95 Klein Gordon's equation

Just when Chen Muwu recognized this person as Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer also recognized him.

After all, there is only one East Asian in Cavendis's laboratory now, and Oppenheimer has also seen countless reports about Chen Muwu in the Olympic news in the newspaper some time ago, as well as his photos.

"Hello Mr. Chen, Mr. Chen, I'm Robert Oppenheimer."

It was the first time Chen Muwu heard someone call him teacher, which felt quite strange.

He forced a very kind look: "Hello Mr. Oppenheimer, have you waited for a long time?" Come in with me. ”

"Okay, Mr. Chen."

Oppenheimer was still very restrained, and it could be seen that he wanted to make a good first impression in front of Chen Muwu.

Chen Muwu wanted to take him straight to the conference room, and then have a good chat with Oppenheimer.

After all, in his memory, Oppenheimer's mental health was very fragile during his time at Cambridge, and if he didn't touch the lightning point in advance, Chen Muwu was afraid that he would soon receive the cyanide-soaked poisoned apple.

As a result, Chadwick, the deputy of Cavendish Laboratory, stopped Chen Muwu as soon as he entered the door: "Chen, Sir Rutherford told me that the environment of this conference room on the first floor is really too bad, so he instructed me to find you an idle laboratory on the second floor for your usual office and experiments. I've cleaned up, so I'll take you over now! ”

"Yes, thank you, Mr. Chadwick."

Money can make ghosts grind, Chen Muwu knew in his heart that this should be the sponsorship of 10,000 pounds a year that he brought in played a role.

Otherwise, in terms of seniority, I will not be able to take the turn of a separate office in any case!

But in the eyes of Oppenheimer, who didn't know why, it was a big deal.

When he first entered the door, he saw that there were many middle-aged researchers in their thirties and forties, still crowded together with others, huddled in the open laboratory on the first floor to do experiments, and some even needed to share the same experimental table with others.

And Chen Muwu is just a newcomer who is only two years older than himself and has just obtained a doctorate and entered the Cavendish laboratory, why does Rutherford, the director of the laboratory, care so much about him?

And Rutherford didn't agree to enter the laboratory at all, why did Rutherford immediately change his mind as soon as Chen Muwu said that he wanted himself?

Who is behind this famous Cavendish laboratory?

This new teacher of mine is really unfathomable, and he must be cautious in the future, and having a good relationship with Chen Muwu should be the first priority at present.

Following Chadwick to the door of the laboratory, Chen Muwu found that this place was also familiar to him.

When I first joined Cavendish Lab last year, it was here that I did the scattered experiments of visible light.

There was also a brand new patch on the curtain of the laboratory, and it was there that I had made a small hole with scissors and introduced an experimental light source made of sunlight like my predecessor Newton.

After checking that it was correct, Chadwick put the key that had just opened the door into Chen Muwu's hand: "Chen, from now on, you can do experiments and work here." ”

"Thank you, Mr. Chadwick, and thank you to the Director on my behalf."

After Chadwick left, Chen Muwu glanced at the room, it was indeed cleaned, much stronger than the damp and dark environment of the conference room on the first floor.

And the typewriter he usually uses has also been wiped clean and placed on the desk in the laboratory.

It seems that Rutherford was able to keep the Cavendish laboratory in order, and this assistant Chadwick also contributed to it.

Later, it was his careful and bold planning of the escape route, and the liaison of all parties, so that the British army cooperated, so that Bohr successfully escaped from Denmark, which was occupied by Germany, to Britain by plane.

"Sit down," Chen Muwu nodded at Oppenheimer, "I'm the first day I've been in this room for the first time, and I don't know if there's any teacup here, so I can't treat you with coffee or tea." ”

"Don't bother, Mr. Chen."

Oppenheimer sat down on the sofa carefully, he was still very restrained, after all, his future in the next few years was all in the hands of Chen Muwu, who seemed to be quite kind.

In order to get closer, Chen Muwu originally wanted to sit on the sofa with him, but after thinking about it, he finally couldn't resist the temptation of the right to give orders and sat in the chair behind the desk.

"Mr. Oppenheimer, I read Professor Bridgeman's letter of recommendation, which says that you are less hands-on in the lab. So why did you want to get into the Cavendish Labs? ”

Chen Muwu got straight to the point.

As a newcomer to the United States, Oppenheimer did not understand the rules of Cambridge University, a place that strictly adheres to traditional British etiquette.

He heard that Chen Muwu had been calling him by his last name instead of his first name all along, and he thought that he had done something wrong and might have annoyed the teacher opposite him.

"That's it, it's because the Cavendish lab is so famous that when I was in the United States, every teacher and professor respected it very much.

"So I thought that since I was at Cambridge University, I had to go to the Cavendish Ash Laboratory to have a look."

"Have you seen it with your own eyes now, and the environment of this Cavendish lab is the same as the Cavendish lab you imagined? Isn't the gap huge? ”

Oppenheimer nodded embarrassedly: "Teacher Chen, to tell you the truth, it is true. Although this lab has a reputation, to put it mildly, I don't think it's half or even a third of the Harvard lab. ”

"So, do you have any other ideas right now? Professor Bridgeman also said in the letter of recommendation that you have a lot of knowledge in theoretical physics and a solid level, and if you want to continue your studies in this field, I can write you a letter of recommendation and send you to Copenhagen, Denmark to see Professor Bohr, or to Berlin, Germany to find Professor Einstein, although the latter does not teach students much now, of course, he did not teach students much before. ”

Chen Muwu suddenly thought of Rutherford's previous complaint about Oppenheimer, so he took advantage of the situation here.

By taking Oppenheimer now, he has completed the task given to him by old Thomson.

As for whether Oppenheimer will leave Cambridge and go somewhere else, this is completely a personal act of his, and has nothing to do with himself.

It's a pity that the script was not carried out according to Chen Muwu's plan.

"Teacher Chen, I did have this idea before, but all this changed after I learned that my teacher was you," Oppenheimer gradually became less nervous as the conversation progressed, "Teacher, in the past year, you have not only done several successful experiments, but also published many theories that seem to be a little shocking, but are actually very correct.

"I think with you as a teacher, even if I want to study theoretical physics, I don't need to go anywhere else."

Regardless of whether Oppenheimer expounded the facts, or whether he was mixed with some sycophants in the exposition of the facts, Chen Muwu felt very useful inexplicably when he heard him say this.

It's just that he is used, and at the same time, it shows that Oppenheimer is ready to stay in Cambridge and not go anywhere, and he has already tacitly agreed in his heart to follow Chen Muwu and become the founding disciple of Chenmen.

It's a blessing or a curse, it's a disaster that can't be avoided, since Oppenheimer wants to follow him wholeheartedly now, Chen Muwu feels that he should be better to this big apprentice, and simply take him with him in the future.

Anyway, in his last life, for various reasons, Oppenheimer didn't have a good time in the United States, so don't go back in this life, right?

Well, we can't forget that Fermi, and we will all fool them in the future, don't let them run to the United States without saying a word.

Chen Muwu was slightly stunned, and found that Oppenheimer was still staring at him: "Okay, Mr. Oppenheimer, since you have decided to stay at Cambridge University and stay in Cavendish Laboratory, it is naturally the best choice."

"It's just that I want to make one point in advance, that is, I just graduated with a doctorate, and it is the first time to be a teacher, if there is anything I have not done well, I hope you will bear with me."

"Don't dare to be, Teacher Chen, you are a teacher and I am a student, you should bear with me more."

"Then let's make progress together!

"I think what worried you the most a while ago was whether you would be able to enter the Cavendish Laboratory, right? Now that this matter has been settled and it's summer holidays, if you want to take advantage of this time to get around the UK or Europe, I'd love to do so.

"If you want to stay in Cambridge, it's fine, but I still have a few papers to write, and I won't have time to guide you for a while, and I don't have any experimental topics to hand over to you."

What Chen Muwu said is basically the truth, the remaining two wave equations have been delayed for a long time, if it drags on any longer, maybe the author of the paper will have to write someone else's name.

However, he also concealed that he had a project to develop an electron microscope.

Oppenheimer, who claimed that he "couldn't solder two copper wires together", was not a person with strong hands-on ability at all, nor was he a person who liked to do experiments.

In the original space-time, Blackett asked him to use collodion to adsorb beryllium vapor, and then tear off the collodion to make beryllium foil.

This is a non-technical task that requires a lot of repetitive physical work.

However, it was this job that almost cost Oppenheimer his life and Blackett's life.

There are lessons from the predecessors here, how dare Chen Muwu arrange a hands-on experiment for this master?

It's better to follow yourself and study the theory.

"Of course, Mr. Chen, you're busy. If there's anything I can do to help, please feel free to tell me. ”

Although Oppenheimer was very positive, Chen Muwu said in his heart, how dare I!

But he was still polite on the surface: "If you want to study on your own during this time, you can go to the library of Christ College, and of course you can come to me."

"If we don't understand something in our studies, we can also discuss it with each other. However, with the exception of the question of what quantum mechanics is and what matrices are, I am currently working on a paper on it, and when it is written, it should be able to answer the question. ”

The big killer weapon that Chen Muwu threw out some time ago is still confused by who looks at it.

Even Dirac, who was spending his summer in Bristolshire, the best math among modern physicists, sent him a letter after learning that Chen Muwu had returned to Cambridge, asking him something about quantum mechanics.

"Okay, thank you, Mr. Chen."

The conversation between teachers and students ended, Chen Muwu set up a pen, paper and typewriter on his desk, and Oppenheimer took out a book from his schoolbag and read quietly on the sofa.

……

In the original space-time, Schrödinger did give the first wave equation, which can describe the microscopic particle, which is actually the law of motion of electrons from the beginning.

And this equation has great limitations, because the kinetic energy and momentum of the Schrödinger equation are derived from classical mechanics, so he can only describe electrons moving at low speeds.

When the speed of the electron approaches the speed of light, i.e., it enters the sphere of influence of the relativistic effect, the Schrödinger equation fails.

At the same time, just as Chen Muwu used to de-Broglie to decompose how to guess the Schrödinger equation, using this equation to solve the spectrum of hydrogen atoms can only get three quantum numbers, but not the fourth quantum number controlled by the electron spin.

That is, the Schrödinger equation cannot describe the spin of an electron.

In order to solve the first problem that the Schrödinger equation can only describe low-velocity electrons, many attempts have been made under the relativistic effect.

This cannot be blamed on Schrödinger for not learning the theory of relativity well, and can only start with classical mechanics.

In fact, at the beginning of the first period, Schrödinger used the energy and momentum relationship in the special theory of relativity, E=pc+mc, when he established the wave equation to describe the waves of matter.

Just the equation obtained under the energy-momentum relationship of special relativity does not give the spectrum of hydrogen atoms, which makes Schrödinger think that this is a wrong equation.

However, according to the energy-momentum relationship E=p/(2m) of classical mechanics, the obtained equation can perfectly solve the problem of hydrogen atomic spectroscopy.

But what Schrödinger didn't know was that the equation he solved at the beginning under the relativistic energy-momentum relationship was the Klein-Gordon equation that was independently proposed by Swedish physicists Osker Klein and Walter Gordon!

It's just that this Klein-Gordon equation is actually a beautiful silver-like pewter head

Not to mention the fact that it can't solve the spectrum of hydrogen atoms correctly, there are many other big problems.

Because in the Klein-Gordon equation, the part about the energy of the particle is not used for the energy E itself, but for the square term E of the energy.

This leads to the fact that in the process of solving for particle energy, the square term must be opened to the root number in order to derive the final energy.

Even middle school students know that there will be both positive and negative solutions at the same time, which means that the energy obtained in the end is also positive and negative.

Particles have positive energy, and of course there is nothing wrong with that.

Whereas, particles have negative energy......

According to Einstein's mass-energy equation, E=mc, if the particle energy is negative, its mass should also be negative.

But how can there be particles with negative mass?

This is simply a ridiculous joke!

However, the absurdity of the Klein-Gordon equation does not stop there, because solving this equation gives not only negative energy, but also negative probability.

Compared with negative energy, the negative probability is even more unreasonable!

Usually describing an event as having a very small probability of occurring is that we will only say that it is a zero probability event, but we will never say that it is a negative probability.

Hell knows what negative probability time will be!

I know that the Klein-Gordon equation is a joke, but why did Chen Muwu have to write this equation into his paper?

There are two reasons for this, one is that the equation is not useless, and it was later discovered that the Klein-Gordon equation cannot describe fermions with semi-integer spins like electrons, but it can describe the motion of some particles with zero spins.

For example, the famous God particle "Higgs-boson" is the only elementary particle that can be described in this equation, and in addition, there are composite particles such as π-mesons, and so on.

In addition to particles, it can sometimes be used to describe the state of a field.

The second reason is that if the Klein-Gordon equation does not propose the two big problems of negative energy and negative probability, physicists do not know how good the Dirac equation is to solve the big problem of negative probability.

When I was in junior high school, my Chinese teacher taught me the benefits of this style of writing in my composition class.

Therefore, this technique was also used by Chen Muwu in his paper on wave dynamics.

I'm going to throw out two big problems that physicists can't handle, and then I'm going to take matters into my own hands.

Suppress the emotions fiercely first, and then let the emotions burst out at the end.

Chen Muwu feels that after his paper is finally written and published, it should give today's physicists a little cool shock.

Chen Muwu wrote more and more on the desk, and the keyboard was beating louder and louder.

It wasn't until someone knocked on the door one by one to inform him that it was six o'clock in the afternoon, the end of the lab, that he realized that the day had passed.

And Oppenheimer, like a mushroom, sat on the couch for a whole day.

Fortunately, he was also reading with relish, which made Chen Muwu feel a little relieved, at least he shouldn't feel that he was left out, right?

Chen Muwu decided to play with him: "Robert, it's time to get off work, today is your first day in the Cavendish laboratory, I invite you out for a meal, how about it?" And what is your book? I see you seem to be very engaged in reading. ”

Suddenly hearing Chen Muwu change his name and call his name, Oppenheimer immediately relieved a lot.

He hurriedly stood up respectfully: "Teacher Chen, this book was recommended to me by a student of Christ's College, and it is said to be a bestseller in the British market. I read it today and found it really interesting, and before I knew it, I spent a whole day in this room.

"Look," Oppenheimer said, closing the book and facing Chen Muwu, "the book is called Murder on the Paris Express, and it is the debut novel of a writer named Chandler York. ”

It's finally finished, sorry again!

(End of chapter)