Just now, Chen Muwu noticed that Oppenheimer was still taking out a pen and notebook from time to time in the process of reading books, and wrote and drew on them.

So at first he thought that Oppenheimer was reading either physics textbooks or math books related to matrices.

But Chen Muwu never thought that it was not a professional book that could make Oppenheimer read with relish, but this one.

It's embarrassing.

You can't tell Oppenheimer that he's one of the original authors of this book, right?

Chen Muwu quietly asked his eldest disciple's opinion of this book.

"I see you seem to be very engaged in reading, what is the content of this book?"

"It's just amazing! I seemed to follow the description in the book and took a train and followed this George Chen as a detective.

"I kept guessing who the murderer was, and it wasn't until I saw the end that I found out that the murderer turned out to be ......"

Oppenheimer suddenly felt as if he was a little carried away in front of the teacher, so he quickly shut his mouth.

He secretly rejoiced in his heart, fortunately he braked the car in time, otherwise the spoilers would be cool for a while, and he would be crematorium after graduation.

"But this book is still very interesting, Mr. Chen, I think you must know the author of this book, or rather, the author of this book, you must know you."

What?

Is my vest so easy to fall off?

"Mr. Oppenheimer, why do you say that?"

Chen Muwu remained silent.

"Because I feel that the protagonist of this book, this Chinese international student named George Chen, should be based on you, Mr. Chen.

"Is it just a coincidence that he is from China and a student from the UK, and his surname is Chen? I don't think so.

"At least, I think this Mr. Chandler York, at least read about you in the newspapers, and that's why he was so inspired."

"Robert, you're really kidding."

Chen Muwu snorted and covered up this matter.

He took Oppenheimer out of the Cavendish Laboratory, turned a corner along Liberty Alley, and entered the Eagle Bar on Benedict Street to continue the conversation between master and apprentice.

……

The journal Nature, which published the first paper on wave equations, finally hit the market a few days ago.

At the same time, more than a month after Chen Muwu established quantum mechanics, at the weekly meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin, Born from the University of Göttingen finally gave a concluding speech on some problems related to quantum mechanics and matrix calculations.

Dr. Chen of the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom recently summed up a new set of laws for the physical movement of the microscopic world.

He discarded the efforts of countless physicists to study the microscopic world, the most important of which was to abandon Bohr's atomic model and deny the existence of electron orbitals.

He started with the harmonic oscillator and then introduced a new mathematical tool, the matrix.

“……”

Born's speech is basically a complete repetition of Chen Muwu's thesis from beginning to end, interspersed with his own understanding of the paper.

Basically everyone present had already read Chen Muwu's paper "On Quantum Mechanics", so Born's speech did not cause a greater sensation.

After Born's speech, Pauli from Hamburg also asked to speak on stage.

As soon as he came to the stage, he came up to give a very unceremonious cynicism to Born, who had just finished his speech:

"Thank you, Professor Born, for reviewing this paper by Dr. Chan of the University of Cambridge from beginning to end. If we had a member of the Physics Society with poor vision, I think he would be very grateful for his presentation.

"Not only did Dr Chan forge ahead in the swimming pool of the Paris Olympics, but he has also made great strides in his research into microscopic physics recently.

Although he had previously proposed the ridiculous and absurd theory that electrons have the same rotation as the earth, perhaps they should not be called 'theories', but should be called 'fallacies'.

But Dr. Chen finally got the hang of it this time, and in his paper called "On Quantum Mechanics", he finally came up with a theory that seemed to be good.

Although the existence of electron orbitals is abandoned, Dr. Chen's new theory is much simpler and more intuitive, and can better describe the motion of particles and the interactions between them.

"I was very inspired by Dr. Chen's paper, and some time ago, I tried to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms using the mathematical tool matrix he proposed in his paper.

"It has to be said that this theory is much simpler and more straightforward than the Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model, and our atomic spectra no longer have to be based on three baseless assumptions and four quantum numbers, but can be calculated directly from the laws of physics.

"Below, I will briefly explain how to start with quantum mechanics and use the matrix provided by Dr. Chen to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.

“……”

Everyone in the audience was shocked.

But what surprised them was not that when everyone was still struggling to supplement linear algebra, Pauli was already able to use matrices and quantum mechanics to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.

It was this genius student under Sommerfeld's who thought so highly of himself that he could show such identification with a peer.

You must know that Pauliko is a guy that even Einstein looks down on, and Chen Muwu can get a "looks good" evaluation from him, which can be regarded as a great compliment.

Pauli wrote down all sorts of bizarre formulas for calculating matrices on the blackboard on the lectern wall, which once again made the heads of many physicists sitting in the audience big.

But there are also many people who probably understand what Pauli is talking about, including Einstein, who was despised by Pauli and had a somewhat messy hair.

After Pauli's speech, Einstein, who was sitting next to Planck in the first row, raised his hand: "Wolfgang, do you really agree with Chen Muwu's point of view that the orbit of electrons does not exist?" ”

"Yes, Professor Einstein, didn't I just say that? As Chen said in his paper, you can't actually observe the orbital motion of electrons......"

"Can there only be observable quantities in physics?"

Einstein, of course, also knew how Pauli was judging himself in private, so his tone of question became a little more confrontational.

Pauli became famous at a young age because he accepted an assignment from his teacher Sommerfeld to write the relativity section of a mathematical encyclopedia.

Sommerfeld's original intention was to be lazy, and let this arrogant student, who clubbed and slept in class at night, write a first draft, and then make major revisions himself, and then co-publish it with the student.

But a few months later, Pauli handed in a manuscript of more than 200 pages with nearly 400 notes, which made Sommerfeld feel that there was nothing worth revising, and handed in the original manuscript directly to the publisher, and only Pauli's name was signed in the author's column.

At that time, Einstein also gave a high evaluation after reading the manuscript of the book: "No one who has studied this mature and atmospheric work will believe that the author is a young man who is only 21 years old." ”

As a result, after Pauli learned what the mainstay of the German physics community said about him, instead of thanking Dade and weeping bitterly, Pauli said this sentence indifferently: "It seems that not all the words of Einstein are stupid. ”

Pauli's manuscripts were eventually collected and published as a single book.

And his book soon replaced Einstein's original "A Brief Introduction to Special and General Relativity" and became the first choice for people to learn the theory of relativity in the coming decades.

So Pauli knew that Einstein was able to propose the theory of relativity because he also adopted Mach's philosophical ideas and abandoned the unobservable view of absolute space-time.

So he also replied unceremoniously: "Isn't that the basic idea you used when you created the theory of relativity?" ”

In the face of Pauli's new attack, Einstein chose to overcome rigidity with softness.

He smiled, "It's exactly like you say." But a joke should never be repeated twice to everyone. ”

After saying this, Einstein unilaterally ended the conversation between him and Pauli on stage, and then turned his head and complained to Planck, who was sitting next to him: "Chen Muwu recently laid a quantum duck egg. Born in Göttingen, Pauli in Hamburg, and Bohr in Copenhagen seemed to be convinced of this. But I didn't believe it. ”

Planck was a little surprised, in his eyes, from photons to electron spins, in the past year or so, Chen Muwu has published countless papers in the "Annals of Physics" edited by him.

However, after each of Chen Muwu's papers came out, Einstein would always stand up for it as soon as possible.

Although there is no name of master and apprentice between the two, anyone with a discerning eye can see that there is a tacit master-apprentice relationship between them.

Only this time, why would Einstein be so adamantly opposed to Chen Muwu's new theory?

Planck cautiously asked, "Albert, do you think Chen Muwu's new theory is wrong this time?" ”

"Of course, his mistake this time is ridiculous, Professor Planck. To describe the position of a particle, it is enough to use a single number.

However, Chen Muwu wanted to replace a simple number with a phalanx number, which is really unbelievable.

"In my opinion, the one that Chen Muwu proposed should not be called a matrix at all, but a 'witch multiplication table' written on a parchment scroll with a black magic potion. It won't be long before I can prove his theory wrong, Professor Planck, and remember to set aside a few pages in the Annals of Physics for me to publish this paper. ”

This time, the weekly meeting of the German Physical Society broke up amid the verbal exchange between Einstein and Pauli.

Leaving the venue and returning to his home in Berlin, Einstein pulled the latest issue of Nature from his mailbox.

He opened the magazine and saw the title of Chen Muwu's new paper in the table of contents, "Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem".

……

A week later, the German Physical Society held a new week of meetings in Berlin.

However, at this week's regular meeting, there was no scene of a hundred schools of thought contending as a week ago.

Even Pauli and Einstein, who were incompatible at the last meeting, are rarely on the same page.

Because this week's regular meeting, there is basically only one topic, that is, to criticize Chen Muwu's new paper "Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem" published in the journal "Nature".

Pauli felt betrayed, betrayed by Chen Muwu, who had never met each other at Cambridge University in England.

At the weekly meeting a week ago, he won a full house for his genius in showing German physicists how to use matrices to calculate the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.

Those applause encouraged him to continue climbing to other peaks of quantum mechanics.

Pauli originally planned to go back and continue to use this very useful mathematical method proposed by Chen Muwu to calculate the photoelectric effect and the Chen effect.

As a result, like Einstein, he received a new issue of Nature with Chen Muwu's wave equation shortly after returning home.

Chen Muwu is really stubborn, he has already proposed a heresy of electronic spin before, but he didn't expect to come up with a new one now.

What makes Pauli emotional is not how outrageous Chen Muwu's wave equation is.

Instead, he quickly realized after reading the paper that it had taken him more than a month to solve the hydrogen atom using matrix mechanics.

But now, if Chen Muwu's new fluctuation method is adopted, then it is easy to obtain the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.

This is what makes Pauli very angry, except for his two old mentors, Sommerfeld and Bohr, he is unwilling to accept that there are people in this world who are smarter than him, and who are geniuses.

But obviously, Chen Muwu is the one Pauli is most reluctant to face now.

Chen Muwu was always ahead of him, he tried his best to catch up and overtake, and then he would be even more desperate to find that not only could he not catch up with Chen Muwu, but the gap between the two was getting farther and farther.

However, Pauli, who refused to admit defeat, quickly found the weakness in Chen Muwu's new equation.

That's the new wave equation, which doesn't explain the photoelectric effect and Chan scattering, which happens to be what he's working on right now.

Pauli had to step up his pace, and the emperor paid off, and he got the results before the regular meeting of the German Physical Society began next week.

Therefore, at today's regular meeting, Pauli used the photoelectric effect and Chen scattering as a breakthrough to fiercely attack the new wave equation proposed by Chen Muwu.

Chen scattering is the first important theory proposed by Chen Muwu after entering physics, and the wave equation is also from Chen Muwu.

But if there is a contradiction between them, does it mean that one of the two must be wrong?

The more Pauli spoke on the podium, the more confident he became, and he felt that he had defeated Chen Muwu again, and he was still the smartest physicist in the world.

Unlike Pauli, who firmly believed that the matrix mechanics proposed by Chen Muwu before was the correct solution, and the wave dynamics proposed later was Pauli who self-destructed the Great Wall, Einstein had the same attitude towards the two new theories about the microscopic world proposed by Chen Muwu after more than a month.

Pauli babbled on from the podium about how matrix mechanics was right and how wave dynamics was wrong.

His tirade made Einstein, who was sitting in the audience, feel very impatient.

As a German physics card, he can already be called highly respected, and he rarely raised his hand and spoke once at the weekly meeting.

It's just that Einstein only spoke a few short sentences: "From Sir Thomson's discovery of electrons and his raisin pudding model, to Sir Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus and his proposed model of the atomic solar system, to Professors Bohr and Sommerfeld, and of course Chen Muwu, the latest atomic model proposed and perfected by them, we have not had a sufficiently accurate quantum mechanics.

"But now, Cavendish Labs has sent us another double yolk egg, and all of a sudden, there are two kinds of quantum mechanics in the world.

"Anyone with a discerning eye can see that the two theories are incompatible.

Which of these two theories is true? Perhaps none of them are true at all. ”

Pauli and Einstein's speeches represented the views of most of the physicists present at the meeting.

But at the same time, there are also some people who are beating drums in their hearts.

Although Chen Muwu's latest wave function is a bit absurd, there is no need to use Bohr's assumptions and rules out of nothing, nor does it need to artificially create a "witchcraft multiplication table" like the previous matrices.

Quantum discontinuities occur naturally in the form of eigenstates and eigenvalues in this wave equation without any human intervention.

And they all recognized the same thing as Pauli, that is, the wave equation, although it is nonsense, is mathematically convenient and incomparable to complex matrix mechanics.

……

Chen Muwu's latest paper has not only set off a bloody storm in the whole of Germany.

Professor De Bai of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich was also troubled by Chen Muwu's wave equation.

One of his assistants, Erich Schückel, even wrote a limerick poem about this equation that tormented his boss for a long time:

“Gar Manches rechnet Chen schon

“Mit seiner Wellenfunktion.

“Nur wissen mcht' man gerne wohl

“Was man sich dabei vorstell'n soll.（

"Chen Muwu and his Ψ,

"That's a good calculation.

"But what exactly is Ψ,

"No one can tell. ）”

……

Bohr, who was far away in Copenhagen, Denmark, was as good as he could, and now that he had a new, more precise theory, he did not hesitate to abandon the atomic model that bears his name.

In the past month, Bohr, Heisenberg, and the students and staff of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen have basically accepted Chen Muwu's matrix mechanics, just like Pauli.

This mathematical tool is difficult to get started, but once you get the hang of it, you'll find it useful for calculating and explaining many physical phenomena.

When he was just in contact with this new theory in the summer, Bohr once wrote a letter to his teacher Rutherford, in which he complained bitterly about the unkindness of Chen Muwu, a little junior brother: he had just proposed the fourth quantum number, which helped to finally establish a complete theory of electron orbitals, but turned around and ruthlessly abandoned electron orbitals and proposed a seemingly new and complex theory.

In Rutherford's reply to Bohr, he not only comforted his beloved disciple, but also specially explained that Bohr should be nominated to the Nobel Prize jury of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Chen Muwu would participate in this year's Nobel Prize in Physics.

And Bohr also got another useful information from the teacher's letter, that is, in just one year, Chen Muwu had graduated with a doctorate, and was staying in the Cavendish laboratory as an experimenter.

Bohr felt that it was a waste of his talent to repeat experiments day after day in the laboratory, and that he should be in Copenhagen more than the Cavendish laboratory.

Since its establishment, his Institute of Theoretical Physics has aimed to recruit young talents from the European academic community and build a youthful scientific research team.

And his junior brother Chen Muwu is, of course, the undoubted leader among young physicists today.

At that time, he has Heisenberg on the left and Chen Muwu on the right, so it is not logical that his Institute of Theoretical Physics will become one of the famous physics centers in Europe?

So Bohr started to dig into the foot of his teacher Rutherford's wall.

It's just that Bohr at that time had not fully accepted matrix mechanics, and he was still a little angry with Chen Muwu, so his little hoe was not wielded in the end.

Now that the whole of Copenhagen has finally accepted Chen Muwu's matrix mechanics, I didn't expect this genius young man to create an even more genius way to make calculating the spectrum of hydrogen atoms easier and more straightforward.

Therefore, Bohr could no longer hold back his desire to seek talents, and wrote a handwritten letter to his junior brother.

Of course, he did not directly play a straight ball against Chen Muwu in the letter, inviting him to leave Cambridge University and come to the University of Copenhagen to study abroad.

Bohr chose to retreat into advance, and as he had done when he invited Heisenberg before, he first invited Chen Muwu to visit the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Denmark for a short period of time during the summer vacation.

And his wishful thinking in his heart was that he must let his wife Margaret choose a few of the most beautiful girls in Copenhagen, and he would leave his little brother who was not deeply involved in the world.

In order to express his welcome to Chen Muwu, Bohr even adapted a line from "Hamlet" in his letter: "In Copenhagen, we expect from the English visitors. ”

It's just that Chen Muwu, who is only a shallow learner, has not read Shakespeare much.

Thank you for your support over the past month, and I wish you all a happy May Day! (There is only one chapter today)

(End of chapter)