840, Tangfan Silk Road

The Tang Silk Road still exists, Beiting Duhu Ye Tianyuncha looked at the map of the Tang Dynasty in front of him, and counted the important Silk Road towns on the "Hexi Corridor" - Shanzhou, Liangzhou (Wuwei), Ganzhou (Zhangye), Suzhou (Jiuquan), Yumen Pass, Shazhou (Dunhuang), Yangguan, Yizhou (Hami), Xizhou (Turpan), Tingzhou, Loulan, Boxian Town (and the end), Yanqi Governor's Mansion, Qiuzi Town (Anxi Metropolitan Protectorate), Broken Leaves, Shule Governor's Mansion (Kashgar), Khotan Town, and then he turned his eyes back, From the capital Chang'an, he began to look for the traces of the Tangfan Silk Road.

The Tangbo Silk Road was developed on the basis of the ancient cultural routes between the ancient states of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their contact with the outside world. Therefore, it was born through a long historical process from scratch, not from the Tang Dynasty.

After recording the three roads of the Silk Road, the Sui Shu Pei Ju Biography said: "The three countries also have their own roads, and the north and south are connected. The kingdom of the eastern women, the kingdom of the southern Brahmins, etc., and wherever they go, they can reach everywhere. ”

Before the Sui Dynasty, the north-south transportation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had been accessible, and the most famous trade route was the "Salt Road" between the Nuguo and Tianzhu. Tibetan history books locate the place where the Tibetans first obtained lake salt in Qiangtang in northern Tibet, during the Luntsan period in southern Japan. And the female country that lives in the northwest of Tubo in the south of the Green Mountains (Pamirs) "has a lot of salt, and Heng sells salt to Tianzhu, and its profits are several times". He also waged wars against Tianzhu and the party on several occasions, which may have something to do with the hugely lucrative salt trade. It can be seen from this that at that time, there was already a salt road connecting the three places of the party, the women's country and Tianzhu, and ran through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from northeast to southwest.

The main road of the Tubo Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty was the ancient road of Tangbo where Princess Wencheng was married, and Li Yibiao and Wang Xuance were sent to Tianzhu to make Tianzhu prosperous. Its specific route is slightly different, and is generally similar to today's Longhai railway traffic and Qinghai-Tibet highway.

The Silk Road of the Tang Dynasty started from Chang'an (now Xi'an), the world-famous oriental cultural center, and traveled 6.5 kilometers northwest to Lingaoyi. West through the three bridges, Wangxian Palace, 15 kilometers to Xianyang City East 2.5 kilometers of Taohua Station. Go west through the hot spring post calendar 22.5 kilometers to Shiping County Guoxia Huaili Station. Tang Zhongzong sent the princess of Jincheng here, set up a banquet to give poems and candies, and changed the name of the county to Jincheng, and then changed to Xingping in 757. 10 km west to Ma Cui Yi. During the Anshi Rebellion, Tang Xuanzong's favorite concubine Yang Guifei was helpless because "the six armies did not send anything, and she died in front of the Emei horse".

Tang poems have clouds: "Green field Fufeng Road, yellow dust horse Weiyi, roadside Yang nobles, the tomb is three or four feet high." I don't know which literati wrote Tang poems, there is really a "level"! When Ouyang Xiu saw it, he couldn't help but say, "Xiu (shame) already knows you, but you don't know shame (Xiu)." ”

22.5 kilometers west of Wangyuan Station to Wugong Station. 35 kilometers west to Fufeng Station. 15 kilometers to the west there is Longwei Station. 15 kilometers north of Weishui in Qishan County, there is a stone pig station. West to Fengxiang Mansion Station. This place is a military pass, and there is a road to Hanzhong Jiannan in the south of Funan. Northwest to Huangyuanyi (now Longxian, Gansu). West through Anrong Pass, Dazhen Pass, to Xiaolongshan water station, for Longdi (or Longban).

"Yuan Hezhi" said: "Every mountain (Long) east people serve in the west, rise to this prospect, do not think sadly," the pedestrian song said: "Longshan flowing water, the sound of the throat, looking at Qinchuan from afar, the liver and intestines are cut off." "And this place is the dividing point of Huarong in ancient times.

From Qingshui County in the west of Longshan through the Tang Fan Huimeng, to the post house in Shanggui County (now Tianshui City, Gansu) in Qinzhou. When Tang Fan confronted the alliance, he once met: "Ride each other,...... Fan Han and the general valley of the horse, its Suirong Gate to the east, the Tang Dynasty only; To the west of Qingshui County, Dafan is supplied. "From the northwest of Longdi out of Huating County to the kite, connecting Jing and the original road, the traffic is developed. From Tianshui to the west to Fuqiang County (Gangu County), Luomen River, Longxi County, Xiangwu County. Xiangwu is the seat of Weizhou, and travels southwest to Minzhou through Bayi, and southwest through Tao and stacks to Songzhou. Weizhou northwest through Weiyuan Town to Didao (now Lintao) and west to Hezhou, through Bingling Temple, Qinghai Minhe, and then to Shanzhou. From Didao northward along the Taoshui River Valley, over the long castle, over the Woganling, into the Agan River Valley, to Lanzhou (Jincheng Town, Linheyi). From Lanzhou to the west to the Hexi Corridor, southwest to Shanzhou.

From Shanzhou (now Ledu, Qinghai), enter the core area of the Tubo Silk Road. The earliest record of this road is the early Tang Dynasty monk Daoxuan (596 ~ 667 years), he wrote the "Shakya Fangzhi" relics chapter, described the three ways of Tongyin, the middle road from Shanzhou to the east, the north road from the west of the state: "its east, from Hezhou (now Linxia City, Gansu) northwest across the river (that is, the Yellow River), Shangman Tianling (small stone mountain), minus 400 li, to Shanzhou. To the west, reduce 100 miles to Shancheng Town (now Xining City), Guzhou is also. Southwest minus 100 miles, to the old Chengfeng Shu (now Huangyuan County border), is the Sui mutual city also. It also minus 200 li to the west, to Qinghai (i.e., Qinghai Lake), there are small mountains in the sea, and the sea has more than 700 li. Southwest of the sea to Tugu Hun Ya Tent (i.e., Fu Qi City, now Gonghe County Tiebuka). It is also southwest to the national border, called Bailanqiang, north to Jiyucheng (Sichuan Shiqu), northwest to Duomi country (Yushu Tongtian River area), and southwest to Subi country (in the upper reaches of the Nu River and Jinsha River). It also reached the southwest to the state of Kang (that is, the transliteration of the Tibetan kam, in the northwest of present-day Lhasa City, Tibet), and the south to the east to the state of Tibet. It is also southwest to the same country of Xiaoyang, and southwest to the Dancang Pass (in the east of the Ladakh Ridge), and the southern boundary of Tubo. and east and south, and the end of the degree is added with three noses (in Ma

sya

Upper GDI River). The southeast enters the valley, passing through thirteen flying ladders and nineteen plank roads. and southeast or southwest, edge Ge climbing vines, wild travel for more than 40 days to North India, Ni Bo country (original note: this country to Tubo about 9 thousand miles). ”

The record of Daoxuan roughly describes the root appearance of the Tangbo Silk Road, and describes the road of Tubo to Central Asia in the west and South Asia in the south. However, it is not entirely exact, and there are differences between this path and the Silk Road, which later flourished. According to the "New Tang Dynasty Book and Geographical Chronicles" about the Longyou Road Shanzhou City Article and related information, the Tang Dynasty Silk Road is outlined as follows——

Shancheng goes west for 30 kilometers to Linfan City (west of Xining City), 30 kilometers west of Baishuijun and Suirong City (west of Huangyuan County), and 30 kilometers southwest of Dingrong City. There is Tianwei Army 3.5 kilometers across the stream in the south, the military hometown is Shibao City, and Tubo is the Iron Blade City (MKE

-lcags-

CE), located in Shicheng Mountain, near Harakutu, 80 kilometers south of present-day Xining. Go 10 kilometers west to Chiling, where Tang Fan once crossed horses to demarcate the land in the Riyue Mountain in the southwest of Huangyuan County, Qinghai. To the west through the Wei Chi River (inverted river), Kuba Hai (Gahai), Wang Xiaojie Mizha is the military grain tundi, 45 kilometers to Moli Yi (Gonghe County Chacha), through the princess Buddha Hall, that is, the memorial site of the legend passed by Princess Wencheng Dafeichuan (Cheji Kuangyuan), 140 kilometers to Nalu Station (Dahe Dam). Through Nuanquan (now Hot Springs) and Liemohai (Ruohai), 220 kilometers across the Yellow River (along the Yellow River). Another 235 kilometers to the dragon post (move more Chonglongtong). It also crosses the Xiyue River (fine meander), 105 kilometers to the west boundary of Duomi country, passes through the Yak River (i.e., Tongtian River), Duteng Bridge, and 50 kilometers to Lieyi (Jielong). It also passed through the canteen Tubo Village (Nian Jicuo) and the Interception Bridge (Ziqu River to Shabian). It passes through the Interception River again, 220 kilometers to Poyi (Ziyun Songduo). Cross the Dayue River (Za'a River), Luo Bridge, pass through the pond pond and fishing pond, 265 kilometers to the Sinoluo Station (the former residence of the Subi prince Sinoluo). Again through the begging Ningshui Bridge, and through the Dasu Water Bridge, 160 kilometers to the Humangyi, the Tang Dynasty envoy into Tibet, the princess sent people here to meet. Cross the Humang Gorge for 100 miles to the Yema Station, pass through the Tubo reclamation field, pass through the Leqiao Tang, and 200 kilometers to the Hechuan Station (Naqu).

After passing the Hechuan Station in Nagqu, they began to approach the Tibetan headquarters area. Passing through the sea of Shuchen, 65 kilometers to the clam not rotten post (Sangxiong), there is Sanluo Bone Mountain next to it. Walk 30 kilometers to Tulu Jiyi. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty went to Tibet, and Zampu sent envoys to comfort here. Passing through Liugu and Mangbu Zhizhuang again, there are hot springs (Yangbajing), where you can cook rice for cooking. Through the Tangluo Yeyi Mountain and the Zanpu Sacrifice Shrine, 125 kilometers to the Nonggeyi, 100 kilometers to the southeast to Luosa (Lhasa), the prime minister of Tubo greeted the envoys of the Tang Dynasty here, through the salt pond, warm springs, Jiangbuling River, 55 kilometers across the Jiangji River, through the Tubo reclamation field, 130 kilometers to the Song Station, is to cross the Zang River, through the Buddha Hall (Da, Xiaozhao Temple). 90 kilometers to Boyi (Migu), Honglu Pavilion, to Zambu Ya Tent Babuchuan (Qiongjie County border). A total of 1,885 kilometers, plus the distance from Chang'an to Shancheng, the total length is 2,900 kilometers. On this thousands of miles of ancient road, countless good stories and moving stories have been left, and people are still waiting to continue to pursue, excavate, explore and develop!

The Tang-Tibetan Silk Road was a tool for material, cultural and economic exchanges between them, and the Tang-Tibetan War was an important part of the contact between the two sides. Prisoners of war and plundered inhabitants were another type of passer-by on the Silk Road.

A large part of the Tang Dynasty's war poems are aimed at the Tang and Tibetan wars, such as Du Fu's "Soldiers' Chariots" and "Lines on the Edge of the Sky", etc., all of which were derived from this, and the former described: "The chariot is chariote, the horse is Xiaoxiao, and the pedestrian bow and arrow are all at the waist." Ye Niang's wife went to see each other, and the dust did not see Xianyang Bridge. The clothes suddenly cried, and the cry reached thousands of clouds. The passerby asked the pedestrian, but the pedestrian was frequent. Or from the 15th Beifang River, to the 44th camp. When I went, I was wrapping my head, and when I returned, my head was white. The side pavilion bled into the sea, and Emperor Wu opened the side without thinking. You don't hear it, the Han family is in 200 states in Shandong, and thousands of villages are born. Even if there are healthy women hoeing pears, there is nothing in Hesheng Longmu. In addition, the Qin soldiers endured hard fighting, and were driven away from dogs and chickens. …… Faith knows that it is evil to give birth to a man, but it is better to give birth to a girl. Giving birth to a daughter still has to marry a neighbor, and giving birth to a boy is buried with a hundred grasses. You don't see, Qinghai head, no one collects the white bones in ancient times, the new ghosts are annoyed and the old ghosts are crying, and the sky is cloudy and rainy. "The negative impact of this war and the unfortunate fate of ordinary people are vividly portrayed.

Bai Juyi's "City Yanzhou" is also a realistic work, which contains "City Yanzhou, City Yanzhou, the city is above the Wuyuan Plain." Fandong Festival Bowl Interpretation, suddenly saw the new city as the road. The golden bird flies to praise the general news, and the construction of the tooth passes the arrow cluster ministers. The monarchs and ministers had a melancholy look on their faces, and they all said that there was no one in the Tang Dynasty, and they all said that there was no one ...... Tang", and they wrote about the military system of Tibet.