839, Wang Xuance took the Tubo Silk Road to Tianzhu

The times changed, the dynasty changed, until 641 AD, Princess Wencheng married Tubo, and Tang and Tibet entered a new historical period. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region was unified under the military expansion of the Tubo Dynasty, thus connecting the criss-crossing Silk Road traffic, and the enhancement of foreign political exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges made the Silk Road more prosperous, continuously injecting fresh blood into the plateau civilization, and letting the people in the surrounding areas understand the wisdom and wisdom of the plateau people. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Tang Dynasty had a well-developed Silk Road network, with north-south traffic being its main route.

In the South Asian subcontinent, the corpse of the Northern Tianzhu King Luo Yiduo (reigned in 606~648) took advantage of the chaos of the five Tianzhu kingdoms in the east, west, south, north and middle, "like not unsaddle, people do not release the armor, live for six years and four Tianzhu kings, all of them are ministers of the north and south, the power is far and strong, and the criminal government is very solemn." ”

In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (641), when Princess Wencheng went to Tibet, when the corpse was in Tibet, the king of Corpse Luo Yiduo proclaimed himself the king of Magadha and sent an envoy to Tang. Tang Taizong Li Shimin sent his envoy Liang Huaijing to report with a letter. The corpse Luo Yiduo was fortunate to communicate with the Tang Dynasty, and then sent the envoy to the Tang Dynasty.

In March of the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Li Yibiao, the protector of the Imperial Doctor Weiwei Temple, to be the envoy, and the former Huangshui County of Rongzhou to be the deputy envoy, leading a delegation of 22 people to send the Tianzhu envoy back to the country and send the envoy to the country. The first time to take the Tibetan Silk Road. When passing through the country of Niboro, the mud king Naling Deva, who had already surrendered to Tibet, was overjoyed and invited Li Yibiao and his entourage to watch the Ajboer Pond together. In December of this year, the mission went to Magadha to visit the Buddhist country. "The corpse Luo Yi sent many ministers to the suburbs, and poured the city to take a look, burning incense and sandwiching the road."

On the 27th day of the first month of 645, he climbed the mountain and carved stone inscriptions. On February 11, according to the edict of Taizong, a monument was erected in Taxi under the Bodhi tree of Mahabodhi Temple, so that the priest ordered Shi Wei to write it. The accompanying painter Song Fazhi Linmo (copy) the Buddha statue under the Bodhi tree and brought it back to Beijing, and everyone competed to copy and learn. Li Yibiao went to the Eastern Tianzhu Jiama Bo Kingdom (now Asami), and the boy king asked for a translation of the Taoist classics. Li Yibiao and Wang Xuance returned in the same year (645). The China-India Tubo Road was thus unblocked.

In 647, Tang monk Xuanzang and Taoist priests Cai Huang, Cheng Ying and other more than 30 people were edicted, carefully translated and proofread the "Tao Te Ching" into Sanskrit, and then Wang Xuance sent it to the boy king, which directly affected the formation of Indian Tantra in Kama and other places.

In 647 AD, the Tang Dynasty sent a delegation to Tianzhu via the Tibetan Silk Road, with Shi Wang Xuance, the governor of the right command, and Jiang Shiren as the deputy envoy. The king of Tianzhu sent tribute. At that time, the corpse Luo Yiduo died, and the country was in turmoil. His subordinate Nafudi Alona Shun usurped power and stood on his own, and sent troops to refuse the entry of Wang Xuance and others. Wang Xuance led 30 cavalry men to meet the battle, but was defeated and captured, and the offerings from the countries were also looted.

Wang Xuance escaped in the dark night and came to Tibet. The Tibetans sent 1,200 elite soldiers, and the Nibora country also sent more than 7,000 cavalry to follow. This is the so-called "when the road is uneven, draw a sword to help", which shows how the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo and Nibra was! In short, "friends are in trouble, they should be supported", "sticking a knife in the ribs of friends", Tubo and Ni Boluo can do this to Wang Xuance of the Tang Dynasty, which can be described as "commendable spirit" and "famous through the ages"!

Therefore, Wang Xuance and Jiang Shiren led the soldiers and horses of the two places to the city of Zhongtianzhu, fought for three days, beheaded more than 3,000 people, drowned 12,000 people, and plundered more than 30,000 cattle and horses.

In 648, Alona Shun was escorted to Chang'an. After Taizong's death, he was buried in Zhaoling, "carved in stone like the shape of Alonashun, and listed under Xuanque." At the same time, he also brought back a Tianzhu monk named Na Luo Er Po Mei, who claimed to be 200 years old and had the art of immortality. Taizong paid heavy respects and let him live in the Jinbiao Gate to make a medicine for prolonging life. He also asked Cui Dunli, the secretary of the Ministry of War, to supervise his affairs, and collect the world's strange medicines and stones for it, and the medicine was completed, and it was ineffective to take it. and returned the priest to Tianzhu. Wang Xuance came to the Jiamo Wisp and sent the translated "Tao Te Ching", and the king was very happy, offered foreign objects, and put on the map, and invited Lao Tzu to be like.

Said this Lao Tzu Li Er, descendants in order to commemorate him, there are many Lao Tzu statues all over the country, the largest existing Song Dynasty Taoist stone carving Lao Jun statue in our country, under the Yuxian Rock in the artistic conception area of Qingyuan Mountain Scenic Area "Minhai Penglai". In January 1988, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Lao Tzu was a famous philosopher and thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period in ancient China. Sima Qian recorded in "Historical Records: The Biography of Lao Tzu Han Feilie": "Lao Tzu's surname is Li, his name is Er, the word Boyang, and his name is Dan. His nationality is "Chu, Kuxian, Lixiang, and Qurenli." Taoism reveres him as the leader and flatters the Tao Te Ching as the main scripture. Lao Tzu's philosophical thought occupies an important position in our country and has a far-reaching influence.

The statue of Laojun was carved in the Song Dynasty, according to the "Quanzhou Mansion Chronicle": "The stone statue is natural, and the good thing is slightly carved." A few words make it even more mysterious. The statue is 5.63 meters high, 6.85 meters thick, 8.01 meters wide, and has a floor area of 55 square meters. The left hand supports the knee, the right hand relies on a few, the lop ears are fluttering, the fingers can bullet objects, the eyes are blazing, and the unique charm of the transcendent and fairy wind is unique. The whole stone statue looks magnificent, amiable, radiant, full of charm, and can be called the treasure of stone carving art in the Song Dynasty.

Laojun Rock originally had Taoist buildings such as Zhenjun Palace, Beidou Palace, etc., the scale is large, it is a half-view, and it is praised by the literati and ink writers of the past dynasties. The Taoist temple of the Ming Dynasty has been abolished, but the statue of Laojun has survived through the wind and rain, attracting more and more tourists at home and abroad, and many scholars to visit and investigate. Now Laojunyan has become a tourist hotspot in Quanzhou, a famous historical and cultural city. When the French scholar Dianne Lee, an expert from the Foreign Languages Bureau of China's Ministry of Culture, came to Quanzhou with a foreign expert group to inspect Quanzhou, she wrote an inscription on Laojun Rock: "This is the second time I have visited Laojun Rock, but I am still as excited as last time, because this old man is tightly integrated with the earth, and he seems to know everything and understand everything." Ren Zhenying, a famous planning expert in China, praised the statue of Lao Junyan as: "Lao Tzu is the first in the world"

Wang Xuance's third envoy to Tianzhu was in early 657, and his mission was to deliver a Buddhist robe. Still take the Tibetan Silk Road, cross the mud Borneo, tourist resorts, and then enter Tianzhu in the south.

In 659, he was appointed to the state of the Buddha (i.e., the state of Furli, in present-day Da, Dharpenga County, northern India

bha

GA northern region), was warmly entertained, and "the king set up five women's dramas for the Han people" to entertain them.

On September 27, 660, the main precept of the Bodhi Temple was welcomed by the Han envoy Wang Xuance and others. Wang Xuance then recorded his events in the temple on the stele. On October 1, he left the temple and traveled westward, passing through Kabicha, present-day Kashmir, and brought a piece of the Buddha's bones with him at the Guwang Temple in that country, and returned to Chang'an in the spring of 661.

Wang Xuance went to Tianzhu through the Tibetan Silk Road this time, and had outstanding merits for the smooth passage of the road, and he also wrote what he saw along the way into a book of "The Legend of the Western Kingdom", but unfortunately it has been lost, and the scattered information is preserved in the "Fayuan Zhulin" and other historical books. Through the envoys of Li Yibiao and Wang Xuance, Indian Buddhism was further introduced to the Tang Dynasty, and Chinese Taoist classics and culture were also introduced to India more comprehensively, deepening the cultural exchanges between the two countries.

Since then, the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu envoys have continued to communicate. Tianzhu presented the Tang Dynasty's prescription objects: fire beads, tulips, Bodhi trees, five-color speech birds (parrots), sweat medicine, Polo trees, dipterocarp, and sun-kissing birds. The items given by the Tang Dynasty were mainly silk.

In the 8th year of Kaiyuan, that is, in 720 A.D., the Southern Tianzhu King Corpse Linara Sangha asked the war elephants and soldiers and horses to fight against the Tang Dynasty against the Great Food and Tubo, and asked for the name of his army, Tang Xuanzong Li Longji Jia Qicheng, gifted brocade robes, gold leather belts, fish bags, etc., and gave his army the "Huaide Army".

In April 737, the Eastern Tianzhu Kingdom Sanzang Great Virtue Monk Bodhidharma came to offer Hu Yao, Beisbi Branch, etc., as well as new mantras, Sanskrit miscellaneous scriptures, national theories, astrology and Sanskrit texts, and the Tang Dynasty also treated them with courtesy.

During the reign of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, he also gave the imperial bell inscription to the Nalanda Temple of Tianzhu Famous Temple, which shows that the cultural and economic exchanges between China and India have been very prosperous. Of course, this is closely related to the smooth flow of the Tangbo Silk Road.