The last time I talked about the old things of the Yuan Dynasty, and reflected the reason for the "short life" of the Yuan Dynasty from the side, the most direct factor was the sharp decline in the combat power of the Mongolian iron cavalry.

"Maitreya was born, and King Ming was born", indicating that Zhu Yuanzhang named his regime, and also referred to the practice of "Yuan Shizu", because there is a cloud in the "Book of Changes" "Dazai Qianyuan". "Yuan" is the first of the four virtues of "Yuan Henry Zhen", and the growth process of all things in the world starts from "Yuan", so that such a good meaning of the word is used as the name of the country. Obviously, Kublai Khan alone could not do it, because his Han culture was not enough, and he had to rely on the Han staff around him.

The reason why "Dazai Qianyuan" is called "Da" is not only because the territory is very large, but also because the Mongolian people's own country name is called "Great Mongolia".

The name "Mongolia" comes from "Genghis Khan", and its name is written in the Uighur "Mongolian" language, which translates to "Great Mongolia", and later changed to "Paspa". This country name also conforms to the general law in Chinese history that border ethnic regimes use ethnic names or tribal names as country names.

Therefore, after Kublai Khan, the "ancestor of the Yuan dynasty", adopted "Da Yuan" as the country name of the "Yuan Dynasty" in 1271 AD, the country name "Yuan" is still used in the "Old Mongolian Script" (Ba Si Pa Wen). Therefore, the "Yuan Dynasty" can actually be called the "Great Yuan", which makes the outstanding leaders of the Mongolian nationality such as Yexian, Dayan Khan, and Altan Khan, even though they know that the "Yuan Dynasty" has been extinct for many years, even if they know that the "Yuan Dynasty" has been extinct for many years, they still want to restore the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.

Compared with the "country name" of "Great Mongolia", because the word "Mongolia" has obvious ethnic connotations and the color of foreign conquerors, it is easy to be psychologically rejected by the people in the conquered areas, triggering various confrontational behaviors. So it was later deprecated.

In 1271, Kublai Khan, the "ancestor of the Yuan dynasty", issued the "Call for the Founding of the State" and officially determined that the country name of the "Great Mongolia" after entering the Central Plains was "Great Yuan".

And this time the establishment of the national name is different from any time before the "Song Dynasty", and it is a new way of establishing the national name. After all, the Mongols are nomadic people, and at that time they were also invaded by foreign tribes in the Central Plains and achieved great things, neither received any knighthood from the "Central Plains Dynasty", nor did they have a suitable place name of origin available, since they want to conform to the "orthodox" and "justifiable", they must work the "country name", not too casual.

Therefore, the name of "Yuan Dynasty" must have a beautiful meaning, and it must be closely related to the Han culture, so that it is easy for the other party to accept. At this point, the naming method of "Ming Dynasty" and "Qing Dynasty" is "the same", but there are mysteries in them, and it will waste a lot of time to explain.

The ancestors of the "Manchus" were originally the "Jurchen tribes" in the Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan dynasties, and the "Jurchens" first appeared in Chinese with the order of "Su Shen", which can be traced back to the "Donghu Tribal Alliance", a nomadic people in the northern steppes alongside the "Xiongnu" during the Qin and Han dynasties. However, "Donghu" has been translated as "Tunguska" in foreign languages in modern times.

Therefore, after Nurhachi unified the Jurchen tribes, he named the country "Dajin". Soon, in order to distinguish it from the historical Jin Kingdom, it was renamed "Later Jin".

Many Mongols, Han Chinese, Koreans, etc., were ruled by him, and it was no longer suitable to use "Houjin" as the country name, and the Han people had a bad feeling towards the Jin people because of the historical influence of the "Jingkang Shame", and the country name "Houjin" was not suitable for attracting Han people. Therefore, in the tenth year after succeeding to the throne, that is, in the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed the name of the country from "Houjin" to "Qing". There are two theories about why Huang Taiji used "Qing" as the country name.

One said that a year before changing "Houjin" to "Qing", Huang Taiji had abolished the "Jurchen" clan name and changed it from "Zhushen" (Su Shen) to "Manchu". The pronunciation of "Manchu" in Manchu is close to "Manshu", which is originally the "name of the Buddha", which means "the emperor of the Qing Dynasty", is the incarnation of the Buddha, and represents the grand aspiration of "Pudu sentient beings".

Therefore, Huang Taiji used "Qing" instead of "Jin", which played a higher role in winning the hearts of all ethnic groups and further replacing the "Ming Dynasty" than "Dajin" or "Houjin". At the same time, Huang Taiji also created public opinion in order to overthrow and replace the "Zhu Ming Dynasty", saying that only "virtuous people" can rule the world, "only virtuous people can be called the Son of Heaven", "virtuous people are ordained, and those without virtue are abandoned". These words became the core of his so-called "destiny belongs to virtue" thought.

The "virtuous" mentioned by Huang Taiji contains the meaning of "Qing", which coincides with the meaning of "Manchu", so "Qing" is used as the country name. However, the other theory is just the opposite, it is to seek sound by sacrificing righteousness, because in Manchu, "Qing" is the homonym of "Jin", and the Chinese "Qing" is the Manchu "Jin", changing "Jin" to "Qing" is to change "Han" instead of "Man", and its purpose is only to meet the needs of attacking the Ming Dynasty and make it easy for the Han people to accept the established facts, and there is no mystery.

Those who hold this view cite the Manchu title of noble lady "Fujin" as an example, saying that "Fujin" was originally called "Fujin", and later changed to "Fujin". In the end, it is called "Fu Jin", so "Fu" and "Fu", "Jin" and "Jin" are homophones in Manchu, so according to the Manchu rhyme, "Qing" and "Jin" are also the same sound.

This is also evidenced by the plaque of Fujin Gate in Shenyang (i.e., "the old capital of the Qing Dynasty"). The Chinese script on the plaque reads "Dajin", while the Manchu script reads "Daqing". This plaque was erected during the Tiancong period, and the name had not been changed to "Qing" at that time, but it was already called "Qing" in the Manchu text. The reasons for the two theories are different, but they both believe that the change of the country's name to "Qing" was due to political needs, mainly to envelop the Han people, so as to prepare for the replacement of the "Zhu Ming Dynasty". From this point of view, when the first statement is taken as true, this can also be corroborated by the fact that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty have always concealed the names of "Jurchen" and "Dajin".

In fact, the name of the country "Ming Dynasty" comes from "Mingjiao", and "Mingjiao" and "Buddhism" are both "foreign religions". "Mingjiao" was introduced to China from the "Persian Empire" (Iran) during the Sui and Tang dynasties, and was called "Manichaeism" at that time. The predecessor of "Manichaeism" was "Zoroastrianism" (Zoroastrianism), which is also a world religion, but in ancient China, it has been suppressed by the imperial courts of successive dynasties, so it has tried to adapt to localization in order to survive.

"Maitreya was born, King Ming was born", is a popular "proverb" in the late Yuan Dynasty, and why did Zhu Yuanzhang put on a "mythical coat" for himself?

In fact, after Tang Xuanzang's trip to the Western Regions, Buddhism flourished, and Mingjiao merged with Buddhism, and was named "Mingjiao", which means "Maitreya was born, and King Ming was born." It means that the church has a king to rule over the earth. So, Zhu Yuanzhang used it to make the people believe that he was the king of Ming, and he was sent by God to manage the people. It can be seen that the first source of the "national name" of "Ming" is actually Zhu Yuanzhang's defection to Mingjiao, wanting to shine with the sun and the moon.

The character "Ming" also indicates the consciousness of the sun and the moon. In the long history of China, there has been a custom of worshipping the sun and the moon since ancient times. When Zhu Yuanzhang recruited troops, he also wrote on the recruitment banner, "The mountains and rivers are dying of China, and the sun and the moon reopen the Great Song Dynasty." "This is actually anti-Yuan Dynasty, because the Yuan Dynasty was Song Dynasty, and he wanted to oppose the Yuan Dynasty and restore the Song Dynasty.

This is Zhu Yuanzhang's interpretation of the word "Ming", and the sun and the moon constitute "Ming", and there is a tradition of worshiping the sun and the moon in Chinese culture, and there are more than many references to the record of sacrificing the sun and the moon in the historical books.

In ancient times, emperors worshiped the "sun" at the spring equinox and the moon at the autumn equinox, and the sun in the morning. When worshipping the moon, it is in the evening, which is the custom of worshipping the sun and the moon in Chinese culture. Moreover, there are many folk myths related to the sun and the moon, such as Houyi shooting the sun, Kuafu chasing the sun, Chang'e running to the moon and so on. Zhu Yuanzhang also knew this, so he named the dynasty with this kind of worship, hoping to arouse everyone's trust.

In addition to the beauty of the word "Ming" in the Ming Dynasty, according to historical records, the Confucian scholars around Zhu Yuanzhang also made a more mysterious footnote to "Ming". They believe that in ancient mythology, "Zhu Ming" represents the god of fire, and the word "Zhu Ming" just links the surname of the country with the name of the country, which is particularly coincidental, and some people even believe that the word "Ming" of "Ming Dynasty" also has a special meaning of "overwhelming the Yuan Dynasty". So, where do you start?

In fact, this involves the "Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory". "Zhu Yuanzhang" believes that he wants to comprehensively suppress the "Yuan Dynasty". It is not enough to inherit tradition. In the Yuan Dynasty, the folk mentioned the "five elements of yin and yang", and the "five elements" were mutually reinforcing. So is "Ming" really related to the "Five Elements"?

The "Yuan Dynasty" must have been in "Beijing", and the "Ming Dynasty" was set in "Nanjing" at the beginning when it established the dynasty, and later moved to Beijing. According to the "Five Elements of Yin and Yang", the south belongs to fire, so "Ming" is "fire" for "Yuan"; And the "fire" to be restrained is "gold", that is to say, to "Ming" to restrain the Yuan Dynasty.

Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang chose "Ming", from the perspective of "the five elements are mutually reinforcing, he also has a deep meaning, and not only to defeat the Yuan Dynasty by force, but also to comprehensively suppress the Yuan Dynasty from the spiritual control of the common people, because the Yuan Dynasty implemented "tyranny" and artificially intensified national contradictions and class contradictions.

Since Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youzhen gave a holy decree to Yuan Chonghuan, the commander-in-chief of the "border army" in Liaodong, "the generalissimo of the conquest", "Maitreya was born, the Ming king was born" began to resound throughout Liaodong and even the desert grassland, after all, the Ming army at this time with the help of "muskets" and "guns", the soldiers swept the grassland from the north and south of the desert in two ways.

Regardless of the Mongol tribes in southern Mo or the Mongol tribes in Mobei, those who voluntarily surrendered to the Ming army were not to blame in the past, and they could still graze freely on their respective territories; Anyone who disobeys the Ming army and gathers a crowd to resist will be killed and exterminated. Of course, the livestock of these hapless tribes were also used as military rations.

Therefore, with the cooperation of the "nine-border defenders" who took the initiative to go out of the fortress, the Ming Dynasty army pacified all the nomadic tribes in the north and south of the desert in less than a month, and placed the voluntary converts along the Great Wall to facilitate covert monitoring and management. Next, the Ming Dynasty army was about to attack Moxi Mongolia.

The tribal composition of "Southern Mongolia" is very mixed, such as Tumut, Chahar, Horqin (Karaqin), Wuliang, Mongolian Zhen, Balhu and a bunch of large and small nomadic tribes; "Mobei Mongolia" is relatively simple, that is, the Ka Ka Ministry, which is commonly known as "Outer Mongolia" or "Mongolia".

The "Moxi Mongols" were divided into four major tribes: Dzungar, Heshute, Dulbert and Turgot. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, after the Turks moved westward to Europe, the "Huite" department, which was originally attached to the Dulbert department, joined the ranks of the "four departments" and formed the new "Oirat Four Divisions". The oppression of the Tsarist Russia after the westward migration of the Turks to the Volga Valley in Europe is not discussed here.

As we all know, after the fall of the "Yuan Dynasty", the steppe part of the "Mengyuan Empire" was divided into many departments. Later, according to the area of residence, it was gradually formed into three parts, that is, the Mongolian homeland distributed in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the three northeastern provinces in the later generations was called "Monan Mongolia", that is, "Horqin Department";

The Mongol homeland distributed in the territory of later Mongolia was called "Mobei Mongolia" (also known as "Outer Mongolia"), that is, "Khalkha"; The Mongol tribes in Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu are collectively known as the "Moxi Mongols", also known as the "Oirat Division", also known as the "Erut" (Erut) Mongolia.

At this time, after learning that the Ming Dynasty army swept all the grassland tribes in the north and south of the desert, they suddenly panicked, after all, the difference in strength between the two sides was there, not to mention that with the more livestock captured by the Ming army, the war horses would not be too few, which virtually improved mobility.

As soon as they thought of this, the various departments of Moxi Mongolia were not even exempted from greeting each other, and they hurriedly ran away, fearing that they would fall behind and become the "cover" of others. Thus, another "unprecedented" great migration of nationalities began. However, on the way to the west, these people plundered the oasis of the Western Regions.

This was unexpected, because Emperor Chongzhen, who originally planned to "drive the expedition in person", was suddenly made to cry and laugh, so he had to issue an edict to let the army temporarily garrison in the Hetao grassland to recuperate, and ordered the commander Yuan Chonghuan to issue an order on behalf of the imperial court to the long-lost "Guanxi Seven Guards" and immediately attach it to the imperial court.

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