled for their lives in a hurry, or retreated to the city to hide from the battle, thinking that they could escape in this way, after all, the Yuan Dynasty ruled unpopularly, and the soldiers were unwilling to sell their lives.

At this time, the Ming Dynasty army found that the Yuan army always liked to crowd in the narrow streets and alleys, and just aimed their artillery at them and began to shoot, which immediately blew up the Yuan army on their backs. At the same time, the war horses of the Yuan army were uncontrollable after being frightened, and not only was the entire cavalry formation completely chaotic, but countless people trampled each other to death. At this time, the Ming army continued to attack the city with artillery fire, and once the city was broken, the "fire gunners" opened the way, pursued and slashed, and forced the Yuan army to surrender.

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