The Han Dynasty is the dynasty with the most far-reaching influence on Chinese history, modern Chinese historians believe that the Han Dynasty is the first unified dynasty established by the orthodox Chinese people, but the Han Dynasty did not put the Chinese people in the prominent text in the promotion of culture, and there are willing to dilute the concept and historical deeds of the Chinese people, but to promote Confucianism and Taoism and other traditional Chinese thoughts, in the ethnic policy to adopt the same equality and tolerance policy, the Han Dynasty will be the founding of the Bashu people directly to the national treatment, So that the Sichuan region has been the place of the Central Plains Dynasty since then; The Northwest Ethnic Groups such as the Di and Qiang ethnic groups who had contributed to the founding of the country adopted a policy of appeasing Huairou and designated the Songpan Plateau, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Hexi Region and the Mobei Region as their dependent territories, and let them encircle the Northwest Territory for the Han Dynasty; For the northern nomadic peoples such as the Xiongnu who had conflicts and hatreds, the Han Dynasty built and opened border trade cities, implemented trade and intermarriage with foreign countries, ensured the normal economic and cultural exchanges between farming peoples and nomads, and avoided the use of war as much as possible, so as to ensure the border security of the northwest and northern regions during the Han Dynasty.

Due to the Han Dynasty's implementation of equal and inclusive ethnic normality, and at the same time the implementation of equality, freedom, legal system and moral education and other people-oriented policies in the country, and legislation to deny theocracy and women's rights, the establishment of the patriarchal patriarchal system, the implementation of secularization, civilianization, pragmatism and other social and economic development policies, so that the Han Dynasty's agriculture, breeding, handicrafts, construction, commerce, etc. flourished, so that the Han Dynasty's population developed rapidly, and the Han Dynasty's urban and rural construction reached the highest level in the world at that time. The happiness index of the people of the Han Dynasty was the highest in the world at that time. At that time, while the people of the Han Dynasty lived and worked happily in this way, the people outside the Han Dynasty were still living a miserable life under the cruel rule of theocracy, women's power, royal power and clan power. As a result, the people of the Han Dynasty developed a centripetal force towards the country, and the people of the Han Dynasty liked to call themselves Han people, while the people outside the Han Dynasty also called the people of the Han Dynasty with envy. Although Han nationality is an ethnic concept proposed by modern ethnologists, Han people are indeed the first and most common name for Chinese. Han Chinese and Han surnames have become important cultural features of the Chinese and Chinese cultural circles, and without the Han Dynasty and Han surname historians would not know how to tell Chinese history and culture.

After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty established its capital in Chang'an, Qinchuan Region, and inherited the economic and cultural heritage of the Qin Dynasty to rule China. At that time, in the northwest of China, in the Songpan Plateau, the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Hexi Corridor, the Loess Plateau, the Mongolian Plateau and other regions, there were still the Di people, the Qiang people, the Xiongnu people, the Xianbei people and other northern ethnic groups who were also farmers and herders, and these peoples had a profound impact on Chinese history and world history, so they should not be forgotten by history.

After the Han Dynasty defeated the Xiongnu, Xianbei gradually replaced the Xiongnu as the overlord of the grasslands in northern China. Later, the Xianbei tribe split into the Khitan people, and the Khitans continued to dominate northern China and threatened the Chinese dynasty. In the Old Yue language, Xianxia

It means feminine and virgin, which is equivalent to "immortal" in Chinese; Bei / bi means brother, sister, prince, princess. Xianbei xia

bei as a family name, meaning the direct descendants of the Virgin and the Prince, that is, the noble Virgin.

Xianbei is the general name of the nomadic people in northern China with the yellow race as the main body, the Xianbei people retain the complete ancient Yue culture, they and the Huaxia people used to be an ancient people who developed in parallel, the Xianbei people have a very wide range of activities, in the summer they graze on the Siberian steppe, the East European Plain and the southern European steppe, and the Xianbei people go to Siberia

The ethnic branch developed by IA is the Xibe ethnic group (Xibe is Xibo in Chinese pinyin, Sibe in English, and Shiva Sipo in Ancient Yue, so the original meaning of Xibe is Shiva and Shiva worship), and Siberia is named after it. According to the historical records of Xianbei, in the winter of each year, the Xianbei people bring their livestock and tribesmen to their winter pastures and settlements in the Hexi Corridor, the Songpan Plateau, the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other regions. Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, the Xianbei people had quite close contacts and contacts with the Han people and the Han Dynasty. Of course, since the nomads had mobile and attacking cavalry units, the nomads would have invaded and plundered the farming villages and cities of the Han Dynasty in the years when their income from animal husbandry had plummeted. In the era of frequent ice disasters in the north, the wars between nomads and farming peoples also became frequent, and this way of national struggle became an important reason for the overthrow of the Central Plains Dynasty and the frequent change of dynasty.

After the Han Dynasty, successive imperial courts of Chinese dynasties gradually reorganized and trained their armies to deal with the northern nomads, and the northern nomads waged endless wars in the northern desert, the Western Regions, the Central Plains, and even the entire Chinese region, and these wars not only trained the Chinese people, but also the nomads of northern China. In the process of war and ethnic integration, the northern nomads learned Chinese culture from the Chinese, including Taoist thought, yin and yang, I Ching and the art of war and other philosophies, science and military science, and the Chinese through countless wars and ethnic integration, the Asian nomads in northern and northwest China were cultivated into the most powerful military groups in the world, making the northern Chinese nomads like entering a no-man's land, destroying the ancient and sweeping through Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe, and becoming the great conquerors that terrified the Western world.

Because the Xiongnu were defeated by the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were forced to move westward and settle in northeastern Europe, because the Xiongnu could not bear the forced conquest and tyranny of the Romans, the Xiongnu launched a rebellion, and the Xiongnu almost wiped out the Roman Empire and occupied the whole of Europe; Due to the defeat of the Turks in the Tang Dynasty, the Khitans moved westward from China to Central Asia and southern Europe, and the Turks became the subversives of the Western world in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Khitans were defeated by the Jin and forced to move westward to Central Asia and Europe. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols waged powerful and terrifying wars against Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, and these wars made Westerners deeply feel the greatness of the power of the East.

In the midst of suffering and despair, Westerners prayed to their God again and again, but got despair again and again, and finally, Westerners woke up to the fact that they began to abandon their God, they stopped believing the nonsense described by the fatalists, and they began to think about how to defeat the enemy, how to avoid being slaughtered and enslaved.

After the catastrophe and despair experienced by Westerners, their thinking about the world and life led to the cultural awakening and reflection of Europeans from the 14th century to the 16th century AD. They invented the steam engine, which made animal power such as oxen, horses, camels, laborers, ox carts, and horse-drawn carts synonymous with barbarism and backwardness.

In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, Westerners relied on scientific and technological progress to achieve a turnaround against the wind, and they opened the door of China with strong ships and cannons, and since then they have been invading, occupying, exploiting and enslaving China for more than 100 years. If the Europeans do not have cultural awakening and reflection, the Western world will continue to live under the notice of theocracy and feminism, and the Western world will have no science and technology, let alone a revolutionary spirit, then how can Westerners dare to challenge the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty will definitely be cruel and ruthless to flatten the entire Western world, because the Qing Manchus are the last powerful foreign ethnic group to rise in the grasslands and forests of northern China, and the combat effectiveness of the Qing Dynasty far exceeds that of the Huns, Turks, Khitans, and Mongols. In the era of cold weapons, the population of the Eastern world was dozens of times that of the Western world such as the Middle East and Europe, and the combat effectiveness of the armies of the Eastern world was also dozens of times that of the Western world. The cultural awakening and reflection of Europeans, the revolutionary spirit and the scientific and technological prowess saved the Western world, and at the same time drove the Eastern world into a dark and desperate valley.

The Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties were a critical period in the development of Chinese civilization, and the Han people of the Central Plains, as well as the Di, Qiang, Xianbei, Khitan and other ethnic minorities in the northwest and north, dominated the development of these eras.

Khitan is an evolutionary branch of Xianbei, Khitan continuous reading is the pronunciation of "Qin, Qin", the Qin Dynasty regime is based on the northwest ethnic minorities, so it is normal for Xianbei people to take "Qin" as their own clan name, and "Qin" has a good meaning, Qin is the meaning of metal, weapons and guerrilla generals in the ancient Yue language, and "Qin" is also the honorific name of a great empire, and most countries in the world call China "Qin Chi".

", Chinese chi in English

The pronunciation of a should be chi

The pronunciation after the transformation.

The Cao Wei clique led by Cao Cao was the most powerful military and political group of the Han people in the Central Plains. Cao Cao is a great figure in Chinese history that must not be bypassed.

Cao Cao (July 18, 155 A.D. to March 15, 220 A.D.), the word Mengde, an auspicious, small character Apu, a surname Xiahou, Peiguo County (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province) people. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was the son of Cao Song, the powerful minister, and was also the founder of the Cao Wei regime.

Cao Cao was a young man who was dissolute, and when he was twenty years old, he was named a filial piety and a lieutenant in the north of Luoyang. Later, he served as a cavalry lieutenant, participated in the suppression of the Yellow Turban Army, and transferred Jinan to the prime minister. When Dong Zhuo was in power, he scattered all his family wealth and raised troops to fight against Dong Zhuo. In the third year of Chuping (192), according to Yanzhou, more than 300,000 Yellow Turban Army were divided and induced, and the elite of them were selected to form the Qingzhou Army. In the first year of Jian'an (196), the Han Dynasty was invited to Xu County, and since then he has issued orders in the name of Emperor Xian and has been in charge of the government. Before and after, Yuan Shu, Tao Qian, Lu Bu and other forces were defeated one after another. In the fifth year of Jian'an (200 years), Yuan Shao, who had seized Hebei, was defeated in the Battle of Guandu, and then leveled Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan, attacked Wuhuan in the north, and unified the north. In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), he was promoted to the prime minister. In the same year, he led an army to the south and subdued Jingzhou, but was defeated by the Sun-Liu coalition army in the Battle of Chibi. In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), he took Hanzhong, and in the following year (216), he entered the king of Wei from the Duke of Wei. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220), Cao Cao died of illness in Luoyang at the age of sixty-six. After the establishment of Cao Wei, he was posthumously honored as Taizu, nicknamed Emperor Wu [112], and buried in Gaoling.

Cao Cao employed people on the basis of meritocracy, suppressed the strong and strong, and strengthened the centralization of power; In the northern tuntian, water conservancy was built. His various measures have led to a certain degree of social and economic recovery and development in the areas under his rule. In addition, he knew the art of war, calligraphy, and poetry. Most of his poems express political aspirations, reflect the suffering life of the people in the late Han Dynasty, and are majestic, generous and sad, and open up the style of Jian'an literature. He is the author of "The Collection of Emperor Wu of Wei", which has been lost. Today's collection has "Cao Cao's Collection".

Cao Cao's greatness lies in his noble character, excellent strategy, decisive killing, and bearing humiliation, in the case of foreigners and gangsters controlling the Eastern Han Dynasty and the world in chaos, he was able to form an elite division of the Han nation without hesitation and calmly, maintain the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and finally unite all forces to unify northern China, and form the Three Kingdoms with the Shu State based on Hubei and Sichuan, and the Wu State based on the Jianghuai and Jiangnan regions.

Cao Cao is a great man who has produced a national backbone under the influence of Chinese culture and Han culture, he is not only literary and martial, but also has the great feelings and benevolent heart of a philosopher and poet, he can not only see through life and all things in the world, but also lose the pursuit of noble sentiments and truth. In the midst of public doubts and abuse, he can still maintain noble conduct and morality. The emperors, generals, scholars, and strategists who lived in the same era as Cao Cao could not be compared with Cao Cao in their merits, cultivation, and consciousness. Since the literati of all Chinese dynasties believed in Confucianism and were also the spokesmen of the rulers, the biggest crime they gave Cao Cao was "blackmailing the Son of Heaven to order the princes", which was actually to characterize Cao Cao as a traitor and a rebel. However, have these historical judges ever thought about how difficult and painful it was for Cao Cao to sincerely assist a Han emperor who was confused, weak, imbecile, and unable to take care of himself?! But Cao Cao did it, and Cao Cao was only the prime minister of the Han Dynasty until he died - the backbone of the Han nation, the great Prime Minister Cao! Cao Cao is worthy of being an eternal model of China's all-round civil and military talents!

After Cao Cao's death, his son Cao Pi established the Wei state on the basis of the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains, and formed a confrontation with the Shu and Wu states. Ordinary people only know the scenery and luxury of being an emperor, but they don't know that being an emperor is to sit on a chopping board and a fire pit, and the Wei State (220-265) only operated for 35 years before it was overthrown by Sima Yan, an important minister of the Wei court and a military chief, and the Jin State controlled by the Sima family. The Sima family originated from Sima Yi, who was Cao Cao's main adviser and general, so the Sima family became the direct ministers of Wei.

In order to end the division of the country as soon as possible, the Jin State formed a military alliance with the Qiang and Di forces in the northwest region, as well as the Xianbei tribes on the northern border, and launched a full-scale war against Shu and Wu. As a result, the Qiang, Di, Xianbei and other foreign ethnic groups poured into the Central Plains and various parts of China, laying the groundwork for China's next great national split.

After the Jin State eliminated the Wu State in 280 AD, the Jin State won a complete victory in the War of Chinese Unification, and the Jin Dynasty began to rule the world.

From the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, the ruling system of the imperial court has been based on the system of the clan of the clan of the clan, which is a set of qualifications and powers to give family members and descendants the qualifications and powers to receive education and serve as court and local officials according to the family's merits, achievements and achievements in the country. At that time, only family members and descendants who had meritorious deeds, merits, and official experience could enter the official school, learn various knowledge and skills, learn the knowledge and principles of governing the country and the country, and become a scholar after learning, and only a scholar could serve as a civil and military official at all levels of the imperial court. This system of selecting and appointing officials is a kind of hereditary system of power after reform, which eventually leads to the monopoly and manipulation of state power by a small number of powerful clans, and finally the emperor is hollowed out and abolished.

Soon after the opening of the Jin Dynasty, after the death of the founding emperor Sima Yan, the harmfulness of the gate lord clan system, a court battle drama in which the gate lord clan and Sima Feng Wang participated immediately broke out!

Because Sima Yan chose a son with a very low IQ Sima Zhen as the crown prince, after Sima Yan's death, Sima Zhen ascended the throne as Emperor Hui of Jin, because Emperor Hui of Jin could not deal with the government, resulting in the harem in power, and at the same time, the important ministers of the court gate lords united with the local Sima Department to control the imperial court, to remove Emperor Hui and support the new emperor to come to power. From then on, the Jin Dynasty entered a 16-year (291-306 AD) period of palace infighting and national warfare, known as the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings".

In order to fill the emptiness of the population of the Central Plains, the Wei and Jin dynasties continued to "appease the Wuhu" from the northwest and north, and moved the Xiongnu, Qian, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and other Wuhu populations into the Central Plains. In the past 100 years, about millions of Wuhu people have migrated inward, including 700,000 Xiongnu, 800,000 Qiang, 1 million Di, and 2.5 million Xianbei. According to the household registration statistics of the Jin Dynasty, after the Western Jin Dynasty entered the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings", the total population of the north was 15 million, and the "Wuhu" represented by the Xiongnu, Xia, Xianbei, Di and Qiang entered the Central Plains one after another, which changed the ethnic composition of the Central Plains to a large extent, and the ethnic distribution pattern also changed greatly.

In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the situation in the Guanlong area, which was once inhabited by the Han nationality, was a situation in which "all the counties in the northwest were Rong Ju" and "there were more than 100,000 people in Guanzhong, and the rate was much smaller, and Rong Di lived in half of them."

After the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, the Jin Dynasty was divided, the national strength was empty, the people's livelihood withered, and due to the continuous civil war, the military power of the Jin Dynasty weakened rapidly, and the Jin Dynasty lost control of the Hu people in the Central Plains and surrounding areas. As a result, the Hu forces established separatist regimes one after another, breaking away from the rule of the Jin Dynasty, which eventually led to the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty and the entry of the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty" in Chinese history.

In the tenth lunar month of 304, Li Xiong, the leader of the Di tribe, occupied Chengdu and called himself the "King of Chengdu", known as the Cheng Han Dynasty in history. In the same year, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu nobleman, raised troops in Lishi, known as Qianzhao in history, which was the beginning of the founding of Wuhu.

In 310, in the fourth year of Emperor Yongjia of Jin Huai, Liu Yuan, the former founding emperor of Zhao, died, and his son Liu Cong killed the crown prince Liu He and ascended the throne.

In April of 311 (the fifth year of Yongjia), Liu Cong's subordinate Shi Le, annihilated more than 100,000 Jin troops in Ningping City, Ku County, and captured Taiwei Wang Yan and others. Liu Cong also sent the general Hu Yanyan to lead his troops to attack Luoyang, repeatedly defeated the Jin army, and annihilated more than 30,000 people before and after. In June, Hu Yanyan arrived in Luoyang, Liu Yao and others led troops to meet and break through Luoyang, which was known as the "Yongjia Disaster" or "Yongjia Rebellion" in history.

In 313, Liu Cong poisoned Emperor Huai of Jin. Emperor Huai's nephew Sima Ye (or Sima Ye), ascended the throne in Chang'an, and was Emperor Jin Chu.

316 years ago, Zhao Liu Yao attacked Chang'an, and Emperor Jin Chu surrendered on his own initiative.

In 317, Emperor Jin was killed, and Wang Dao, Wang Dun, etc., supported Sima Rui, a distant clan of the Jin Dynasty, because Sima Rui did not want to be the emperor, so he was called the King of Jin.

In 318, under the persuasion of his advisers and warlords, Sima Rui left Shandong and other Central Plains regions, retreated to the Jiangnan region to establish a state, and ascended the throne in Jiankang (Nanjing) as Emperor Yuan of Jin.

Since then, the Western Jin Dynasty, which lasted 51 years, perished, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty began. At this time, there were many countries in China outside the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and there were sixteen powerful states, namely Former Zhao (Xiongnu), Later Zhao (Xiongnu), Qianyan (Xianbei), Qianliang (Han), Qianqin (Di), Later Qin (Qiang), Houyan (Xianbei), Western Qin (Xianbei), Houliang (Di), Southern Liang (Xianbei), Xiliang (Han), Northern Liang (Lu Shuihu), Southern Yan (Xianbei), Northern Yan (Han), Xia (Xiongnu), Cheng Han (Bayi) and other regimes.

From 304 to 439, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty experienced a long period of 135 years, during which the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which held on to the Jianghuai region and the area south of the Yangtze River, was seriously threatened by the Hu regime in the north, and the most serious threat was the Battle of Huangshui (383) during the Former Qin Dynasty (351~394), if the Eastern Jin Dynasty lost in this war, Chinese history would go in another direction.

The former Qin was one of the regimes of the Di people during the establishment of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms, and it was also the most powerful state among the Sixteen Kingdoms. In October 350, Fu Jian occupied Guanzhong, ascended the throne the following year, set up a hundred officials, set up the capital of Chang'an, a total of six emperors in the fifth Qin calendar (including a total of eight emperors in the posthumous title), and enjoyed the country for forty-four years, from 349 Fu Hong established himself as the king is forty-six years.

Di people are the most complete preservation of the ancient Yue people's way of life and production, ancient Yue culture and customs, as well as a good absorption of Chinese culture and Han culture of the minority people, the Di people from ancient times settled in the Chengdu Plain and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau confluence, Songpan Plateau, Qinling and Daba Mountain area, they are the descendants of the ancient Shu mother nobles, that is, the imperial family, after the fall of the ancient Shu country, the Di people migrated from the Chengdu Plain to the above settlement areas.

Because the Di people were inferior to other Hu people in terms of population, production methods, and cultural accomplishments, they quickly unified the Central Plains and other northern regions after they established their political power, making the former Qin the strongest Hu people in the north. After the Former Qin Dynasty unified most of the northern region, it fully restored the production, life and social governance of the ruling areas, so that the people in northern China lived and worked in peace and contentment, and all industries recovered. After the country became strong, the former Qin Emperor Fu Jian, with the great ambition of dominating the world and ending the troubled times, broke out the war of unification after formulating a war strategy.

In 370, Fu Jian sent Wang Meng and Deng Qiang to lead an army to destroy Qianyan and capture the six states of Kwantung.

In 371, the former Qin destroyed Qiuchi, captured Yang Su, and Tuyuhun returned to the former Qin.

In 373, the former Qin captured Bashu and Hanzhong, and Qiong, Xiao, and Yelang were all attached to Qin.

In 376, the former Qin destroyed the former Liang, and the dynasty was destroyed in the same year. Pacify the countries of the Western Regions.

In 383, the "Battle of Huangshui" broke out between the Former Qin and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the war, more than 200,000 elite divisions of the Qin army and 80,000 resistance troops of the Jin army faced off across the river at Huishui (southeast of present-day Shou County, Anhui Province). Because the Qin army listened to the tricks of the Jin army, the Qin army retreated along the defense line along the river, not to attack the Jin army when the Jin army crossed the river, and let the Jin army cross the river and land before annihilating the Jin army. However, as soon as the Qin army retreated, the Jin army released rumors among the Qin army that the Qin army's vanguard had been wiped out by the Jin army, so everyone should flee for their lives! The Qin army did not know the truth during the retreat, and in the chaos, the Qin army fled one after another, and serious congestion and stampede accidents occurred. In this case, the Jin army crossed the river quickly, and the Qin army, which had no time to escape, was annihilated in one fell swoop.

The Battle of Weishui extended the national fortune of the Eastern Jin Dynasty for 37 years, and at the same time led to the decline and division of the Former Qin, and the northern ethnic groups broke away from the rule of the Former Qin, and finally the Former Qin was divided into several local secession regimes such as the Later Qin and the Later Yan. The Eastern Jin Dynasty took advantage of the chaos in the north to launch a Northern Expedition to recover some of the lost territory in the Central Plains, and the Jin army once pushed the border line of the Jin State to the south of the Yellow River.

After the destruction of the former Qin state, the Di people either integrated into the Han nationality, or left their homeland and migrated to the Western Regions and Central Asia, and the Di people merged with the locals to form a new Altai people, the Turkic people, in the ancient Yue language, Tutu

du is the meaning of beans and seeds, and it is pronounced ki in the Cantonese vernacular (retaining the pronunciation of Tang and Song Dynasty Chinese), and in the ancient Yue language, ki is the meaning of hard and unyielding, so in the ancient Yue Turkic is the meaning of the iron race, the Turkic ancestor Ashina used to be a blacksmith, he has special feelings for tenacity, and at the same time he is a descendant of the Di people, and he affirms that the memory of the great leader of the Di people, Fu Jian, who is the spiritual representative of the tenacity and strength of the nation, so he called his clan Tuki that is, Turkic, Later, the Turks also called themselves Tuki, which was a great empire across Asia, Europe and Africa, which is all due to the legacy of Ashina. In the ancient Yue language, A is the former crown of the honorific title, Shi Shi

SHE refers to scalpers, which means strongmen and hard-working; that

A refers to the field, the land, and has the meaning of landlord and lord, and Ashina means "honorable lord of Hercules".

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Turks became the overlords of China's Western Regions and the northern grasslands, and the Li Jiajun, who established the Tang Dynasty, was one of the forces that led the Turks to dominate the Central Plains. Li Bai, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty, may be the descendants of the Di people who migrated to Central Asia after the defeat of the former Qin, Li Bai was born in the city of broken leaves on the edge of the Chu River in Central Asia, Li Bai followed his uncle from Central Asia to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou, Sichuan Province (now Qinglian Town, Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province) to settle down, Jiangyou is located in the south of the Songpan Plateau, from ancient times to the present here is the homeland of the Di people, if Li Bai's family is not a descendant of the Di people, they cannot return from the far Middle East to settle and develop here. It can be seen from this that Chinese culture and Han culture were prosperous in Central Asia at that time, otherwise it would be impossible for Central Asia to give birth to a great poet and literary giant like Li Bai, who was proficient in Chinese culture and Han culture.

After the northern region of China entered the melee situation of warlord separation, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was also destroyed by the Wei and Jin Dynasty clan forces, and then, Chinese history entered a period of great division between the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

The Northern and Southern Dynasties (420~589) is a collective term for the Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, southern and northern China were divided, from the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, starting with the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty by Liu Yu in 420 and ending with the destruction of the Southern Dynasty Chen by the Sui Dynasty in 589.

The Southern Dynasties (420-589) were inherited from the Eastern Jin Dynasty and included the Southern Song Dynasty, the Southern Qi Dynasty, the Southern Liang Dynasty, and the Southern Chen Dynasty, all of which had Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) as their capital.

The Northern Dynasties (439-581) were inherited from the Sixteen Kingdoms, including the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Five Dynasties, the Northern Wei split into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei, with the Northern Qi replacing the Eastern Wei, the Northern Zhou replacing the Western Wei, and the Northern Zhou destroying the Northern Qi.

During this 169-year schism, due to the southward migration of the Chinese and Han ethnic groups, the Southern Dynasties have always regarded themselves as Chinese orthodoxy, and this stage also cultivated a Chinese culture with southern Chinese characteristics, and southern China became the main inheritor of Chinese culture and Han culture.

At this time, after one or two hundred years of Chinese culture edification, as well as Hu and Han intermarriage, northern China also formed a new cultural form with Chinese cultural characteristics, integrating Hu culture and customs, because most of the Hu people were born in the working class, not nobles, gate lords, so the Hu people are more equal and pragmatic in society, they are "meritocracy" in employing people, therefore, the court of the Hu people has many capable people, virtuous and talented, and they are more effective; They only do very practical things, so they are more able to create and accumulate wealth and power, they do not look at face and pomp, and they oppose extravagance and waste. These cultural and institutional advantages of the northern regime laid the foundation for the victory of the Northern Dynasty over the Southern Dynasty in the future.

In the 169-year historical process of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the region south of the Yangtze River in China was for the first time comprehensively and profoundly influenced by the ruling culture of the Central Plains emperors. However, in the north, on the contrary, because the Central Plains region is the core of the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, the imperial culture is strong, and the gate lord clan penetrates the whole society, any person who has lived in the Central Plains for a long time has a deep background of the gate lord clan, and the Hu people and other people are mostly moved from other places just now, if the personnel in the court, the government and the army are still selected according to the methods of the door and the lord, it will inevitably lead to many outsiders being excluded and losing the qualifications and opportunities to serve the imperial court. In order to better select and use talents, the Northern Dynasty broke the monopoly of the gate lords and scholars on the cause of education and cultivation of talents, implemented a comprehensive education combining government and private schools in the whole society, and established standards, systems and institutions for talent selection and selection by the imperial court, ensuring that the national talent training and selection were fair, equal, efficient and smooth. By the time of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, China's imperial examination system, as well as personnel systems for the selection, hiring, assessment, promotion, appointment, and dismissal of talents, had been established. The establishment of these systems and offices played a key role in the Northern Dynasties' reserve of talents, the improvement of social justice and equality, and the improvement of the efficiency and honesty of the imperial court, laying the foundation for the Northern Dynasties to defeat the Southern Dynasties and undertake the mission of unifying the world.

In 581 AD, Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 589 AD, the Sui Dynasty eliminated the Southern Chen Dynasty to complete the unification of the world.

The Sui Dynasty was a pioneering dynasty in China, the Sui Dynasty not only established a complete imperial examination system and talent system, but also carried out a comprehensive and fundamental reform of the imperial court and government system, and the Sui Dynasty implemented a more efficient and scientific "three provinces and six ministries" and other national management systems on the basis of the "Three Princes and Six Secretaries" system in the Han Dynasty. These systems were all institutional models that became the institutional models of the imperial court of later generations in China. At the same time, the Sui Dynasty attaches great importance to social and economic construction, the Sui Dynasty for the first time built the Yellow River and the Huai River and the Yangtze River water system of the North-South Grand Canal, the Yellow River basin region and the Jianghuai region and the vast Yangtze River south of the region into a piece, due to the smooth waterway transportation, to ensure the exchange of talents, materials and funds between the north and the south of China, so that the Sui Dynasty truly became a huge empire without geographical isolation of the north and the south integration, economic and cultural sharing, and common prosperity.

Although the Sui Dynasty fell after only 37 years of rule, the Tang Dynasty, which rose in the war in the last years of the Sui Dynasty, completely inherited the achievements of the Sui Dynasty's reform and construction in the court, society, culture and economy, and created an era of comprehensive social prosperity that had a profound impact on Chinese culture, that is, the Tang Dynasty!

In 618 AD, the Tang Dynasty was proclaimed in Taiyuan, Shanxi, and the unification war of Suimo began. After pacifying the world, in 627 AD, Li Shimin became Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty through the Xuanwumen Incident, which opened the prosperous era of the Tang Dynasty.

Li Shimin was born in the northern gate lord clan of the Hu and Han people, he was deeply influenced by the Hu and Han culture, has a very deep Han cultural heritage, he is well aware of the people's suffering and needs, and knows the importance of national integration and social fairness and justice for the country's rule, therefore, he vigorously promoted land reform, so that the people can obtain and cultivate land as much as possible, eliminate economic monopoly as much as possible, and ensure the fairness and freedom of economy and commerce; In the area of imperial court and social reform, comprehensive education, the imperial examination system, and the system of three provinces and six ministries were introduced; In terms of foreign affairs, the "Metropolitan Protectorate" has been set up in the northwest, north and southwest border regions to systematically develop and manage foreign trade and cultural exchanges, stabilize the border areas, and prosper the national economy; Militarily, military action was taken against the new overlord of the northern steppes, the "Turks", to drive the Turks to the Middle East, and completely remove the threat of nomadic forces to the Tang Dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty was not only economically strong, but also culturally prosperous, because of the fame obtained through the imperial examination, becoming an official became the common aspiration and dream of scholars all over the world, and literary creations such as poetry, calligraphy and painting and other art forms became fashionable in society. The Tang Dynasty was an era when Chinese cultural creations such as poetry and classical Chinese, as well as artistic creations such as calligraphy, painting, sculpture, music and dance flourished. The development of literature and art has enriched the emotional and spiritual world of the Chinese, enabled the Chinese to have the ability to comprehensively transcend the constraints of nature, material and nature, and soar freely in the emotional and spiritual world, making the Chinese the world's most dashing, free-spirited, affectionate and righteous world-class nation. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty was once the dream paradise of the people of the world, the goal of the life and spiritual pursuit of the people of the world, and since then, people from all over the world have become Chinese as Tang people, and Chinese people have settled and traded in foreign countries as Chinatowns.

After 289 years of ups and downs in the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty disappeared into the long river of history with the establishment of the Liang Dynasty by Zhu Wen. Since then, the era of "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms", which lasted for 53 years, was opened, in which the Hu and Han warlords fought and ruled the Central Plains in turn.

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, the auxiliary minister and military commander of the Zhou Dynasty, became the Yellow Emperor under the support of his entourage. This ended the era of five dynasties and ten kingdoms of social turmoil and opened another prosperous era in China - the Song Dynasty.

The Song dynasty quickly unified China through the Wenzhi and Wuluo. When the Song Dynasty pacified China, the people of the north and south of China had been fully integrated into a unified nation - the Han people, that is, the Han people, while the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and other Hu ethnic groups had disappeared in China, so the Song Dynasty's policy towards its own people was very equal, cordial and tolerant, and the relationship between all social strata was very harmonious. A good social foundation made the economy of the Song Dynasty achieve unprecedented prosperity and development, coupled with the Song Dynasty's emphasis on the development of domestic commerce, foreign trade and banking, so that the Song Dynasty soon became the international commercial center and financial center of Eurasia, the Song Dynasty's commodities, currency, talents, etc. circulated to all over the world, the Song Dynasty's metal coinage, and paper money became the real sense of the world's currency, China's language, writing, weights and measures, product standards, product manufacturing technology, etc. were fully exported to all over the world for the benefit of the people of the world. China's papermaking, printing, woodworking, smelting, casting, compass, gunpowder, medicine, abacus, weighing weights, measuring instruments and so on entered the Western world in an all-round way.

In order to get the help of the Khitan warlords in the fifth dynasty, Shi Jingjiao of the Jin Dynasty ceded the "Yunyan Sixteen Prefectures", the barrier land in northern China, to the Khitan, and at the same time paid a certain amount of money and materials to the Khitan every year. After the Khitan had this treasure of feng shui, their war horses and infantry could enter the Central Plains such as Shanxi, Hebei, and Henan at any time, posing a mortal threat to the whole of China.

After the Song Dynasty took over China, in order to avoid war and reduce national consumption, the Song Dynasty inherited the treaty signed between Shi Jingjiao and the Khitan, recognized the Khitan's sovereignty over the "Sixteen Prefectures of Yunyan", and handed over a certain amount of money and materials to the Khitan every year. Despite this, the Khitan was still a sharp sword hanging over the head of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty had to guard against Khitan threats and aggression at any time.

In 1115 A.D., the Jin State was in the Heilongjiang "White Mountain and Black Water" area, the Jin people were the Northeast fishing and hunting people, because the Jin people were very resentful of the Khitan that is, the rule and exploitation of the Liao State, so the Jin people developed the army and the imperial court, and established the Jin State to compete with the Liao State.

Perhaps the Khitan people lived too comfortably and comfortably, so the Khitans neglected military construction. In the war between the Jin State and the Liao State, the Jin State became stronger and stronger, and the Liao State became bigger and weaker, and the Liao State lost almost all the land in the Northeast and north of the Great Wall, and the Liao State could only move the capital to Yanjing (now Beijing) and hold on to the sixteen states of Yanyun. At this time, the Jin State sent a signal to the Song Dynasty to jointly eliminate the Liao State, and the Song Dynasty established the country's northern border barrier in order to recover the sixteen states of Yanyun, so the Song Dynasty responded to the call of the Jin State and began to cooperate with the Jin State to eliminate the Liao State after the Jin State signed the "Liao Destruction Alliance Treaty".

In 1125 AD, the Liao State was destroyed, and the leader of the Liao State, Yelu Dashi, led the rest of the Liao State to flee to the Western Regions and Central Asia to continue the national fortune of the Liao State, which was known as the Western Liao in history. At this time, the Jin State occupied the sixteen states of Yanyun and had no intention of returning this place to the Song Dynasty, and at the same time, the Jin State asked the Song Dynasty to pay tribute to themselves with money, grain and materials in accordance with the way the Song Dynasty paid tribute to the Liao State. The Song Dynasty could not tolerate the breach of contract and exploitation of the Jin people, so the conflict between the Song Dynasty and the Jin State quickly turned into a large-scale war.

In 1127 AD, the Jin soldiers captured Bianliang, the capital of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty was sacked, and the Song Dynasty emperor Huizong Zhao Ji, Qinzong Zhao Heng, as well as tens of thousands of civil and military officials of the Song Dynasty's harem and imperial court were captured by the Jin soldiers and escorted to the northeast region to be imprisoned and enslaved.

After the fall of the Bianliang Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou, the son of Song Huizong, led his troops to retreat to the Jianghuai and Jiangnan regions, and once again held on to the country, known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history, and the Song Dynasty was the Northern Song Dynasty in the past.

Subsequently, the Jin people entered the Central Plains and occupied the area north of the Yangtze River in China, and at the same time, the Jin had the ambition to occupy all of China, and the Jin soldiers never stopped the military campaign to completely eliminate the Song Dynasty.

After the Khitan power was eliminated and the Jin people entered the Central Plains, there was a vacuum of powerful forces in northern China, and the rise and development of this Mongol power provided a good environment.

In 1206 AD, the Mongols unified the steppe tribes and established a state on the grasslands of northern China.

In 1219 AD, the Mongol army began to launch a westward expedition that changed the history of the world into the city, and at this time, the great drama of Mongol conquest of the world was staged.

In 1279 AD, the Mongol army wiped out the Southern Song Dynasty, at which time the whole of China fell into the hands of the Mongols, and China entered the era of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

The Mongols were very disgusted and discriminated against the Han Chinese, especially the Han people in the south, so the Mongols brought a large number of Semu people (i.e., Caucasians, yellow and white people) from the Western Regions, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe to China to consolidate their ruling base. In the management of the people, the Mongolian court implemented hierarchical management, with high-level rule and exploitation of low-level, with the highest class being the Mongols, followed by the Semu people, the northern Han people, the southern Han people, and ethnic minorities. The Mongols resisted Chinese culture and agricultural production methods, so the Mongol Yuan court did only one thing in China to forcibly expropriate and brutally oppress the Chinese people.

In 1368, after the Chinese experienced the dark reign of the Mongol Yuan in 89, the Mongol Yuan court was wiped out by the peasant rebel army led by Zhu Yuanzhang, and the remnants of the Mongol Yuan fled back to the northern grasslands and the Western Regions of China. Since then, in the Ming Dynasty, China has returned to the rule of the Han people, and Chinese culture and customs have once again become the mainstream of Chinese society.

Militarily, the Ming Dynasty was stronger than the Song Dynasty, but the Ming Dynasty was often threatened and invaded by the remnants of the Mongols, as well as by the Qing people in the northeast (who claimed to be descendants of the Jin people).

In 1644, Li Zicheng led the peasant rebel army to capture Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself and martyred, and the Ming Dynasty perished. Subsequently, Wu Sangui, the guard of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, led the Qing army into the customs in an attempt to extinguish the peasant rebel army.

The Qing people were the descendants and cultural inheritors of the Jin people, so the Qing people were very familiar with the Han people, Chinese culture and system, so the Qing people quickly swept away the Ming Dynasty and the resistance forces in various parts of China, and established the Great Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing people changed their clan name to the Manchus, at this time the Manchus were already a very high degree of sinicization, the Manchus had fully adapted to the production and lifestyle of the farming nations, and the Manchu nobles had a very high degree of education in Han culture, and they were familiar with Chinese ideology and culture and the principles of governance, so the national contradictions in the Qing Dynasty were not as fierce as those in the Yuan Dynasty.

In 1911, under the pressure of the revolutionary army, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty announced his abdication, the Qing Dynasty perished, and China entered the era of the Republic of China.

The awakening, rise, and expansion of the Western world were the root causes of the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the development of China to its current state. This is a very evolving historical process, which we will explain in detail in the next chapter.