821, white wolf (orchid) people

After the rise of the Tibetan Dynasty and the large-scale invasion of the east, the hometown of the party and part of the people were brought under the jurisdiction of the Tibetans, which was called "Miyao", that is, the Tibetan mi-

yag。 Most of these people merged into the "Tibetan people". A larger part of the party members first moved to Hexi, Longyou, and finally to northern Shaanxi, Ningxia and other places, and later established the famous Western Xia regime. What is very historically interesting is that after the fall of the Western Xia, some of the Western Xia people moved south to the area around Muya Township, Sichuan, and reintegrated with the Dangxiang people who originally lived there.

Bailan is also one of the ancient Qiang people, and it is recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty as "White Wolf". At that time, its scope of activity was in western Sichuan, that is, "west of Wenshan, not in the previous life, not added in Zhengshuo", Songpan, Maowen, Wenchuan, Lixian, Heishui and other counties in Sichuan. It spread to the western part of Aba in present-day Sichuan, the northern part of Ganzi, and the southern part of Guoluo in Qinghai. They are connected to more than 100 countries of all sizes, such as Panmu, and are a very loose alliance of nomadic Qiang tribes. At that time, the Qiang people "did not establish a monarch, no one was long, the strong were divided into chieftains, and the weak were attached to the people." "Depend on the water and grass, and live in impermanence." The Tibetan word "white" is written vbav or vbal, which means the cry of a sheep, which illustrates the characteristics of the economic life of the white werewolves who live by shepherding sheep. The places where the White Wolf (Lan) people lived also left their mark on history and geography, such as Batang in the Jinsha River basin in western Sichuan today, which is the residence of the White Wolf people, and Balong (Vbav Lu) in the southeast of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai

g), Yushu County in the Tongtian River basin also has a Batang (dpav tha

g), Hainan Tongde has Ba Shui (vbav chu) Ba Gou (abav lu

g), Guinan and Zeku both have place names called Ba (VBAV). These are closely related to the activities of the white (ba) wolf (orchid).

The most famous thing left by the white werewolves in the Han Dynasty is the "White Wolf Song". According to Fan Ye, the author of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, during the Yongping period of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty (58~75 years), Zhu Fu of Liang State, who was then the assassin of Yizhou, made meritorious service and fame, and appeased the Qiang Department, and the returnees were like streams. So, Zhu Fu wrote to Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty and said that now the White Wolf King Tang took and other Muhua returned to righteousness, composed three chapters of poems, passed through Qionglai Mountain Linggaoban (in the west of present-day Sichuan), helped the old and the young, and came with adventures. Their language is difficult to correct, the plants and trees are different, and the birds and beasts are different. There is a subordinate named Tian Gong in Qianwei County, who has a lot of contacts with the Qiang people and understands the Qiang language. Now he sent Shi Liling and Tian Gong to escort them to the imperial court and present musical poems. The emperor was very happy about this and asked the historian to record the lyrics, a total of three. One of them is "Yuanyi Lede Song Poem": "The Han Dynasty is the rule, and it is in agreement with the sky." The official translator is flat, and he does not come from me. Smell the wind and see the strange. Give more cloth, sweet wine and food. Changle meat flies, Qu Shen is prepared. The barbarians are poor and have nothing to repay. May the Lord live long and his descendants prosper. The second is "Yuanyi Mude Song": "Where the barbarians are, the part of the sun." Mu Yi is oriented, and the sunrise is the Lord. Virtue is deeply gracious, and people are rich. Winters are full of frost and snow, and summers are heavy and rainy. The cold temperature is appropriate, and there are many people. Adventures are not far away. Go to the vulgar and return to morality, and return to the loving mother. The third is "Yuanyi Huaide Song": "Outside the desert, the land is accurate." Flesh-eating clothing, no salt valley is seen. The official translates and spreads the wind, and the Han is happy. Carry the burden to Ren, touch the adventure. The mountains are steep, and the edge cliffs are guava. Mu Bo made a fortune, and Baisu went to Luo (雒城, Wenhanbei, Sichuan). Father and son give together, holding the silk. Tell the people of the race, and make a long wish for the servants. ”

"White Wolf Song" is a very precious national language material. In the Dongguan Hanji, the main reference document on which Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han Dynasty was written, there are also Chinese character phonetic annotations in the Qiang language. Fan Ye is not used. When Li Xian, the prince of Zhanghuai in the Tang Dynasty, annotated the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, he added the "sound note". According to the research of relevant scholars, it belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and is very closely related to the Burmese, Yi and Tibetan branches, and has become an important example of national cultural exchanges and influences. In the twelfth year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty (100 years), the white wolf west of Jingniuqiang, the king of Lou Bo and the barbarian king, Tang Xuan, and others led 170,000 people to return to Yi. The close connection between the White Werewolves and the Central Plains Dynasty is self-evident, and the imperial court gave them a large number of silk silks, which shows that silk became the link between the Central Plains and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Han Dynasty. The loose Bailan tribes active in the Sichuan, Gansu, and Qingdao regions were not only the beneficiaries of silk rewards (trade), but also the intermediaries of the western plateau.

According to the "Book of Zhou", "the white orchid is also another species of Qiang." It is connected to Tuyuhun in the northeast, Limotu in the northwest, and Na'e in the south, and the customs and products are slightly the same as those of Tangchang. According to scholars, this is another species of Xian Lingqiang in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty (ancient pronunciation of Dianlian). 1,250 kilometers southwest of Bailan across the big ridge, and 20 kilometers across the sea there is a female king. This shows that Bailan is in the northeast of the Subianu country and the southwest of Tuyuhun, and is also constantly moving. When the Xianbei people Tuyuhun led the troops to move to Ganqing, one of the tribes they first conquered was Bailanqiang, so there was Bailan Mountain in the Tuyuhun tube, and the Western Qin repeatedly named the leader of Tuyuhun as "Bailan King". After the weakening of Tuyuhun, Bai Lan surrendered to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and Tang Wude (618 ~ 626 years) entered the court. Winning 10,000 soldiers, fighting bravely, being good at soldiers, and being the same as the party. "After Tang Gaozong Longshuo (661~663), the Tibetans conquered the Bailan, Baigou, Chunsang and Xueshan Dangxiang Zhuqiang tribes, and a large part of the Bailan people were included in the rule of the Tubo and acted as a precursor to the expansion of the Tibetans. But there are also a large number of Bailan people who have migrated to the Tang Dynasty before and after the invasion of Tibet. For example, in the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), hundreds of thousands of people from the Bailanqiang people and the Qibi Department were attached. In November of the thirteenth year of Xuanzong Tianbao of the Tang Dynasty (754), Dong Zhanting, a Bailan man who was awarded the title of "Second Rank Cage Official" by Tubo, came to surrender, and the Tang Dynasty awarded him the title of General of the Right Military Guard.

"Northern History: The Biography of the Dang Xiang" said: "The Qiang of the Party is also after the three seedlings." Its species include Michang and white wolf, all of which call themselves macaque species. "Indicate that they are a people of the same origin. The Bailanshan area, where the Bailan people lived, "produced gold, copper, and iron", which strongly supported their weapon-making industry, and when they first had relations with the Central Plains Dynasty in the first year of Baoding of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (561), they offered rhino armor and iron armor. They also played a due role in connecting the various ethnic groups in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, as well as the connection between the plateau and the interior, the Western Regions and Central Asia.