Throughout the history of mankind, we can get a common sense that not every nation has the creativity of civilization, and since the beginning of human history, the Chinese nation, which has risen in the East Asian continent with the Chinese ethnic group as the core, is the great nation with the most civilized creativity in human history.

Between 45,000 and 15,000 years ago, due to the continuous warming of the last ice age of the earth, the sea level rose, and a large number of land and islands in low-altitude areas were inundated, resulting in the migration, settlement and redevelopment of human subjects from southern China, the Indochina Peninsula and Southeast Asia to other parts of the world, thus creating the ethnic distribution pattern of the East Asian continent.

Migratory humans first formed the ancient Yue ethnic group in the south of the Yangtze River in China, and the ancient Yue ethnic group crossed the Yangtze River in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and developed northward, forming the Dongyi ethnic group in the Huai River basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. After the ancient Yue people migrated to the Sichuan region, they were called the Ba and Shu peoples; The ancient Yue people reached the Songpan Plateau, the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Hexi Corridor and other areas to form the Di people, the Qiang people, and the Xiongnu people; The ancient Yue people formed the Huaxia people in the Qinchuan and Hetao areas; After the ancient Yue people entered the Mongolian Plateau and Northeast China in the north, they formed the Beidi, Xianbei and Donghu ethnic groups, and then the Xianbei people evolved into the Xibe, Khitan, Turkic, Mongolian and other nomadic peoples who had a profound impact on Chinese history and world history.

During the Xiaoice River period between 4300 and 4100 years ago, the Huaxia and other northern ethnic groups moved into the Sichuan region in order to escape the disaster, and the Huaxia took advantage of the social turmoil in Sichuan to lead the northern and Bashu ethnic groups to overthrow the matriarchal clan divine power and royal power in the Sichuan region, and established a rudimentary patriarchal social system with more human rights and equality. As a result, the Chinese civilization has gradually become a great civilization of all ethnic groups in the East Asian continent that condenses and commands.

If the Chinese people had not promoted the reform of the cultural and social system, perhaps the East Asian continent would have developed freely and independently in various ways that still retained small countries and widows and were self-sufficient, and it would have been impossible for the East Asian continent to have a great integration of nationalities, nor would it have been possible for a great country to become a great unified country, nor would the Chinese nation have become the general name of all the nationalities on the East Asian continent, and the course of world history and civilization would have been a different story.

The Middle East and Europe have not carried out thorough ethnic and cultural integration, so at present, the Middle East and Europe and other regions are still full of small countries, many ethnic groups, lack of a mutually tolerant national cultural atmosphere, and hostility and struggle between ethnic groups. The reason for this national and state pattern in the Middle East and Europe is that there has never been cultural and social reforms that overthrew theocracy and royal power, never completely overthrown social hierarchies and privileges, and never given equality and freedom to all peoples. After Europe entered modern history, this inhabitant did not change either, except that the rich and capitalists occupied the social hierarchy and privileges of the monarchs and nobles of the feudal era, and the equality and freedom of the people remained a dream and not a reality. Therefore, it is impossible for these regions to have a state in which all people are equal and free, let alone a unified nation and state.

The process of ethnic integration is a process of struggle and cooperation, because the East Asian continent first completed the professional division of labor between the farming peoples and the nomadic peoples, and the ethnic differentiation, so the differentiation and integration of the farming peoples and the nomadic peoples in East Asia is the most typical social phenomenon in human history.

In the above sections, we have discussed the division of labor between agrarian and nomadic peoples, and the division of ethnic groups, and here we will deal specifically with the cooperation and integration of ethnic groups.

The agrarian people were the fixed inhabitants, and the early human society was created by settlement, and one of the major functions of society was to provide a platform for economic exchange, that is, commerce and markets. Through research, we found that in East Asia, in the ancient Yue era, a very complete business and market had been developed. In the Old Vietnamese language, markets and bazaars were called "hui hui" (equivalent to the modern Chinese xu xv), which also represented gatherings; And the purchase is called credit se, and the credit pronunciation of credit is basically the same, in the absence of currency to buy goods can only be completed through barter or credit, because the ancient times of writing was not popularized, so when credit goods, often to the buyer to the seller mortgage some valuable and portable items, seashells are the main decorations of the ancients, so seashells have a certain value, so seashells become a common collateral, over time seashells become currency, but after the seashells are over-collected, resulting in currency depreciation, Therefore, the transaction returns to the method of buying on credit, and the collateral may become rice or cloth, and the buyer can redeem the collateral with the equivalent goods, and of course the seller can also sell the collateral to return to the capital. After the advent of metal currency, the credit purchase method gradually withdrew from the market, but the credit se gradually evolved into the market's "market si", which is pronounced the same in the ancient Vietnamese language.

In ancient times, it was generally sold in the open space of the traffic artery to display goods for sale. So what about the people who developed from ancient Yue no longer call it Haihai? It is because hai hai has evolved into a street (the official dialect of the southwest pronounces "street" as gai, which is very similar to the pronunciation of hai), and the image of the street in the oracle bone inscription is the appearance of a stall in an intersection. In modern Chinese, the market is still a place where goods are bought and sold, and there is still a habit of setting up stalls to sell goods in these places. These commercial phenomena are all cultural customs that have been passed down from the ancient Yue era to the present day.

According to archaeological discoveries, farming peoples often have commodities such as grain, wine, silk, cloth, tea, ceramics, daily necessities and production tools, in exchange for cattle and sheep and horses of nomadic peoples, animal leather, bone materials, gem ores, metal ores and other commodities. These transactions reflect the high degree of dependence between agrarian and nomadic peoples, and therefore the basic conditions for ethnic integration exist. Because the farming and nomadic peoples in East Asia belong to the same ancient Taiyue people, and they have the same cultural habits and values, it is easier for the farming peoples and nomadic peoples in East Asia to integrate.

The Mongolian nation is a nomadic people who arose in the Mongolian Plateau and Siberia in the 13th century, and the Mongolian people are descendants of the Xianbei people to the Xibe people, so the Mongolian people have experienced thousands of years of nomadic life, and they still retain many cultural customs of the ancient Taiyue people. In the Old Vietnamese language, Mongolian me

The ggu's mengme

G is the meaning of homeland, country, ancient gu is me, mine, so the original meaning of Mongolia is "my country", in history, the Mongolian plateau and the region north of it have only two names, one is Siberia, the other is Mongolia, Xibo is the ancestor of Mongolia, Liya is the meaning of "the land of the Virgin", in the matriarchal clan society, the worship of women and the Virgin is the highest religious ritual. At present, many place names in Mongolia have the suffix of Meng me

g, in the ancient Thai and Vietnamese society, the relatively independent control area became ME

g, in the Dai region of Yunnan, Laos and Thailand and other regions, there are also "Mengme."

g" place names, these areas were once the independent control areas of the ancient Thai and Vietnamese peoples. The Old Vietnamese language called the boy le le and the girl Gege, and the Mongolian language also called the boy and the girl as such, and the Mongols passed these titles to their European relatives, linguists believe, English girls gi

The word l is derived from the Mongolian word for girl ge. Mongolian and Old Yue have many things in common, and they cannot be listed here.

If the economic exchanges between the farming and nomadic peoples can be carried out smoothly, the two peoples will definitely be able to coexist peacefully for a long time, but the artificial ethnic isolation policy and natural disasters often ruthlessly interrupt the material and cultural exchanges between the two peoples, leading to the agrarian peoples and the nomads to war.

After experiencing three ancient dynasties such as the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, as well as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with the Yellow River Valley as the core area, in 246 BC, the Qin State established the first unified empire with the Chinese nation as the main body on the basis of defeating Korea, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan and Chu. Xianyang (present-day Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, 15 kilometers west of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi), was the capital of the Qin Empire, covering the regions of present-day Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi.

But after 40 years of rule, the Qin Empire collapsed in a surging peasant uprising! What caused the Qin Empire to fall so quickly? In ancient times, the rise and fall of an empire was caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors include: legitimacy and inevitability of statehood; the foundations of the state's domination, economy and culture; the degree to which the people identify with and support the country; The country's level of cultural and technological reserves, as well as its ability to innovate. External factors include: the extent to which natural resources and the environment support the country's economic and social development; the country's position, influence and competitiveness in the international environment; Is there a foreign threat and invasion?

Qin is the Western Zhou Dynasty canonized vassal states, most of the nobles and commoners of Qin have the identity of the Chinese nationality, the founding ancestors of the Qin State are mainly Di and Qiang, part of the source of the Zhou Dynasty sent the Hexi region to open up the desert, guard the country's "special service" corps. In the ancient Yue people, "Tete" means male, boy, prince; "Qinqi

It means metal, weapons, marshal, general." Hence the "special service teqi."

"It's the meaning of the prince general. After the prince pacified Qinling and Qinchuan and other regions, he simply named these areas Qinling and Qinchuan, and their country was called Qinguo, because Qin and Qin have the same tone and tone, and "Qin" in the shape and meaning, meaning luxuriant, thriving, and the intention is very beautiful.

Qin State has been established in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, to Qin State launched the Great China Unification War, Qin State has experienced at least 750 years of rule and national strength reserves, in the Warring States Period, Qin State Qinchuan Hexi region (now Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, etc.) as a base, occupy a stable and rich Sichuan region, with the Western Regions, that is, the Western world, as well as the northern grassland of the convenience of trade and trade, so Qin's comprehensive national strength and armament in the vassal states is the strongest.

Why was the Qin state able to establish itself for more than 750 years in the Qinchuan and Hexi regions, where the situation was complicated, and still be able to gather strength to unify China? Therefore, the Qin State is a vassal state that includes many ethnic groups such as the Huaxia, Di, and Qiang peoples, and although the Qin State mainly promotes the Chinese culture, it still retains a strong ancient and Vietnamese majestic style. The Qin State maintained a fraternal relationship with the surrounding ethnic groups and tribal countries, such as the Xiongnu such steppe nomadic tribes arose in the Hexi region, the original Xiongnu and the Qin people were fraternal neighbors, in the ancient Yue language, Hun xio

g means heroic, martial, slave

u with

o

The homonym of g means brother, hence the Hun xio

g

U means "Shenwu Brothers". The Xiongnu tribes were undoubtedly Qin's allies, and they helped Qin manage trade in the Hexi Corridor, incorporated the nomadic tribes of the northern grasslands of China, established a steppe cavalry army, and assisted Qin in fighting against northern vassal states such as Shanxi and Hebei. At the same time, they purchased steel and other materials for the Qin Dynasty in Central Asia and the Middle East, and equipped the Qin Dynasty army with war horses and other military equipment, so that the Xiongnu were able to become bigger and stronger. However, after the Qin State unified China, it not only inherited China's land and property, but also inherited the grievances and hatreds between the various ethnic groups in China and the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples. Therefore, as soon as the Qin Dynasty was established, Qin Shi Huang immediately sent the general Meng Tian to lead a large army to the northern desert to eliminate the Xiongnu, and then poured national strength to repair the Great Wall built by the northern vassal states during the Warring States Period to prevent the nomadic army from invading the Central Plains. Engaged in the great break between China and the northern nomads, laying hidden dangers for the wars between the Chinese dynasties and the northern nomadic countries.

In the long-term military struggle, the Qin state eliminated the vassal states and fang states in the Hexi, Qinchuan and Sichuan regions, established the Qin Empire, and obtained the recognition and canonization of the Zhou Dynasty, and obtained a legal status under the Chinese patriarchal system. However, after the unification of China by the Qin State, the Qin Dynasty did not gain the recognition and support of the Huaxia and other ethnic groups in the Central Plains, as well as the Baiyue ethnic groups in the south of the Yangtze River.

After the Qin Dynasty relied on force to unify the Central Plains, the Qin Dynasty swept through the land of Baiyue in the south, and after defeating the Xiongnu in the northern steppes, China presented an unprecedented peace situation.

The strength of the Qin State not only benefited from the friendly exchanges with the nomads of the Western Regions and the north, but also benefited from the fact that the Qin State was a country that had the courage to change and innovate, and the Qin State experienced many reforms such as the Shang Dynasty Reform Law, and formulated the system of strengthening the country and the army according to the needs of the struggle and the national governance system, these reforms and innovations enabled the Qin State to surpass all the conservative and pedantic Zhou Dynasty vassal states in terms of comprehensive national strength, and enabled the Qin State to crush all the resistance forces.

After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty immediately implemented the centralized system such as the county system, carried out "burning books and pit Confucianism" in culture, eliminated all cultural and spiritual dross, unified the thinking of the whole people, and implemented the system of "books with the same text, cars with the same track, and unified weights and measures" in the national system, unified the national value standards and operational standards, and improved the operational efficiency of the country. The state foundation of the Qin Dynasty is very solid, and the national system and cultural construction present an unprecedented good situation, if it were not for the untimely death of Qin Shi Huang, the Chinese civilization should be a different prosperous scene.

Objectively speaking, the main reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the disidentification, non-support, resistance and resistance of the Huaxia people in the Central Plains and the Baiyue people in the south against the Qin people and the Qin Dynasty. After more than 1,000 years of rule and cultural edification of the Zhou Dynasty, the various ethnic groups in the Central Plains at that time already considered themselves to be pure Huaxia, while they thought that the Qin people were Xirong and Beidi, and they thought that the Qin people were unorthodox and did not enter the stream; The Baiyue people living in the Yangtze River basin and southern China have maintained friendly exchanges with the people of the Central Plains for a long time, so they believe that the Huaxia and Baiyue are fraternal peoples, and the Huaxia people also identify with the Baiyue people, so the Baiyue people agree with the views and attitudes of the Huaxia people towards the Qin people and the Qin Dynasty. Due to the lack of a sense of national identity, the unification war launched by the Qin State must have been regarded as a war of aggression by the Huaxia and Baiyue peoples. This understanding and concept is the reason why the Qin Dynasty will inevitably go to extinction.

According to the viewpoint and analysis of this paper, 4300 years ago, the mother family of the Huaxia people was formed in the area around Shiyuan Village, Gaojiabao Town, Shenmu City, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province. Between 4300 and 4100 years ago, in order to escape the disaster of the Xiaoice Age, the mother tribe of the Chinese tribe migrated to the Sichuan Basin, where they merged with the Bashu people to form the Huaxia tribe, and overthrew the ancient Shu state and established the Chinese state; After that, the Huaxia people used Sichuan as a base to conquer the Yangtze River basin, and founded the Xia Dynasty in 1600 BC, that is, 3623 years ago; In 1027 B.C., that is, 3050 years ago, the Huaxia people of Qinchuan overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty.

In the Zhou Dynasty, the Central Plains and other northern regions spoke Huaxia, and Huaxia evolved into ancient Chinese and other northern East Asian languages; The ethnic groups in the Yangtze River basin speak the ancient Yue language, and later the ancient Yue language in the south of the Yangtze River evolved into the Chinese dialect Wu language; Chu language (i.e., ancient Yue dialect) is spoken in the Lianghu area of the Yangtze River Basin, and later Chu language gradually evolved into the northern dialect of Chinese. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the ethnic groups in southeastern China gradually integrated into the Han nationality, the ancient Yue ethnic groups in southwest China evolved into the Zhuang ethnic group, and the ethnic groups in the southwest gradually developed into ethnic minorities in the modern concept of China.

In the last years of the Qin Dynasty, under the background of national division, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang's uprising in Daze Township was under the influence of historical inevitability and accidental factors, the Qin Dynasty was like being erected on a long-brewing volcano.

Because the Qin Dynasty poured its national strength to build the Great Wall defense line to prevent the northern nomads from grazing and invading the farming peoples in the south, the Qin Dynasty made a complete break with the northern nomads, and the Qin Dynasty lost the trade route with the Western Regions, and also lost the support and reinforcements of the northern nomads, which also accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty.

As soon as the Qin Dynasty fell, the world immediately entered the Chu and Han wars. Chu is the court of the overlord of Western Chu controlled by Xiang Yu, and Western Chu is known as the orthodoxy of Greater China; Han refers to the small court of the Han State led by Liu Bang.

The reason for the conflict between Chu and Han was that after the peasant uprising broke out in the last years of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu was the number one leader of the rebel army and the nobles of the Chu State. Liu Bang was the leader of the main force of the rebel army, a native of Bozhou, born as a civilian, and known as Chinese orthodoxy. At the end of the uprising war, in order to eliminate the Qin Dynasty as soon as possible, Xiang Yu and the leaders of the rebel army had an agreement that "the first to attack Xianyang will win the world". Therefore, after Liu Bang invaded Xianyang and eliminated the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang wanted to occupy the hometown of Qin and prepare to dominate the world. But how could Xiang Yu tolerate a reckless commoner to be the emperor who commanded the world and ruled himself. So, Xiang Yu led the army into the land of Qinchuan and coerced Xianyang, Liu Bang did not want to suffer the immediate loss, and after getting out of the "Hongmen Banquet", he led his entourage and subordinates to cross the Qinling Mountains and set up camp in Hanzhong at the southern foot of the Qinling Mountains, preparing to discuss with Xiang Yu in the long run. So Xiang Yu pushed the boat down the river to canonize Liu Bang as the king of Han, and arranged heavy troops in various fortresses in Qinchuan to guard against Liu Bang.

After Liu Bang was named King of Han, he immediately planned and prepared for a war against Xiang Yu. Due to the limited strength, equipment and materials of the Han army, Liu Bang can only rely on the manpower, material and financial resources of Hanzhong and Sichuan first, in the northwest of Hanzhong is Luoyang, Luoyang is the Di people (ancient Yue people in the northwest of Sichuan and a large branch of the Songpan Plateau) military and political important places, Liu Bang learned that the Di people are simple and simple, good at agriculture and animal husbandry, and the situation of strong army, absorb a lot of Di leaders and talents into the Han army and the Han court. After Liu Bang received help from the Di people, he quickly obtained human, material and financial support from Hanzhong and Sichuan. With the help of Han Xin, a newly recruited military wizard, Liu Bang adopted the clever plan of "repairing the plank road in the bright and Chencang in the dark", led the Han army to secretly cross the Qinling Mountains, stationed troops in Chencang (now Baoji City) at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, raided the Chu army, recaptured the Qinchuan treasure land in one fell swoop, and sent a letter to Guguan to meet the Western Chu coalition army. After several years of bloody wars, the Han army defeated the Chu army and gained the world, and the Han Dynasty officially opened for business.

Liu Bang was completely different from Qin Shi Huang, the founding emperor of the Qin Empire. Ying Zheng was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State, his father was a prince sent by Qin State to Zhao State as a hostage, he received enlightenment education in Handan, he was sensible and his father was named the prince of Qin State, and soon his father ascended the throne as King of Qin. After the death of his father, Ying Zheng inherited his father's business and ascended the throne as Qin Shi Huang, when he was only 13 years old, which was really a young man. Ying Zheng was born a top nobleman, he took the country as his only concern from the beginning of his sensibility, and began to be involved in the brutal struggle of the court and the harem, so Ying Zheng is a silent and calm, thoughtful, full of scriptures, well versed in strategy, decisive high-level intellectual emperor, so Ying Zheng created the first set of imperial centralized rule system and organizational system, and established China's earliest and most systematic legal system and efficient operation system of national government, military affairs, diplomacy, economy and society, Ying Zheng's contribution to Chinese civilization is great.

When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for hegemony in the world, they were exactly 50 years old, when the Chu-Han War ended and the Han Dynasty officially ruled China, Liu Bang was already 54 years old, and in ancient times, 54 years old was already considered an old man. Liu Bang was born in a poor peasant family, and when he grew up, he was recommended by an acquaintance to work as a low-level official in the local yamen of the Qin Dynasty. After the peasant uprising broke out in the last years of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang took advantage of his position to call on and organize an armed uprising of the brave and reckless people in the township. Because Liu Bang was righteous, benevolent, courageous, courageous, strategic, and daring to fight, the troops he led not only numbered a large number of people soon after, but also became the key main force of the rebel army. Liu Bang is not a scholar, he is only the lowest-level official of the Qin Dynasty, before becoming an emperor, Liu Bang never thought about "being an emperor and ruling the country and leveling the world". His participation in the rebel army was a big gamble in his life, and he believed in "princely generals, rather have a kind?" "Slaves will eventually turn over, and emperors will also be defeated" and other great truths that subvert the fate of life.

However, after Liu Bang became emperor, he had to think about how to govern this huge country with mixed people, fragmented and hidden crises?! He was an official of the Qin Dynasty, and he knew the pros and cons of the Qin Dynasty's governance of the country. Liu Bang and his advisers and ministers must have believed that the Qin Dynasty's legal system and management system based on the centralized system were the best means of governing the country, so the Han Dynasty basically continued the Qin Dynasty's statecraft and code system. However, Liu Bang Group believes that the main reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty is that it did not implement benevolent government, which caused public resentment to boil and deviate from morality, and finally caused a catastrophe. Therefore, the Han Dynasty advocated Confucianism, which advocated "moral education, benevolence and righteousness, and etiquette and diplomatic relations", which was the most orthodox ideology, moral standard and legislative basis of the country.

Of course, Liu Bang, who was born as a commoner, must have realized that the ethnic issue must also be the main cause of social conflicts and national divisions. Therefore, the Han Dynasty no longer allowed the "Chinese aristocratic theory" to hijack the fate of the country, and promoted the concept of equality of all people, that is, the concept of the state and the nation, and everyone claimed to be the subjects of the Han Dynasty, that is, the Han people, and the Han people today. With the establishment of national consciousness, the country has become a powerful force that unites people's hearts.

The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin Dynasty's policy towards the western and northern nomads, and adopted a combination of diplomatic and military measures of Huairou and attack. In terms of defending the western regions of the Hetao and the Hetao in northern Shaanxi, the Han Dynasty sent troops of the Di and Qiang ethnic groups with meritorious achievements in the establishment of the country to defend against the enemy, and set up border trade markets to prosper the regional economy. In dealing with the nomadic powers, they took the initiative to attack and drive away and deter the northern steppe powers.

In ancient times, nomads should have entered the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River earlier than the farming peoples, that is, the Central Plains, and after the farming peoples entered the Central Plains, the nomads gradually migrated north to the west, but the nomads still used the Central Plains as a place to protect themselves from the cold and winter, as well as a winter pasture. After the agrarian peoples developed and grew in the Central Plains, they began to establish a state, completely drove the nomads out of the Central Plains, and built permanent fortifications in the northern grasslands, Yanyun Valley, and the mountains on the north bank of the Yellow River to prevent the nomads from grazing in the south. These hostile policies will inevitably lead to the intensification of contradictions and conflicts between nomads and agrarian peoples.

At the beginning of 200 BC, Liu Bangqin led more than 300,000 Han troops to fight against the Xiongnu coalition army. The main force of the Han army first attacked the troops of Han Wangxin, the allied army of the Xiongnu, and broke his army at Tongba (now south of Qinxian County, Shanxi), and then broke his allied army with the Xiongnu at Jinyang (now Jinyuan Town, south of Taiyuan, Shanxi).

Subsequently, Liu Bang heard that the Xiongnu army was stationed in Daigu (now northwest of Fanzhi, Shanxi), and Liu Bang wanted to attack the Xiongnu army again, so he sent spies to Daigu to reconnoiter the reality of the Xiongnu army. The leader of the Xiongnu, Mao Dun, learned that the spies of the Han army had arrived, so he let the Xiongnu army hide its strength and deliberately show weakness.

The spies of the Han army came back to report, saying that the Huns could be attacked, but Liu Bang did not believe it, and successively sent more than a dozen spies to reconnoiter the Huns, but the spies reported that they were all "Huns can be attacked".

In the end, Liu Bang sent his confidant Lou Jing to Daigu to reconnoitre, but before Lou Jing returned, Liu Bang sent 320,000 Han troops north to Daigu.

After Lou Jing returned to the Han military camp, he told Liu Bang that the Xiongnu were deceitful and could not easily enter the army. Liu Bang was eager to fight, and he did not listen to Lou Jing's dissuasion. Liu Bang personally led the lead to Pingcheng (now Datongdong, Shanxi), but the infantry of the Han army did not all keep up with the vanguard. After that, Mao Dunshan surrounded Liu Bang and his vanguard troops for seven days and seven nights at Baishan Mountain near Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi) with 400,000 elite cavalry troops.

In order to relieve the siege, Liu Bang adopted the strategy of the strategist Chen Ping and bribed Mao Dun Shan Yu's wife Yan Shi. Under the persuasion of the Yan clan, Mao Dun ordered the Xiongnu army to open a gap for the Han army, and Liu Bang led the Han army to break through from then on, and joined the main force of the Han army in Pingcheng. During the retreat of the Han army, Liu Bang adopted Xiahou Ying's suggestion, and the whole army was on alert and slow, and finally returned to the dynasty safely.

Then the Xiongnu led their troops north. When the national strength of the Han Dynasty was not restored, Liu Bang adopted Liu Jing's suggestion, adopted a policy of peace and proximity towards the Xiongnu, and opened the two sides to the city; A large number of silk, grain, wine and other gifts were sent every year to alleviate its intrusion on the Han Dynasty.

From then on, the northern border of the Han Dynasty was peaceful, and until the Wenjing period, the Han Dynasty still adopted a policy of harmony with the northern nomads, promoting the integration of the Han and the northern nomads.

Because Liu Bang was born in the civilian class, and he has rich experience and has seen through the whole content and meaning of life, Liu Bang's views, ideas and practices are very pragmatic and straightforward, he does not have that kind of religious innocence, piety and dreams, perhaps the only things worthy of his awe are nature, that is, natural things such as heaven, earth, and man. The ancients believed that the only way to deal with natural things was to obey them, and they could only be guided by the situation. Because Liu Bang Group generally has this kind of philosophical thinking of returning to the basics, Han culture has become an important cornerstone of Chinese civilization and a spiritual force that unites the Chinese nation.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the ruling foundation of the Han Empire was not stable, so the Han court used the Central Plains as the foundation of the state and worked hard. a soft foreign policy of precaution against the nations and nomads of the north and northwest, as well as intermarriage; The areas south of the Yangtze River, especially the Nanyue Kingdom (including Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam) in the Lingnan region, and other local forces and ethnic separatist areas were governed by non-military means such as pacification, recruitment, and vassalization. These pragmatic measures to govern the country quickly stabilized and consolidated the national situation of the Han Dynasty and laid a solid foundation for the long-term peace and stability of the Han Empire.

After the rule of Wenjing, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was strong, and the combat effectiveness of the troops was unprecedentedly improved. After the death of Emperor Jing, his son Liu Che ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During his reign, Liu Che adopted a series of reform measures, forged ahead with determination, and expanded his territory.

Politically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the imperial power, created the era name, adopted the suggestion of the lord father Yan, and implemented the Tui En Decree, which weakened the power of the princes and kings, and from then on, the power of the princes and kings could no longer pose a threat to the central government; Later, on the grounds that the gold offered by the princes was not pure, more than 100 titles of marquis were cancelled, which is the so-called "loss of marquis of gold" incident in the history books. After these two events, the centralization of power was greatly strengthened.

Culturally, the Han Dynasty abolished the idea of governing the country with the "Huang Lao doctrine and inaction", and actively governed the country; He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and began to reuse Confucianism. Although Liu Che used both Confucianism, Law, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and Vertical and Horizontal talents during the Liu Che period, and the Han Dynasty had always adopted the policy of governing the country by integrating hegemony and royal road, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, which made Confucianism pay attention to it, and gradually became the mainstream thought in China for 2,000 years.

Militarily, it actively dealt with the biggest external threat of the Han Dynasty - the Xiongnu. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the treatment of soldiers was greatly improved, and when he toured the north, he rewarded the border guards with 1 million horses of silk and 2 million yuan. During this period, the Han Dynasty successively appeared Wei Qing, Huo Quzhi, Li Guang and other outstanding generals, and finally defeated the Xiongnu, built the outer Great Wall of Guanglu Sai, Juyan Sai, recovered the Hetao and included Hexi into the territory, promoting the situation of "Mo Nan has no royal court", and successively annexed Nanyue (now Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam), Minyue (now Fujian Province), Yelang (now Guizhou Province), Dian (now Yunnan Province), Wei Manchu Korea (now the Korean Peninsula region) and other countries, expedition to Dawan (the ancient country of Central Asia, in the upper reaches of the Syr Darya River in present-day Uzbekistan) to subjugate the Western Regions, making China the world's leading power at the time. The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the Han land, and it was also an important period for the Han Dynasty to become strong.

Diplomatically, he sent Zhang Qian twice to the Western Regions and opened up the Silk Road. And successively with the two princesses Liu Xijun, Liu Xie worry and pro-Western Regions Wusun, and achieved the purpose of separating the Western Regions and the Xiongnu, and then controlling the Western Regions, and opened the Silk Road from Chang'an to Central Asia, the Silk Road has become a bridge between the East and the West economic and cultural exchanges.

Since the patriarchal system stipulates that the supreme ruler of the country, that is, the heir of the emperor, must be the emperor's crown prince, most of the emperor's children and grandchildren are pampered, ignorant of the world, and uneducated princes. Governing the country is a difficult and boring thing, so it is impossible for the princes to be interested in the affairs of the court such as governing the country, and even if they are interested, they do not have the ability and wisdom to govern the country, and this way of life and work is very dangerous and fatal for the emperor.

Therefore, every dynasty cannot escape the hereditary fate of "the emperor generation is not as good as the generation, and the country is not as good as the year after the year", after the foundation and capital of the country are exhausted by the losers, the country was established in the bloody wind and fell down in the bloody rain, and it became a text in the long river of history, and a later generation talked about after dinner!

After 215 years of rule in the Han Dynasty, Wang Mang, a royal relative, usurper and usurper, and a great reformer, the Han Dynasty was a new dynasty, and from 9 A.D. to 23 A.D., the whole country implemented "land collection to the state, national unified planning of land use and development, national unified tax standards and collection system, so that the cultivator has his field, the forester has his mountain, and the herdsman has his field." and other social reform New Deals. This great reform was launched more than 2,000 years earlier than the Westerners launched similar reforms, but because this reform for the benefit of the country and the people touched the interests of feudal lords, separatist forces, landlords and other vested interests, so this reform suffered strong resistance and resistance from the whole country, and Wang Mang was a blatant usurper of power, therefore, the new dynasty established by Wang Mang was quickly wiped out by warlords and rebels in various places, and Wang Mang became the most heinous villain and demon in Chinese history like Yingzheng.

Fortunately, the Han Dynasty was still admired and supported by the people at that time, and Liu Xiu, a descendant of the Han Dynasty royal family and the leader of the rebel army, re-established the Han Dynasty in 25 AD, with the capital Luoyang, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history.

The Eastern Han Dynasty inherited and carried forward the system, culture and statecraft of the Western Han Dynasty, because the Han Dynasty had reached the extreme and peak of the patriarchal ruling system and cultural development of the whole world. In terms of land, the territory of the Han Dynasty was vast and boundless, so the Han Dynasty had lost the need and desire for territorial expansion; From the perspective of national governance, after more than 200 years of rule in the Han Dynasty, Han culture has become a common practice, the people have a high sense of identity and belonging to the country, and the Han nationality has been basically formed. In terms of national strength, after the Han Dynasty conquered the Xiongnu, the Western Regions, Central Asia, Lingnan, Yunnan-Guizhou, Korea and other regions, the territory was vast, and it could no longer find the forces to threaten and resist the Han Empire, and the Han Empire became a great country and a paradise on earth that people all over the world admired infinitely; In terms of happiness and life dreams, the ruling class of the Han Dynasty, such as princes and nobles, generals, officials, and landlords, has lived a luxurious life, and the middle and lower classes can also live a life of food and clothing, and the whole society has material reserves and other guarantees, and everyone is full of hope for the future. In such a complete society, all the ruler can do is to "follow the old ways and rule by inaction"! And hard work, hard work, innovation and other things are being done at any time, those oppressed, forgotten people who are struggling in suffering, they are always condensing the power to destroy the old world, when this society is full of despair and pain, this power will explode in an instant!

From 25 A.D. to 220 A.D., after 195 years of rule, the Eastern Han society fell into corruption, chaos and war, and the Han Dynasty was replaced by the Cao Wei regime in the midst of strife and confusion, and the world entered the era of Wei, Shu, Wu and other three kingdoms fighting for the world. Wei ruled the Central Plains and other northern regions of China; The Shu kingdom ruled regions such as Hubei and Sichuan; The state of Wu ruled the Jiangnan and Jianghuai regions.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, within the Han court, foreign relatives abused power, eunuchs were in charge, and the court had no justice and fairness at all, and the court completely lost its normal function of managing the country. At the same time, a large-scale Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the Han Dynasty, and the Western Qiang Army and Xianbei warlords invaded the Han land on the northwest and northern borders, causing the Han Dynasty to fall into a state of chaos in name only.

One of the great civilizational achievements of the Han Dynasty was the creation of the Chinese patriarchal clan system and system, and the promotion of moral values and social systems such as "male superiority and female inferiority" and "three outlines and five constants", which are unique in the world. Because of this, Chinese people have concepts and customs such as surname, honor, generation, and clan, which are not available outside of China. These cultural concepts and social systems have laid a solid foundation for the long-term stability and development of Chinese society.

Of course, these systems have also cultivated the docile, sleek, and tactful character of the Chinese, as well as the personality that likes to fight in the dark and in the nest, and lacks integrity, bravery, and blood, and the Chinese have benefited and suffered because of these characters.

Fortunately, today's China has changed its customs and become a modern country, the Chinese civilization is more inclusive, open, equal, benevolent and just, and the Chinese people have grasped the truth and seen through all the beauty, ugliness, good and evil in the world.