Part 5 Three Heroes of Troubled Times

In troubled times, it is not only a harvester of human life, but also an incubator for heroes. In the troubled period from the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty to the formal formation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the heroes of the north and south of the Great River appeared frequently, and the stars were like clouds, but there were only three with the most outstanding performance and the greatest impact on the current situation, they were Murong of the North, Huan Wen of the South, and Wang Meng of the West.

Chapter 1 Northern Murong

As mentioned above, a generation of battle star Ran Min fell and fell to the hands of Murong Ke in another day.

Ran Min was not unjustly defeated, his opponent Murong Ke is really an epoch-making super elite, with all-round development of morality, diligence and integrity, and deserves to be the first general in the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms.

"The First Winner of the Sixteen Nations Evaluation Form"

Name: Murong Ke, Gender: Male, Date of birth: 321

Participate in the work

Writing time 338 years Native of Yi County, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province Title: Dazai, King of Taiyuan

Nationality Xianbei (Murong Ministry)

Work unit: Qianyan Address: Longcheng, Chaoyang, Liaoning

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Comment 1.Huan Wen: Murong Ke still exists, and the worry is big ears.

2. Wang Meng: Murong Xuangong, Xinqishi, can be described as the love of the ancients!

3. Cui Hao: Wang Meng's Jingguo, Fu Jian's Guan Zhongye; Murong Ke's auxiliary young master, Murong Wei's Huo Guangye.

4. Wang Fuzhi: Success and people are saved from death, Ke can not be said to be the one who is in the middle of the country!

5. Li Hongzhang: The Jin people like Murong Junzhi, but they don't know that Murong Kezhi is even better.

Appendix:

1. Ability, diligence and performance appraisal

1. Participated in almost all military operations in Qianyan, and was invincible

(1) In the Battle of Changli, Zhao Shihu was defeated by 2,000 horsemen with 100,000 people, as mentioned above.

(2) Surprise attack on Maqiu and shock Goguryeo, as mentioned above.

(3) Sweeping the Yuwen Department, Ba Nan Su, and Ping Fuyu, as mentioned above.

(4) Infantry and cavalry duel to destroy Ran Wei, as mentioned above.

(5) The model of logistics warfare - the Battle of Lukou

After Ran Min was defeated by Murong Ke, his son Ran Cao fled and defected to Wang Wu, the assassin of Later Zhao Youzhou who guarded Lukou (now Raoyang, Hebei). Since Later Zhao no longer existed, Wang Wu proclaimed himself King An in July 352 and continued to fight against Murong Xianbei's Former Yan.

In August 352, Murong Jun, the former lord of Yan, sent Murong Ke to lead an army to attack Lukou.

The old lord and the young lord were used to betray. In the face of the former Yan Tiger and Wolf Army, Wang Wu made two preparations, one was to resist with the danger of the city, and the other was to send Ran Cao to the Yan army, hoping that the Yan army would retreat.

Murong Ke accepted Ran Cao's gift, and considering that the city of Lukou was strong, he knew that the strong attack would increase the casualties, so he ordered the withdrawal of his troops back to Zhongshan (now Dingzhou City, Hebei).

However, Murong Ke is Murong Ke, his withdrawal is different from the withdrawal of other people's troops, before leaving, he did something that made Wang Wu grit his teeth.

He sent soldiers to cut all the crops outside Lukou City, packed them and took them away, and did not leave a single straw for Wang Wu.

In October 352, Murong Ke stationed troops in Anping, recuperated, hoarded grain and grass (presumably threshing, polishing, and returning the crops harvested from Lukou), built siege equipment, and looked for fighters to attack Wang Wu again.

During this period, there was a Zhongshan rogue named Su Lin who did not know whether he was alive or dead, and he raised troops in Wuji and called himself the Son of Heaven. Murong Ke led the army to conquer, and Murong Jun sent Guangwei general Mu Yugen to help Murong Ke and easily cut off Su Lin.

This Mu Yugen is not an idle person, and he almost took Murong Ke's life later, which will be explained later.

Murong Ke cut the crops outside Lukou City, even the straw was harvested, and the people in the city had no food, horses and no forage, and finally there was internal strife. Wang Wu was killed by his subordinate Qin Xing, and Wang Wu's subordinate Lu Hu cut off Qin Xing's head again and proclaimed himself King An.

Confiscate the crops, the effect I want has been achieved, the fighters are coming! Murong Ke made a quick decision and sent troops to besiege Lukou again in February 354, which was taken in March, and Lü Hu was defeated and fled to Yewang (present-day Qinyang, Henan).

In April 354, Murong Jun, the former lord of Yan, named Murong Ke as the Great Sima (army), Shizhong (palace), Dadu Governor (army), Lu Shangshu (Zheng), and the king of Taiyuan. Top1 in the party, government and military, as well as top titles.

(6) The model of siege warfare - the battle of Guanggu.

In the second year of the founding of the Former Yan Dynasty, that is, in 350, Duan Gong, the son of Duan Lan, the leader of Duan Xianbei, took advantage of the civil strife in Later Zhao and the establishment of Wei by Ran Min Tu Xuan, and commanded his subordinates to move south to Chenliu (now east of Kaifeng City, Henan). In July, Duan Shrine found a good place for himself again.

Guanggu City.

As mentioned above, Wang Mi's subordinate general "King of Shandong" Cao Wei, after entering Shandong, saw that the capital Linzi City was too big, and the surrounding area was very flat and there was no danger to defend, so he built a new city in the territory of Qingzhou City, Shandong Province, merged Guangxian County into Linzi County, and then moved the military administrative institutions of Qingzhou, Qi County, and Linzi County into the new city, called Guanggu City.

Guanggu City is located in the south of Yaowang Mountain, the east of the Yanghe River, the west is close to the lofty mountains, the north controls thousands of miles of fertile fields, the east overlooks the Jiaodong Peninsula, and the south system leads to the traffic of Huaiyi, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and has become a place where soldiers must fight.

Duan Gong occupied Guanggu, proclaimed himself the king of Qi, and declared himself a vassal to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty was naturally overjoyed, and issued an empty letter of appointment to Duan Gong: General Zhenbei. Judging from the map, Shandong at that time was indeed the northern gateway of the Eastern Jin Dynasty regime in the south, and this title is appropriate.

Duan Gong took a fancy to Guanggu City, and Qianyan also took a fancy to him.

At that time, the Xianbei Murong clan had entered the two states of Youyou and Hebei. In order to deal with the Zhao regime entrenched in the Central Plains, the former Yan king Murong Jun (Jun) also nominally declared himself a vassal to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty is very interesting, whoever comes to surrender will be given a seal, and this time a certificate was also issued to Murong Jun: Governor of Hebei Military, You, Hebei, and Ping. Of course, this is the same as Chairman Chiang issuing certificates to the bandits everywhere, the lieutenant generals are everywhere, and the two stars are rotten streets, which is an empty letter of appointment.

After Qianyan defeated the forces of Zhao and Ran Min, it had become a powerful regime across the four prefectures of You, Hebei, Hebei and Ping, and its sphere of influence was equivalent to that of today's Northeast China, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and other places. Most of North China is mine! Murong Jun felt that his wings were stiff, and he was so arrogant that he even disdained the leaders of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in name and directly proclaimed himself emperor.

After becoming emperor, Murong Jun set his sights on Guanggu City. In waging war, it is important to pay attention to the fact that only when a division is famous can the troops have morale. I was worried that I couldn't find an opportunity to become famous, and the opportunity suddenly came.

This opportunity is that Duan Gong's brain is in the water, and when he saw Murong Jun as the emperor, he sent someone to bring a letter to Murong Jun, and the letter was serious: We were originally all courtiers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, how can you be called the emperor? This is apolitical.

The strength is weak, the burden is heavy, the hardship is not to find relatives, the poor do not speak, and the humble is not persuasive. The water is too deep and the wind is too strong, and the strength is not good, so talk less. Otherwise, it's just nothing to beat.

In November 355, Murong Jun worshiped Murong Ke as the governor of the capital and the general of the Fu army, and Shangshu Ling Yangqi as the deputy general.

In view of the distance between Guanggu City and the Yellow River moat, Murong Jun did not know the bottom of his heart about this labor expedition, and sent someone to instruct Murong Ke: If Duan Gong sends troops to rely on the Yellow River to refuse to defend it, if you can't cross the river, don't sacrifice your living strength in vain, but attack Lu Hu and come back.

Lu Hu was beaten by Murong Ke in the Battle of Lukou and fled to Yewang (now Qinyang, Henan), Murong Jun meant: Don't be too stressed, first set a small goal of earning 100 million yuan, no matter whether you can beat dates or not, you can come back safely with a rod.

Receiving Murong Jun's entrustment, Murong Ke smiled. He led the Yan army to the north bank of the Yellow River, and first sent a small force to cross the river in a light boat to test the reality of the Duan army.

Duan Xuan's younger brother Duan Zhen is brave and good at fighting, and he is a bit resourceful, so he gave his brother an idea:

Murong Ke is very good at using soldiers, and the Yan army is outnumbered, if he leads the army across the river to the city, I am afraid that he will not accept our surrender at that time. Brother, you should sit in the city, I will lead the main force to guard the river, if the Yan army crosses the river, I will lead the army to attack, if you win, you will lead the army out of the city to support and expand the results. If I can't even hold the river here, then let's just surrender directly, and I can still be made by Murong Jun as the marquis of Wanhu of Yan Kingdom, and I can still have fine clothes and food, and I can club my sister.

This idea is actually very reliable, and the main idea is: if there is a natural danger of the Yellow River, we will defend it, and if the natural danger cannot be defended, the city will simply not be defended.

People who have no spectrum in their hearts are the most irritable, and only by projecting negative emotions externally can they suppress their inner weakness. It's the same reason why dogs that can bark with bared teeth don't bite. Duan Gong angrily denounced his younger brother as opportunistic and escapist, which did not conform to the fearless revolutionary spirit of the Duan family. Duan Zhen repeatedly persuaded Duan Gong, Duan Gong was upset, and actually killed his relatives in righteousness and exterminated this younger brother's body.

During the period of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, family affection was especially worthless.

The Duan family was in civil strife, and Murong Ke took the opportunity to lead the Yan army to quickly cross the Yellow River in the first month of 356, which was only more than 100 miles away from Guanggu City. With the spirit of revolutionary dreadlessness, Duan Gong led an army of 30,000 men to meet the battle, intending to keep the enemy out of the country.

In the first battle, Murong Ke easily defeated Duan Gong in Zishui, captured his other younger brother Duan Qin, beheaded his right chief Shi Yuan Fan and others, and captured thousands of Duan troops.

Duan Gong fled back to Guanggu City and held on behind closed doors.

Murong Ke was not in a hurry to attack the city, he wanted to learn and apply Grandpa Mao's strategic thinking: encircling points to send reinforcements and carry out united front work.

The Yan army began to build high walls outside Guanggu City, dig deep trenches to besiege the city, and then sent envoys to the cities in Shandong Province and around Guanggu City to appease them. Under heavy pressure, King Teng of Xuzhou, the assassin of Duan Gong, took the lead in defection and surrendered to Murong Ke in February 356.

In history, a city was besieged, and not many could last for 5 months. After the liberation of Changchun, the Kuomintang defenders held out for 4 months and 27 days, and finally the city was broken; The defense of Suiyang in the Anshi Rebellion developed to the point where Zhang Xun killed concubines to satisfy the soldiers' hunger and cannibalism, and it only lasted 10 months; Of course, the Battle of Xiangyang (6 years) and the Battle of Diaoyu City (more than 20 years) of Song Kangyuan were special cases of exchanging time for danger.

The Yan army besieged Guanggu City for 7 months in a row, and Duan Gong really couldn't hold it, so he sent people to ask for help from his nominal superior, the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. In August 356, the Eastern Jin Dynasty sent Xuzhou Assassin Shi Xunxian to Guanggu City to relieve the siege. After Xun Xian led the army to Langya, he was afraid of the Yan army and garrisoned to observe the situation.

Coincidentally, Wang Teng, who had just surrendered to the Yan army, led the army to attack Juancheng (now the old city in the northeast of Juancheng, Shandong). Xun Xian had no bottom in his heart to fight devils, and he was still very sure of fighting the second devil troops, and he killed Wang Teng in Yangdu (now Yinannan, Shandong). It can be regarded as a psychological explanation for this rescue of Guanggu City.

After a long siege of the city, not only the people in the city can't hold it, but it is also a kind of torment for the people besieging the city, after all, everyone abandons their families and comes here to make a fortune, just want to make a contribution, rob and make a fortune, and they can't stand it for a long time. In October 356, the generals of the Yan army gathered at the big tent of Murong Ke's Chinese army and asked for a siege.

Murong Ke's attitude is just two words - no.

The generals couldn't hold back one by one, and they all looked for Murong Ke to theorize: We came here, surrounded by a broken city wall for a few months, and didn't do anything except eat and, can this work?

Murong Ke only used a few words, and the generals continued to eat and.

Soldiers are impermanent, and water is impermanent. In the course of combat, according to the specific situation, sometimes it is necessary to slow down and defeat the enemy, and sometimes it is necessary to take measures in a hurry. If the enemy is about the same strength as ours, and reinforcements are coming, then we should attack in a hurry, considering the danger of being exposed to the enemy. If we have a clear superiority and the enemy has no reinforcements, we should trap them (and hold them until they die).

Murong Ke also found a theoretical basis for this method of warfare-the art of war, ten sieges and five attacks, which is also called this.

Murong Ke then analyzed the current battle situation in combination with theory and practice: Duan Gong was very kind to his subordinates, and his subordinates also supported him. The last time they defeated him, it wasn't because his army was not strong, but because they didn't command him properly. Now that they are united by relying on natural hazards, their combat effectiveness will certainly be greatly enhanced. If we attack, we will definitely be able to take it, but we will also kill 1,000 enemies and lose 800 of ourselves. It is better to besiege them for a long time and trap them to death.

Everyone thought about it and said: You are still tall! Hula dispersed.

Soon, the city of Guanggu ran out of ammunition and food, and finally even cannibalism. Duan Gong realized that if this continued, Guanggu City would become a city of light poles, so he should lead the army to battle.

Murong Ke was waiting for this day. The former Yan army surrounded the Duan Niche and beat him up. Duan Gong desperately broke through the siege and fled back to the city on his own. In November, surrendered.

Murong Ke calmed the ground, left Murong Chen in Guanggu, and led the army back.

In the Battle of Guanggu, Murong Ke used the tactics of long siege and long-term siege, and when he was exhausted, he easily captured the fortified city.

In later generations, there was a commander from Confucianism who learned the essence of Murong Ke's siege and summarized it as "hardening the village and fighting a dumb battle". When fighting, he continued to learn to dig trenches and trenches, and actually relied on this to quell civil strife and become the first perfect person in ancient and modern times. That's right, this person's name is Zeng Guofan.

Other people's troops are called armies, but Zeng Guofan's Hunan army is more like a construction team. The march did not exceed 4 hours a day, only 30 kilometers were advanced, and most of the time was spent doing one thing.

Dig a trench. After setting up camp every day, no matter how tired the troops were, they had to first surround the camp and dig two deep trenches. Along the trench, two more high walls were built to form fortifications. Every night, the troops were divided into three shifts and took turns to stand guard, called "standing on the wall".

This was to prevent the raids of the Taiping army. Because, most of the Taiping Army's methods of fighting are based on the nine-year compulsory education textbook on the art of war - "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and they all learn the raid tactics such as "Ganxingba Hundred Cavalry Robbing Cao Ying".

Not only on the march and defending, but also when Lao Zeng was besieging the city. Generally, they do not take the initiative to attack, and dig two deep trenches around the city. Why dig two? One to prevent the people of the city from escaping, and the other to prevent the people from outside from attacking, he led his army to garrison the circle where the two circles intersected. It took so much, it took several months, forcing the people in the city out, and counterattacking for defense.

The Taiping army was killed by Lao Zeng's trenches one after another.

Li Hongzhang, a student, once visited the camp of his teacher Zeng Guofan, and was very surprised: Is this the army or the construction team? How can it be like the "thinking army" and the "road picker" in the city in later generations, and as soon as they think about it, they will pick up the road and change the pipe? Xiao Li was very unimpressed with the teacher's clumsy style of play at first, but he was deeply admired when he saw that Zeng Guofan used this stupid method of one step at a time to eliminate one Taiping army after another.

Be a person who is down-to-earth in learning, and he is also down-to-earth in fighting. The "half saint" Zeng Guofan is like this, and so is Murong Ke.

In October 358, Taishan Taishou Zhuge of the Eastern Jin Dynasty attacked the former Yandong County (southwest of present-day Puyang, Henan). Murong Ke led Yang Qi and Murong Zang to lead the troops to attack and easily defeated this Northern Expeditionary Army. Zhuge Yu retreated to Mount Tai (now Tai'andong, Shandong), and Murong Ke crossed the Yellow River with victory, occupying part of the land of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and leaving the army to defend it.

Since then, the territory of Qianyan has rapidly extended to the south of the Yellow River, posing a threat to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

(7) The Battle of the Wild King.

In February 361, Lü Hu, a general of Ningnan who was beaten by Murong Ke to Yewang (now Qinyang, Henan) during the Battle of Lukou, secretly defected to the south, and was named a former general and Jizhou assassin by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and conspired with Lü Hu to lead the Eastern Jin army to attack Yecheng, the capital of Yandu (southwest of present-day Linzhang, Hebei).

Before Lu Hu and the others could take actual action, Murong Ke, who had done a good job in intelligence work, learned about it. In March 361, the Yan State preemptively attacked, Murong Ke led an army of 50,000, and Huangfu Zhen, another general of the Yan State, led 10,000 troops to the outside of Yewang City.

The course of this battle is surprisingly similar to that of Guanggu.

First of all, Fu Yan, the general of the Yan State Protector Army, played the role of stunned Qing and asked for a quick attack: In the battle of Guanggu, we adopted the strategy of siege warfare, because Guanggu City was strong, and now the small Yewang City is not in a hurry, and it is too much of a waste of the army's military expenses.

Murong Ke continued to play the role of a tactical lecturer who "hardened the village and fought in a stupid battle": Lu Hu was scheming, and his combat effectiveness should not be underestimated. The wild king is now dead in a city, and it won't take long to overcome it even if he takes a siege battle. This is called a bloodless sword, and it is also possible to win by sitting on it.

The engineer unit of the Yan army continued to become the main force, building a deep ditch and high fortress outside Yewang City, and after the ditch was dug, 60,000 Yan troops sat on the earthen fence and began to conduct inhumane onlookers on Yewang City.

By July, Yeoh Castle had been watched by inhumane onlookers for 4 months. There was no food and grass inside, and there were no rescuers outside, Lu Hu couldn't hold on, and the general Zhang Xing led thousands of troops out of the city to meet the battle, but was quickly defeated by the stunned young Fu Yanbu, and Zhang Xing himself was also beheaded.

That night, Lu Hu stubbornly led the troops in the city to break through. broke through the mouth and chose Huang Fuzhen's camp. Since the Huangfu Zhenbu participated in the siege, they had already prepared for a breakthrough in the city, and the Lu Protector couldn't rush out for a while.

If you can't rush out, you'll be in trouble. Murong Ke's troops came over from the flank, and the breakthrough army was wrapped in dumplings. Under the desperate protection of his own soldiers, Lü Hu only escaped with his own life and fled to Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), where the Yan army easily conquered Yewang.

Sit quietly and break the thief of anxiety; The thief who breaks his desires; Practice on things and break the thief of hesitation; If the three thieves are broken, everything will be done.

Murong Ke is good at siege warfare, but it doesn't mean that he can't do siege warfare. Soon he decisively and without hesitation launched a brilliant siege war, and conquered a big city, a historical city, and a 10,000-year strategic CBD in China.

"The thousand-year-old imperial capital, the holy city of China, the source of civilization, the belly of Kyushu, and the middle of the world", which is the only city in China that is called the capital of God (the capital of the land of China)?

Luoyang.

Beijing, Nanjing, Xi'an, and Luoyang, the four most favored cities by Chinese emperors, why is Luoyang called the capital of the gods? Let's take a look at them one by one.

1. Xi'an. Ancient emperors were obsessed with astrology, which place is the best place for stargazing? Changan. Chang'an has developed in the Qin and Han dynasties, with a total of 13 dynasties making Xi'an the national capital, and it reached its peak in the Western Han and Tang dynasties. The Tang Dynasty, in particular, turned Xi'an into an international metropolis, comparable to New York. Its cultural heritage is so profound that it has attracted the attention of countries around the world. In 1998, US President Bill Clinton chose Xi'an as the first stop of his visit to China. In the Tang Dynasty, where fat was beautiful, Chang'an hoarded countless plump and charming beauties, and Lewinsky was not thin.

In addition, Xi'an is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong, and there is a natural risk of the Wei River. There are thousands of miles of loess plateau in the north, Daqinling in the south, and Tongguan, the first Xiongguan in history, in the east, which is enough to provide reliable security guarantees. In that year, Japan invaded China with the intention of occupying Xi'an, but failed to succeed several times, which is enough to show the danger of its location.

2. Nanjing. It flourished in the Eastern Wu Sun Quan, and was known as the ancient capital of the 6 dynasties in history, and was designated as the national capital twice in the two periods of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Republic of China in modern times. The land is fertile, the transportation is developed, it has incomparably brilliant economic and cultural glory, and there is the natural danger of the Yangtze River, which is known as the land of the tiger and the dragon.

3. Beijing. Yuan Dadu began to become an international metropolis, and its economy and culture also began to take off. It is surrounded by lofty mountains such as Yanshan Mountain, which can form a natural defensive barrier. The Ming and Qing dynasties also set their capitals here.

4. Luoyang. Located in the hinterland of the Central Plains, the economy and culture have been brilliant from the beginning. At the same time, it is the link between Guanzhong and the Central Plains, and it has always been a strategic CBD that must be fought for.

It can be seen that the four ancient capitals have their advantages in economy, culture and geographical location. However, Nanjing, Beijing, and Xi'an each have obvious shortcomings.

1. Nanjing. Nanjing's historical history is very brilliant, the Eastern Wu, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties of the Southern Dynasties, the Southern Tang Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Republic of China during the Five Dynasties were all set here. However, a closer look reveals that most of the dynasties that established their capitals here were secessionist regimes and most of them were "short-lived". Cause?

The main reason is that the geographical location and geographical relationship are defective. There are two defects: First, the flow of the Yangtze River is not urgent, and as long as the north can organize the means of crossing the Yangtze River, or bypass the mouth of the Yangtze River and land from Zhejiang and Fujian, the Yangtze River defense line will be useless. The British army during the Opium War was able to quickly deploy troops on the Xiaguan River in Nanjing, which is a living example. Second, it is located in the south of the Yangtze River, with low terrain and lack of protection from lofty mountains. The southeast side is bordered by the East China Sea, and there is no obstacle to the south and west, and there is no natural danger to prevent land attacks from the south and west. Therefore, Nanjing really cannot be regarded as an easy place to defend and difficult to attack, and as the capital, it is not safe enough.

Didn't the Ming Dynasty have its capital here? Then you have to see where Zhu Chongba's hometown is, in Fengyang, less than 200 kilometers away from Nanjing. Old Jiang? His main forces and old roots are in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and he has only completed the reunification in form, so he may not be able to set the capital of Nanjing?

2. Beijing. The feudal dynasties in Beijing Dingdu have Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing, do you see the law? Three of the four major dynasties were minority regimes. The only Han regime was Zhu Di who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.

The reason why Zhu Di moved the capital was, first, that he made his fortune in Beijing, and second, that although the Ming Dynasty eliminated the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian tribes still did not give up on going south, and set the capital in Beijing, which was conducive to strengthening the defense of the northern border, which was the so-called "Son of Heaven guarding the country".

It can be seen that the nomads like Beijing the most, because it is the north, close to their hometown, and they are not used to the climate of the south. However, you know, where is the birthplace of Chinese culture? Yellow river. Beijing, on the other hand, is a little far from the center of civilization. It is more loved by the nomadic Dingdu, which is a testament to this.

3. Xi'an. Where are the shortcomings of Xi'an? Whether it is economic, cultural, geographical, or geographical, there seems to be no shortcomings. It doesn't seem to be, but it does. Its disadvantage is that it is inconvenient to travel. A Tongguan locks Xi'an, but it also locks the passage to Guanzhong from the economically developed areas in the east. Unbelief? If you don't believe it, you can take the train to Xi'an, and you will understand everything. Along the way, basically you are either out of the tunnel, or you are entering the tunnel, drilling hole after hole in the light and dark, looking at the car in the road, looking at the road in the car, you can't tell the unpredictable world. At a glance out of the tunnel section, it is really a series of ditches and girder, and the twists and turns are so long. This is still a modern situation with tunnels and trains, and it is unimaginable that in ancient times, the mountain road to Xi'an was measured by two feet or four hooves.

And what about Luoyang? Luoyang, the link between Guanzhong and the Central Plains, the famous feng shui astronomical master Yuan Tiangang of the Tang Dynasty believes that Luoyang has the air of an emperor since ancient times. Moreover, there is a strange phenomenon in history, once the feudal dynasty of Chang'an, the capital of Chang'an, is broken, the ruler will flee to Luoyang, which is extremely smooth and silky, such as Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. The three bigwigs, King Zhou Ping, Emperor Yang of Sui, and Wu Zetian, simply moved the capital directly from Xi'an to Luoyang.

Luoyang, the literary atmosphere is extremely heavy, Confucius wrote books and speeches here, and Ban Gu and Chen Shou all wrote here. There is also a great Confucian, who dug a cellar in Luoyang, buried himself in climbing lattices for nearly 20 years, and finally wrote a stunning book - "Zizhi Tongjian". Two years after the book was written, this great Confucian also hung up, and he died at the age of 67. That's right, this great Confucian who writes with his life is the one who smashed the cylinder with a big stone when he was a child and bravely rescued the children who fell into the tank.

Luoyang, spanning the north and south banks of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, is surrounded by more than 10 mountain ranges such as Yushan, Bishan, Longmen Mountain, and Songshan Mountain. The rivers in the territory are dense, the Yellow River, the Luo River, the Yi River, the Qing River, the Ci River and other more than ten rivers meander in the meantime, belonging to the Yellow River, the Huai River, the Yangtze River three major water systems, there are "surrounded by mountains and six rivers flowing together, eight Guanduyi, ten provinces thoroughfare" said.

Luoyang, located in the Central Plains, west of the Qinling Mountains, out of the letter of the valley pass is the Qinchuan in the Guanzhong, east of Songyue, north of the Taihang Mountains and the danger of the Yellow River, south of the Funiu Mountain (one of the mountains extending in the eastern section of the Qinling Mountains, the watershed of the Huai River and the Han River), it can really be described as "the river and the mountain arch, the situation is the first in the world".

Luoyang, the title of the divine capital, only you can afford it.

In February 365, Murong Ke set his sights on Luoyang. He also chose a good partner for himself to siege the city - Murong Chui, the king of Wu of Yan State, who was also a dazzling superstar in the era of Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, which will be described later.

This time, Murong Ke did not engage in onlookers, but directly mobilized the siege: Aren't you always complaining that I don't fight siege warfare? Now I'm giving you a chance. Now, although Luoyang City is high, the strength of the defenders is not good, so no one is allowed to pretend to be a bad seed.

Why is Murong Ke unusual? Because, intelligence work gave him confidence. The defenders in Luoyang City were thin, with only 500 men.

When the former Yan army first approached Luoyang, Luoyang's defender was still the champion general Chen You. Chen You's army was not much, only two thousand. Later, Chen You also ran away, and there were only 500 defenders left, and the defenders were replaced by Shen Jin.

Luoyang is such an important town, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty's brain is in water, why only send such a small number of troops to defend it?

It's not that they don't want to send it, it's that no one really wants to come. There were too few people in the Eastern Jin Dynasty who were sincere about the Northern Expedition, and they were unwilling to risk defending this bridgehead and frontier position. Who wants to be scared all day long?

After the death of Emperor Shi Hu of Later Zhao, civil strife continued, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty wanted to take the opportunity to send troops to He, Luo, carefully selected, and selected the famous Wang Huzhi of the Langya Wang clan (the son of Wang Hui of Jingzhou Thorn History) as the general of Xizhong Lang, the general of Pingbei, the history of Sizhou Thorn, and the town of Luoyang.

Wang Huzhi's attitude? I'm not in good health...... Soon, Wang Huzhi actually died, and I don't know if he died of illness or frightened.

Since then, the position of Sizhou Assassin in the Eastern Jin Dynasty has been vacant for a long time, and no one is willing to do it, and it is not possible to be treated at the provincial level.

Even the Eastern Jin Dynasty hero Huan Wen, who was mentioned in the next section, did not send too many troops to support Luoyang. Perhaps out of strategic considerations, or perhaps to preserve his strength, he chose to be stationed in Hefei, thousands of miles away from Luoyang.

Seeing righteousness in danger, a man named Shen Jin came out.

Shen Jin, the word Shijian, a native of Wuxing Wukang, his hometown Huzhou, Zhejiang, he took the initiative to apply to the imperial court to come to Luoyang as Chen You's deputy. Shen Jin not only went to Luoyang by himself, but also brought more than 1,000 people he had recruited.

Knowing that there are tigers in the mountains, he prefers to go to the tiger mountains. Why did Shen Jin make this move?

In order to wash away the shame, the shame of the family.

The shame of the Shen Jin family stems from his father. His father's name was Shen Chong, one of the famous rebels and thieves in Chinese history.

Those who know the history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties know the Wangdun Rebellion of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Dun of the Langya Wang clan relied on his family's outstanding merits in helping the Sima clan establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and did not take the emperor in his eyes, and the emperor did something to dissatisfy him, and often went to Jiankang to find the emperor to discuss the Tao, of course, every time he brought soldiers over.

Shen Chong is Wang Dun's sworn friend. After Wang Dun failed to find the emperor for the last time, Shen Chong was killed, and Shen Jin was hidden by the villagers to avoid being killed.

After the imperial court selected Wang Huzhi to guard Luoyang, Lao Wang didn't want to go. If you don't want to go, you won't go, but Lao Wang is not kind, and he doesn't want to be partial to others, so the above table recommended Shen Jin to go.

Shen Jin knew that going to Luoyang to face Murong Ke's tiger and wolf army would be ten deaths. But in view of the unrighteous death of his father Shen Chong, he still decided to use his life to wash away the shame of the family. He funded the recruitment of 1,000 strong men, went to the imperial court, and took the initiative to ask to go to Luoyang to be the deputy of the guard general and champion general Chen You (champion Changshi).

Some people are willing to take the initiative to go to the front line and bring people over themselves, and of course the imperial court approves it. In this way, Shen Jin took the 1,000 people recruited to Luoyang, plus Chen You's 2,000 people, 3,000 people could barely defend the city.

However, as soon as Shen Jin arrived in Luoyang, Chen You ran away, and he ran with his subordinates, and the reason was very good - I went to rescue Xuchang.

I haven't done my job yet, and I said that I was going to help others do my work, such a person is definitely not Lei Feng, but Lexus - running away.

Chen You ran away, and he led people to run, how many people were left behind for Shen Jin? Five hundred.

In 480 B.C., the Battle of Thermopylae between Persia and Greece made the tragedy of 300 Spartan warriors. However, this kind of tragedy is created by legendary literature and film and television dramas. The truth is this: although the Persian army numbered in the hundreds of thousands (200,000-500,000), the Greek garrison was by no means more than 300 men. According to Herodotus, the "father of history", the Greek garrison had a total of 6,700 people, including 299 Spartan royal guards, which is the source of the myth of the 300 lone warriors of Sparta.

And Shen Jin, there are indeed only 500 people. These 500 people can't stop Murong Ke's tiger and wolf army no matter what.

In March, Luoyang City fell, and Shen Jin was captured.

When Murong Ke saw Shen Jin, he was impressed by his bearing and wanted to surrender him (Ke Qi and the general), but the general of the Chinese army, Murong Qian, persuaded Murong Ke: Although Jin is a strange man, judging by his ambition, he will not be used by people in the end. If you forgive them now, they will be troubled for the future.

Murong Ke thought about it, but still beheaded Shen Jin.

Shen Jin did not die in vain, he washed away the shame of the family with his loyalty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty court lifted the shackles on the Shen family, and Shen Jin's descendants were also able to enter the government and become court officials. In order for his descendants to pass the political review, Shen Jin took his life. Nowadays, once a person has been criminally punished, his descendants have worked hard to get into the establishment, and they will be Barbie Q in a political trial. Will there be any changes to this system? See.

After Murong Ke captured Luoyang, he took advantage of the victory to pursue the land to Kun and Miao, and the troops pointed directly at the Guanzhong area.

Whose territory is the Guanzhong area at this time? The owner is the former Qin established by the Di people, and the speaker is also a generation of heroes, whose name is Fu Jian. The Yan army was too strong, and Fu Jian personally led the army to Shaanxi City to set up defenses, preparing to personally fight the great god Murong Ke. But soon, Murong Ke led the army to withdraw to Yecheng out of strategic considerations, and the two bigwigs did not fight.

Second, moral and honest assessment

In December 359, Murong Jun, the lord of Yan, became critically ill. Looking around, Murong Ke was the most worthy minister.

Obviously, Murong Jun had read a historical masterpiece written sixty or seventy years ago, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", and knew that Liu Bei's play of Tuogu Zhuge Liang had excellent results, so he copied it.

Murong Jun: I am terminally ill, and I know that I will die soon, and my fate is predestined, so I have nothing to grudge about. But now, the situation of my Great Yan is undecided (after analyzing it, the fierce rivals of Yan at that time were mainly the former Qin and the Eastern Jin Dynasty), and the prince is too young to be capable, so I will entrust the society to you.

Murong Ke obviously read this paragraph, and he cooperated very well: No, no, no, no, I guess I have to pretend to be in a hurry, and I have to swing my hands straight! Orthodoxy can't be messed up! Although the prince is young, he is as talented as you and will definitely be able to take on the role of the Son of Heaven.

Murong Jun said angrily (laughing out loud in his heart): Are you and my brothers hypocritical and polite? Dayan will give it to you!

Murong Ke: If Your Majesty looks up to me Murong Ke and thinks that I have the ability to serve as the minister of Tuogu, how can I not do my best to assist the young master? You can rest assured!

Murong Jun achieved the purpose of temptation, his face was full of light, and he had the meaning of returning to the light: With you as the minister of Tuogu, and assisting the young master like Duke Zhou, what am I worried about!

In the first month of 360, Murong Jun closed his eyes with relief, and the 10-year-old crown prince Murong Wei ascended the throne. There are four auxiliary ministers: Dazai Murong Ke, the head of the auxiliary ministers, responsible for handling major affairs of the court. Taifu Murong Commentary, Taibao Yangqiao, Taishi Muyugen, participated in the government and politics.

In addition to the auxiliary BIG4, there is another person who cannot be ignored. Although this person is not an auxiliary minister, he has a special identity and plays an extremely important role in Qianyan's political affairs.

Murong Wei's mother, the queen mother is full of Hun clans.

The emperor is young, and the auxiliary government BIG4 plus the empress dowager can be ruled by the Hun clan, can the political machine of the Dayan Empire run smoothly?

Due to historical and cultural differences, democracy has existed in Europe since slavery societies. Take, for example, the democracy of Athens. In the history of China's slave society and feudal society, as long as the group was in power, there must be people who did not stop making trouble in it, and even a small-scale democracy at the top was difficult to do. The reason for this is none other than that the economic base determines the superstructure.

Athens is located at the turn of the Middle East and Europe, facing the sea on three sides, with very active commercial activities and relatively large mobility of people. How to manage the floating population and business activities? Negotiate.

This is very easy to understand, what is the self-discipline, self-management, and self-resolution organization that can be born spontaneously in China? It is the chamber of commerce of businessmen, and the arbitration court where you spend a lot of money to arbitrate because of economic disputes with friends, actually originates from this kind of chamber of commerce. Didn't you expect that the chamber of commerce, a spontaneous non-governmental organization, would evolve into a quasi-judicial organization capable of producing arbitral awards with judicial enforceability? Thus, mercantile Athens could give birth to democracy, even if it was a slave society.

And what about China? The economic form of China, a slave society and a feudal society, except for farming and grazing, is the last place for scholars, farmers, industry, and merchants, and commerce is underdeveloped. In the farming civilization of farming, the population basically did not move and settled except for fleeing the famine, so a group of people who settled down gradually formed villages and cities. The settled people reproduced in a directional direction, forming a blood patriarchal relationship, the parents had the final say, the patriarch had the final say, and gradually the parents of the whole country - the emperor had the final say.

And what about the herding nomads? Although in order to chase the abundant water and grass, the population flow is larger, but it is also the overall flow, the whole group flows, unlike the commercial society where a person walks around with money in his hand. In addition, in order to fight with foreign tribes and seize grassland, it is more necessary to have a strong leader to lead and command the group, rather than giving birth to a "senate" where a group of people are talking and discussing.

Therefore, there is no democratic soil in China's slave society and feudal society, and even the Zen concession system with a little democratic color has only been passed down through three generations of Yao, Shun and Yu, and was smashed by Yu's son Qiyi Scepter.

The auxiliary government BIG4 and the empress dowager Ke Zuhun clan also encountered severe challenges, and some individuals in the ruling group openly sabotaged the group system and forced Murong Ke to engage in dictatorship.

This person is, Taishi Mu Yugen.

Once people have similar status, they are prone to have a relatively long and short mind, which is the unique mental nature of primate social animals. They are all important ministers of the first dynasty, and Mu Yugen is not satisfied with Murong Ke as the head of the auxiliary ministers, and he is not satisfied with the queen mother's Ke Zuhun clan often intervenes in political affairs, and he does not like both.

Murong Ke is very authoritative? It's a good thing to use.

One day, at the banquet, Mu Yugen ordered Murong Ke: The emperor is young now, the queen mother doesn't know anything and is still interfering in political affairs, how did Yang Jun, the auxiliary minister of the Western Jin Dynasty, be killed by Queen Jia Nanfeng, remember? Dayan has today's pattern, you have made great contributions, besides, there is also a theoretical basis for brother and brother, it is better for you to abolish the young master as the emperor, we all support you.

Murong Ke excited: You drank too much? Today, Dayan is flat all over the world, and you and I are both ministers of Zaifu valued by the previous emperor, how can we have this idea? Forgot the words of the first emperor?!

Mu Yugen retreated in a huff.

Murong Ke was kind-hearted and did not stab the Queen Mother about the matter, but told him the most important confidant. This person is Murong Chui, who later continued the lifeline of Dayan. Murong Chui, there are a lot of cruel words, and he persuaded Murong Ke to take the opportunity to kill Mu Yugen. Murong Ke focused on the overall situation and did not agree.

Murong Ke temporarily let go of Mu Yugen, but Mu Yugen did not stop. He asked the Empress Dowager Kezuhun and the young lord of Yan Murong Wei for instructions: Dazai Murong Ke and Taifu Murong Ping will plot against him, please allow me to lead the Imperial Forest Army to punish him.

Can the Queen Mother be enough? Actually agreed, the typical hair is long and the brain circuits are short.

Fortunately, although Emperor Murong Wei was young, he was not confused, and he strongly objected: Dazai Murong Ke and Taifu Murong Comment, the first important ministers, and they were the clan's own family. Dad personally selected to assist me, how can I make trouble?

In addition, Murong Wei also added a more ruthless sentence: I'm afraid it's you, Taishi, do you have other ideas?!

Murong Wei knew in his heart that with Murong Ke's authority and military might, he would have rebelled a long time ago. Looking at Taifu Murong Comment, he was originally a very popular minister, and he rebelled at the risk of killing his head and changed to a similar position, fool? The third elder of the auxiliary ministers sued the eldest and second of the auxiliary ministers for rebellion, and the intention was not obvious?

This kind of IQ tax, Murong Wei doesn't want to pay.

Failed to provoke trouble twice, Mu Yugen did not stop tossing, and finally Murong Ke couldn't bear it.

One day, Mu Yugen met the Queen Mother Kezuhun and Murong Wei: Now that the Central Plains is depressed, strong enemies are around, and the country may be gone one day, we might as well return to Xianbei's homeland.

Regarding Mu Yugen's motives, Sima Yi's descendants wrote "Zizhi Tongjian" that they were longing for their homeland, however, this statement is really very suspicious.

A closer look at the minority regimes that have risen in the Northeast shows that they have a characteristic that is different from other minority regimes, that is, they attach great importance to the construction of their hometowns, and even if they gain a firm foothold in the Central Plains after chasing the Central Plains, they do not forget to turn their hometowns in the Northeast into a refuge in troubled times. The most typical is the Manchu government, which attaches great importance to the construction of the northeast of Longxing, and other places are set up as governors and governors, and Manchus and Han people can serve as them. In the northeast, there are General Ningguta, General Liaodong, General Heilongjiang, General Shengjing, etc., which can only be held by banner people, and must be the emperor's henchmen. In 1668, in order to prevent Han people from entering the customs and dilute the population of the banner people, the Manchu government directly issued a ban policy, prohibiting Han people from entering the customs, and this policy has been implemented for more than 200 years.

The historical fact that the Xianbei regime wanted to flee back to its hometown in the Northeast as soon as it was in trouble in the Central Plains has more than one case, which will be mentioned one after another. But that is all a difficult situation, and at present, under the single-handed creation of Murong Ke, Dayan's influence in the Central Plains is in full swing, what are you doing when you run back to your hometown at this time? The prosperity and suitable climate of the Central Plains are really incomparable to the Northeast where it is often minus ten degrees and dozens of degrees in winter.

Therefore, the so-called statement of Mu Yugen's love for his homeland in "Zizhi Tongjian" really can't stand scrutiny. Judging from Mu Yugen's previous performance, his motive should still be to take advantage of the chaos to usurp the throne, and he wants to fish in troubled waters in the flow and take the opportunity to set up another central government.

No matter what the motive is, for the sake of Qianyan's stable and harmonious situation, Murong Ke really can't tolerate Mu Yugen's whole thing again and again.

If you want to be a good boss, realm, ability, and means are indispensable. The realm is to subdue the master, the ability is to subdue the ordinary people, and the means are to subdue the villain.

Murong Ke discussed with Murong Pingyi, and after reporting Mu Yugen's crimes, he sent the servant Emperor Fuzhen and the protector Fu Yan to arrest Mu Yugen, his wife and children, and his confidants and comrades, and execute them all.

Mu Yugen finally "tossed to death".

As soon as the new emperor ascended the throne, some important ministers of the former dynasty were executed, and Qianyan was panicked for a while, and the undercurrent was surging. In order to calm people's hearts, Murong Ke showed his true colors as an "actor".

After getting rid of Mu Yugen, every time Murong Ke entered and left the court and mansion, he was alone, without any guards. The manner of speech and demeanor is no different from the past. His subordinates advised Murong Ke to strengthen the guard force during the extraordinary period, and Murong Yingdi said: This incident happened, and it is normal for people inside and outside the court to be panicked, if I can't hold it at this time as the head of the courtiers, can the political situation be stable?

Sure enough, because of Murong Ke's holding, frankness, and openness, the mood of the forces of the former Yan gradually stabilized, and the political machine of the Great Yan Empire returned to normal operation.

3. Organizational ability inspection

As Qianyan's minister, Murong Ke has been looking for materials that can be used by Qianyan. The person he values most is Murong Chui, the king of Wu.

In 352, when the former Yan Emperor Murong Jun was still alive, Murong Ke united with the general Murong Jun and the left general Murong Biao to jointly recommend Murong Chui to Murong Jun, and Murong Chui was promoted to General Andong, the history of Northern Jizhou, and the town of Changshan.

In March 360, after Murong Ke pacified the rebellion of Muyugen, he appointed Murong Chui as the general of Zhengnan, the governor of Henan Zhujun, the pastor of Yanzhou, the assassin of Jingzhou, and the Litai of the Liang State.

When Murong Ke attacked the Luoyang Hui army, he appointed Murong Chui as the governor of Jing, Yang, Luo, Xu, Yan, Henan, Yong, Yi, Liang, and Qin, the general of Zhengnan, the pastor of Jingzhou, and the town of Luyang.

Murong Ke also often recommended to the young lord Murong Wei: Murong Chui, the king of Wu, is ten times stronger than me. The first emperor only saw that I was older than him, so he appointed me as the zaifu first, and after my death, Murong Chui could take over the position of zaifu.

On July 19, 366, Murong Ke, the first general of the Sixteen Kingdoms, died of illness, and before his death, the former Yan Emperor Murong Wei came to the bedside to express his condolences and ask about the future.

The authority of the young lord has not yet been established, the former Qin and the Eastern Jin Dynasty are eyeing each other, and the national situation is not stable, Murong Ke is deeply worried, and once again recommended Murong Chui to Murong Wei as his successor: the minister heard the great recommendation of the emperor, the king of Wu is talented through the heavens and latitudes, both civil and military, Guan Zhong, Xiao He and the same figures, if he assists, the country is very fortunate, otherwise, I am afraid that the former Qin and the Eastern Jin Dynasty will covet my Dayan Jiangshan.

Murong Keyan died at the age of 45.

Murong Ke crisscrossed the northern country all his life, attacking Shihu, attacking Maqiu, sweeping Yuwen, shaking Gaoli, leveling Fuyu, destroying Ran Wei, trapping Guanggu, and pulling Luoyang, witnessing and creating Qianyan's transformation from weak to strong. Assist the young master, do Zhou Huo's trip, have the style of Zhuge Kongming, and the first minister of the Sixteen Kingdoms deserves it!

When Murong Jun died, the ministers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty celebrated each other, and they all thought that there was an opportunity to take advantage of it (the Central Plains can be mapped). Only one hero is sober-minded: Murong Ke is still alive, and the one who worries is Da Er! This is a special chapter in the next chapter.

Although Murong Ke died young, history will always remember the first minister of the Sixteen Kingdoms:

Wang Meng: Murong Xuan's faith in Qishi can be described as the love of the ancients!

Cui Hao: Murong Ke's auxiliary young master, Murong Wei's Huo Guangye;

Wang Fuzhi: Wuhu... It can have the heart of a human being, and because of the self-fulfillment, only Murong Ke .. Alack! The words of compassion come from it, and the success and the person is saved from death, Ke can not be said to be the one who is in the middle of the country!

Chen Pu:

Frost, hail, wind and sand fly chaotically, and the spring returns under the section of the shrine.

When he came, he was in the Zhou public position, and he had been a Chinese Baishixi.

After Murong Ke's death, Qianyan also began to decline gradually. Although he cried blood to recommend King Wu, Murong Chui was also heavily used in a certain period of time under his recommendation. However, the Empress Dowager Ke Zuhun has always been uninterested in Murong Chui, and Murong Ping and others are also jealous of Murong Chui's military exploits, especially after defeating Huan Wen of the Northern Expedition (later narrative), Murong Chui actually ended up in Qianyan without a cone, and he was not allowed to return to his hometown in the northeast, so he had to defect to Qianqin.

And after Murong Chui left, Qianyan was quickly destroyed by Qianqin.

It was not until after the Battle of Weishui that Murong Chui gathered the Xianbei Murong tribe again, rebuilt the Great Yan Kingdom, built the capital Zhongshan, known as Houyan in history, and basically unified the Kwantung region in 394, although he was defeated and withdrew from the Central Plains in 397, but still showed outstanding military and political talents, which shows that Murong Ke's insight and insight in those years.

Murong Kezhi is to Murong Chui, if you compare the ancients, Zhuge Kongming is to Jiang Boyuo; If you compare modern people, Zhou Gong is better than Deng Gong. What do you think?