824, Dongnu Country

The Dongnu Kingdom still exists, which is the "Dongnu" who got rid of the power of the Tibetan conquest and migrated to the southeast of Qinghai and the northwest of Sichuan.

The "New Tang Dynasty Book" contains: "The Eastern Woman is also called Su Valanu Qu Danluo, the Qiang is also a different species, and there are also female kings in the West Sea. Therefore, it is called 'East'. It is connected with Tubo, Dangxiang and Maozhou in the east, Sanbohe in the west, Khotan in the north, and Luo Numan and Baiwolfyi in Yazhou in the southeast. Nine days from east to west, and twenty days from north to south. ”

This account is very scattered, and we get the impression that the scope of "Dongnu" is larger rather than smaller, which is obviously not historical. At the same time, there is a contradiction in the text, that is, the scope of their description, which should be long from east to west, and short from north to south, is exactly the opposite in the itinerary. It is easy to see that it confuses the geography of the Nu Kingdom (or the Eastern Nu Kingdom) with the Eastern Nu Kingdom, or rather, it confuses the Subi Nu Kingdom under the jurisdiction of Tubo with the Eastern Nu. At this time, Tibet was its western neighbor rather than its eastern neighbor.

This confusion has led scholars to have two erroneous views: one is that the "southeast belongs to Yazhou" and so on are too easterly; One believes that the two are different from each other, because the "Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" records that the female country is "long from east to west, narrow from north to south", while the eastern woman is the opposite. In fact, the key point of both is that they ignore the historical development and geographical changes of women's countries.

The Old Tang Dynasty Book Dongnu correctly records its location: "It is connected to Maozhou and Dangxiang in the east, Yazhou in the southeast, and Jieluo Numan and White Wolf Yi." "The women's country has many ties with Tibet, and has a good relationship with the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang people are called 'two-faced Qiang' because of their "hidden access to Tibet." However, when the Tubo expanded the war and annexed Hexi and Longyou, the eastern women's kingdom was naturally under the control of the Tubo Dynasty. In today's Qinghai Mutual Aid Hara Zhigou Township, there is Subi Village, and in the east of Guide County and Huangnan Jianzha County, there are "Subi Gorge" and "Subi people", all of whom are the remnants of the eastward migrants.

The women's country is founded on women's rights as the core, and it is formally a matriarchal state. The Book of Sui said, "The dynasty of its country is the king of the woman, and the king's surname is Subi, and the word is at the end of the word." "There is a little queen, who is the governor of political affairs. The queen listens to the court on the fifth day and deals with military affairs, and the little queen assists in management. Not only is the throne held by women for life, but their successors must also be women. The succession to the throne adopts the combination of the queen's lifelong system and family monopoly, and there are two specific ways: one is the queen's death, and the country is rich in money, seeking two virtuous women in the deceased clan, one is the queen, and the second is the little king, who jointly governs the country. After the death of the great king, the little king will be replaced; The second is the system of succession to the widow (nephew), that is, the system in which the niece inherits the throne of the aunt. Men have no right to intervene in political affairs, "The queen's husband, called Jin Ju, does not know political affairs." "Kim Ju, according to F.W. Thomas, i.e. khyim-tsu

, which means "family". The main occupation of men was to engage in conquest warfare and farming. After moving to the northwest of present-day Sichuan, the social situation improved slightly, that is, the status of men was relatively improved. "Old Tang Dynasty Book: Dongnu" said that the "queen of his country is called 'Binzhi', and the official name is 'Gaoba', and she discusses state affairs equally." Bureaucrats outside the home, and men do it. "Gao Ba or Gao Ba Li, who was equated with the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty by Ouyang Xiu, the author of the New Tang Dynasty Book, may have elements of misunderstanding, and it is more likely that it is a little queen who shares political affairs with the queen and can inherit the throne. If Ouyang Xiu in the underworld knew this, he would inevitably say, "Xiu (shame) already knows you, but you don't know shame (Xiu)." "The advancement of men should be linked to their role in war. Diplomacy was also a category in which men played their strengths, and the envoys sent by women's countries to the Tang Dynasty were all men. However, its duty is only to carry out, and cannot participate in the decision-making of state affairs, so the history says that "where the order is given, the female official will pass it on from the inside, and the male official will do it." Gender and occupation are closely linked, with "women as officials and men as sergeants" as their basic characteristics. Later, the queen was replaced by the male lead.

The economic life of the women's country was dominated by animal husbandry and agriculture, depending on its natural environment in the Xiangqu or Lhasa River basins, and later in the valleys of northwestern Sichuan. Hunting also occupies a very prominent position. The men only plough and hunt, and the land is cold and suitable for wheat, and the livestock include yaks, horses, etc. It is rich in products, producing gold, brass, cinnabar, musk, salt, etc. Judging from the clothes and burials of the queen, the women's country has a very prosperous handicraft industry. Commerce and trade are also very prosperous, and women's countries play a very prominent role in the formation and development of the Silk Road on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Judging from its migration, they passed through the southern, western, northwestern, and northern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau until the northeast and north, directly maintaining or opening up trade routes and communications with Tianzhu, Kashmir, Xiaoyangtong (or Shangzhangxiong, now Ladakh), Dayangtong (Xiazhangxiong), Khotan, and Turkic settlements, as well as the Central Plains. It also directly inherited the long tradition of Zhangxiong's connection with the city-states of the Southern Silk Road (northern foothills of the Kunlun Mountains) and the empires of Persia, Arabia, and Greece west of the Green Mountains. The history books say that the women's country "will always sell salt to Tianzhu, and its profits are several times." "Their deer incense may have passed through the Gang Bin and other channels very early to join the team of international commodity exchanges. As for the Yu stone it produced, it should also be related to the Silk Road trade in Tianzhu, Persia, Gaochang and other places at that time. The most important thing is that the brocade worn by the queen is naturally lost from the mainland. In fact, the Zhangxiong and the female Chinese have opened up the Silk Road that crisscrosses the Tibetan Plateau.

The customs and culture of women's countries are very strong and distinctive. First of all, it is the custom of preferring women over men, and the history records that "its vulgar noblewomen despise their husbands, and they are not sexually jealous." On the issue of marriage, this point is even more serious, and the "New Tang Dynasty Book" said that the Eastern Women's Kingdom "is vulgar and despises men, and the noble women have servants." "Tang Hui Yao" also contains, "Its women are noble, there are many maids, and men are not allowed to have maids, although the daughters of lowly concubines are all parents, there are still several husbands, and the children are all from the mother's surname." This is typical of feminism and polyandry, and reflects the remnants of group marriage, because "as long as there is group marriage, the lineage can only be determined from the mother's side, and therefore only the female line." "Secondly, there is a strong belief in primitive nature worship and a unique funerary system. Female people "are mundane asuras, and there are tree gods." "Asura is an evil god in ancient Indian mythology, because he often fought against the gods, and later generations regarded him as the god of war. The worship of the god of war, Asura, and the god of trees reflects the intensification of tribal warfare and the reality of the productive life of hunting. In the case of the two gods, it is necessary to sacrifice people or use macaques, which are substitutes for people. In terms of funerals, there is a custom of secondary burial, "when a noble person dies, he is skinned and buried in a bottle with gold dust and flesh and bones." After a year, he buried it in iron with its skin. After moving inward, it still did not change, but it absorbed some cultural customs of the Central Plains. "The system of human martyrdom was maintained," the king would be buried, and dozens of his ministers' relatives were martyred. "Thirdly, the women's country has the custom of birding. After the female people sacrifice people, "enter the mountain to wish it, there is a bird like a female pheasant, come to the palm, break its belly and wish it, there is a chestnut is a good year, and the sand and stone are disasters, which is called a bird." The "Old Tang Book" records it in more detail, saying that every October, the sorcerer takes the branch of the tree (to be examined) to the mountain, scatters the wheat in the air, and curses the birds. And there was a bird like a chicken, which flew into the arms of the sorcerer, so they dissected it, and every grain of grain indicated that there would be a good harvest in the coming year, and if there was a gravel (it was frost and snow, when mistaken) there would be a disaster, and the people believed in it, and called it a bird. Fourth, women have the custom of wearing blue and ochre. The queen's dress is a green wool silk skirt, a green robe, the sleeves are entrusted to the ground, and the lamb fur in winter is decorated with brocade. It is a small mustache bun with earlobe bells. Foot towing soe leather (a kind of shoe), graceful and luxurious. Cyan is the beauty, and women and men also paint their faces with blue. But in the main part, the scriptures are painted in color, "in one day, or several times." "During the mourning period, they are covered with green and ochre, and their clothes are all black. It reflects the interconnectedness between the colors painted and the cultural connotations. In the end, the female country has the custom of "female yin insult", that is, the female yin is shown to face to curse, which is the most vicious curse and insult. You also have the right to stick a female yin in your mouth! It's just stupid and ridiculous! Do you try to use the "female yin insult" person now?

The women's country has outstanding achievements in calendar, medicine and architecture. The year of November is the year of the women's country, which is related to the cold living environment. The crops on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are ripe once a year, and the harvest is completed in October, which is the end of the year. The Subian women skinned the dead nobles and put gold dust and flesh in bottles, and should have accumulated experience and achievements in human anatomy. There are three theories of the doctors who restored the sight of the Tibetan Dari Nian Saizanpu from Zhangxiong, Subi and Tuyuhun, which reflects that Subi medicine was also famous in the plateau area at that time. The most convincing thing is the architectural level of the women's country, which is called "the nine-story building of the king's residence" in history, "all the residences are heavy houses, the king has nine floors, and the countrymen have six floors." "It's incredible, but it's appropriate to say that women are skilled in building and skilled. In addition, there are also commendable women in metal and jade processing, and after moving eastward, there are also techniques for making cowhide boats. History says that there are still writing in the Eastern Female Kingdom, but since the Book of Sui and the Biography of the Female Kingdom are not included, it is likely that it only reflects the situation after the eastward migration and the creation of the Tibetan script.

We can see the influence of women's culture from the higher status of Tibetan women, the customs of polyandry, ochre, bird customs, architectural styles, funeral systems, etc., and more importantly, Tubo inherited the plateau Silk Road that has been opened up by the women (and Zhangxiong). After the Tubo Dynasty invaded and occupied the "Dongnu" living in northwest Sichuan, "its tribe was no more than 3,200 households, and each county ordered a few people to take care of it." The soil has silk wool, and the year loses to Tibet. He was also rewarded with a large amount of silk silk by the Tang Dynasty, and actually became an intermediary merchant in the silk trade between the mainland and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Politically, it was called "two-faced Qiang" by the Tang people. Of course, the creation of the plateau Silk Road civilization was not only the Yalong Tubo, Zhangxiong and Subi Nu people, but also many small states and nomads, who participated in the construction of the civilization of the above three countries, and also had their own distinctive regional civilizations.