Poison dú

(1)ㄉㄨˊ

(2) Harmful nature or harmful thing: ~ gas. ~Sex. ~Bait. ~Medicine. ~Snake. Suck~. Sell~.

(3) Harm, harm: ~ harm. ~Change. ~Kill. Mo Yu ~ also (no one can harm me, that is, no one can do anything to me).

(4) Fierce, violent: ~ spicy. ~Plan. ~Punishment. Vicious~. Evil~. (5) Hate, think bitter: infuriating~.

(5) Harmful effects: ~ vegetarian. ~tumor

(6) Domination: This meaning appears only in ancient texts. For example: "Teacher, all also; Zhen, Masaya. can be righteous and can be king. Just in the middle of the response, take the risk and go smoothly, so as to poison the world, and the people follow it, what is the blame for Ji!" Poison does not have a derogatory meaning when it comes to rule, and it should be noted that the translation similar to "Qin poisons the world with no way" should be that the Qin State rules the world with no Tao and mediocrity, not the Qin State poisons the world with no Tao and mediocrity

Poison is a drug that can poison or even kill a person through various ways. Poisons are divided into acute poisons and chronic poisons according to their medicinal properties, acute poisons such as potassium cyanide, arsenic, etc., the model of chronic poisons is opium; poisons are divided into obvious poisons and hidden poisons according to the degree of obviousness, the poisons mentioned above are all obvious poisons, which are easy to be detected, and hidden poisons are often negligent, such as poisonous flowers placed in the bedroom, etc., this poison should be most guarded against, because if you don't pay attention, it will cause a big disaster.

Bitter medicine

"Zhou Li 61 Tianguan 61 Doctors": "The physician is in charge of the decree of the doctor, and the poison is gathered to share the medical affairs."

Poison. Zheng Xuan's note: "Poison, the hard work of medicine." "The 61st Sage of the Crane Crown": "If you are a Bian Que, you will have blood, poison, and skin." "Historical Records 61 Huainan Hengshan Biography": "Poison is bitter in the mouth and good for disease, and loyalty is contrary to the ear and good for action." ”

Life-threatening drugs

"Mozi 61 is still the same as above": "The people of the world are all harmed by water, fire and poison. "Dongguan Hanji 61 Geng Gong Biography": "Gong used poison Fu Ya, and the Xiongnu said: 'The Han family's magic arrow, among which the creator must be different. Qing Jiyun's "Reading Wei Caotang Notes 61 Luanyang Elimination Summer Record I": "Nanpi ulcer doctor is quite proficient, but he is good at yin and uses poison, and extorts a lot of money. If you do not eat what you want, you will die. ”

A term in Chinese medicine

Refers to drugs in general.

"Su Wen 61 Treatise on Different Methods": "Its disease is born inside, and its cure should be poison." "Su Wen 61 Dirty Qi Law Treatise": "Poison attacks evil, five grains are nourishing, five fruits are helping, five animals are beneficial, and five vegetables are filled." Wang Bing's note: "Medicine, known as gold, jade, earth, stone, grass, wood, vegetables, fruits, insects, fish, birds and beasts, etc., can all dispel evil and cultivate the righteous." However, it is safe to ward off evil and be righteous, but poison is capable, and it is called poison with its ability. "Poison has three meanings:

(1) Refers to the bias of the drug. For example, dried ginger is hot, skullcap is cold, cimicifuga improves qi, and Suzi lowers qi. Even if the bias of the drug is used, adjust the yin and yang bias.

(2) Refers to drug side effects. As used in the treatment of malaria, there are also side effects of vomiting.

(3) Refers to the toxicity of the drug. Some drugs are toxic and can lead to poisoning when taken in excess. Such as mercury, light powder, hook kiss, fine pungent and so on.

2. Introduction to HistoryEdit

early

The discovery of poison by humans was an accident, probably when cooking certain plants were found to contain highly poisonous. However, those with knowledge of poison were revered at that time as warlocks of the tribe.

The first record of poisoning and killing people appeared in the Roman Empire at the time of Christ, but before that, Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Egyptians had already begun to use poison.

Cleopatra used slaves to experiment with fairies, belladonna, and the venom of the Asap snake (the most common of which was her suicide).

poison

Snakes of choice). In many countries, there are even people who increase the consumption of poisons little by little in order to achieve immunity to them, such as in Alexandre Dumas's The Count of Monte Cristo.

middle ages

A lot of the poisons of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries have disappeared. The most common method of poisoning in that period was in wine or food, because the food of that period used so many spices that it was impossible to taste the taste of the poison, so special testers also appeared.

In the 15th century, the Bocian family in Italy was the most famous family for poisoning, and almost everyone in the family mastered this method of killing. An Italian princess named Catherine de Medici marries France, and from then on mysterious deaths begin to appear, and arsenic, which is extremely popular, becomes popular. Thus, the French word "Italian" became synonymous with "poisoning". The princess also specializes in using nicotine found in the New World to murder her family's political enemies, or feeding arsenic to toads and extracting toxins from their corpses.

There were also several well-known poison experts: Anthony Isiri who used poison to control the time of death of his victims, La Fonzin, the perfumer of Louis XIV's court, who had many nobles of the court who died at her hands, and Marie Dopeia, who used poisoning to obtain family property and experimented on patients in hospitals, eventually dying in the experiment.

Modern

Formal research on poisons began in the early 19th century, marked by physiologist Claude Bernard's study of the medicinal effects of strychnine. by

arsenic

The Properties of Poisons, written by Ophela, who is widely regarded as the founder of modern poisonology, was published in 1814. By 1830, the composition of almost all inorganic chemicals could be known by chemical analysis, but organic poisons could not be analyzed by this method. Belgian chemist Jean Servista broke this conclusion when he extracted alkaloids in 1851 while investigating a murder. As the number of methods of checking for poison increased, so did the method of poisoning.

nowadays

After the 20th century, industry developed, chemicals increased, and artificial poisons appeared one after another. According to intelligence analysis, the most poisoning is used for external drugs, detergents and other household products, followed by pesticides and alkaloids, and the least poisoning is gas and smoke.

In the past, people tended to focus on the user and ignore the detoxification of poisons. Therefore, the skill of detoxification is not superb, leaving only some superstitions. For example, milk is considered a panacea, but in fact milk only has a diluting effect. Saline is considered a first-aid drug, but detoxification with saline is dangerous because it only has a certain dilution effect, and an excessive amount of sodium chloride can cause heart disease, which is more dangerous for the weak (those who hang saline should be careful next time). But any antidote must be used carefully, otherwise it will be more dangerous than poison and may even become part of a murderous plot.

There is no one-size-fits-all antidote in the world, and the use of antidote depends only on the type, dosage, usage, and timing of the poison. In other words, the only way to detoxify is to wait and see the symptoms occur, and then apply the appropriate treatment.

In terms of disciplines, modern toxicology and forensic science are interdisciplinary and inseparable.

3. Classification editing

Grading

(for normal people)

cyanide

Grade 6 toxicity is less than 5mg/kg and less than 7 drops

Grade 5 Extreme Toxicity 5-50mg/kg7 drops to 1 scoop

Grade 4 is very toxic: 50-500mg/kg, 1 scoop to 1 oz

Grade 3 toxic 0.5-5g/kg, 1 ounce to 1 pint or 1 pound

Grade 2 mild: 5-15g/kg, 1 pint to 1 quart

Grade 1 microtoxicity: 15g/kg or more, 1 quart or 2.2 pounds or more

Traditional poisons

[1] The poisons referred to here are not related, but they are relatively well-known.

Arsenic is an element that can no longer be broken down and is widely used in industrial production, so it is relatively easy to obtain, including many household products: wallpaper, paints, paints, etc. Arsenic is present in trace amounts in the human body, ranking 20th among the 103 most common elements in nature.

Name: Arsenic, arsenic trioxide, arsenic oxide, white arsenic, gray arsenic, metal arsenic, arsenic.

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: Pure arsenic is a gray crystal with metallic properties, and is a white powder in nature. In murder, food is mostly swallowed in solids, but in fact, it can be used as a poison as a vapor. But there is a difference between the symptoms of solid and gas poisoning.

Symptoms: Skin rashes can occur on the skin of the poisoned person, and even cause skin cancer. The most common are severe stomach pain, diarrhea with blood, vomiting, drop in body temperature, drop in blood pressure, dizziness, cramps, and in severe cases, coma, cessation of blood circulation leading to death. If not sudden death, the poisoned person will have headaches, slurred speech, or paralysis, and within a few days, arsenic will invade the liver and kidneys. Arsenic is generally acceptable

Highly toxic plants common in everyday life (11 photos)

It can be found in the hair, nails, and urine of the patient, but in the case of sudden death, arsenic can be found in the digestive system. Chronic poisoning patients will have extreme pain in the hands and feet, local swelling, hair loss, heart failure, etc.

Onset: Symptoms appear within 1.5 hours at the earliest, and those with acute poisoning die within 24 hours.

Detoxification: gastric lavage, injection of "coagulant", kidney dialysis surgery

Note: The symptoms of arsenic poisoning are similar to gastritis, and chronic arsenic poisoning can cause colitis.

cyanide

It is used in a wide range of applications, especially in industry. Cyanide acid reacts quickly and is present in a large number of seeds and fruits, such as peaches, apricots, plums, wild cherries, etc. (so such fruits should not be eaten more), but it should be noted that cyanide acid is not equal to cyanide.

Name: Cyanide, Potassium Cyanide, Sodium Cyanide, Hydrocyanide

Toxicity: Grade 6

Properties: Except for hydrogen cyanide, which is a liquid, and cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are gases, the others are white solids with a pungent almond taste. Solids need to be swallowed, and the gaseous state is absorbed by the skin. In addition, it is more special that some matrix compounds will synthesize cyanide when they encounter hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Symptoms: Poisoning, whether solid, liquid or gaseous, can cause a person to lose consciousness, have convulsions, or die. If the ingestion can be fatal, the poisoned person will die after shortness of breath, dizziness, redness, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, drop in blood pressure, convulsions, and death within four hours, even if sodium nitrate is injected, ten hours later. The poisoned corpse smelled of almonds, but not everyone could smell it, and the blood of the deceased turned cherry red.

Onset time: 1-15 minutes, if cyanide is inhaled, death is instantaneous.

Detoxification: Emphasis is on rapid (within half an hour), taking amyl nitrite, gastric lavage, inhalation of pure oxygen or injection of thiosulfate (inhalation of cyanide).

Note: Almonds sold in stores produce cyanide under certain conditions, and a man died after eating 48 almonds baked at 300 degrees for 10 minutes. In addition, there are many plants that are also prone to cyanide, such as mahogany, Christmas cherries, etc.

strychnine

The poisoning reaction is not fast, but it is extremely terrifying. In reality, strychnine was used as a stimulant in medicine, and is now used as rat poison or as a good remedy for vomiting. Name: Nux Nuxnine, Dog Button, Mole Fear, Mole Dead

Toxicity: Grade 6

Properties: Colorless crystal powder, pungent odor, can be poisoned through the skin and eyes. Many plants contain strychnine, such as dog's button (which grows in the tropics), and the fruit has a citrus-like shape and a bitter taste, but it is attractive to grow, and its flowers have a curry-scented flower that is equally poisonous.

Symptoms: Destroys the central nervous system, causing a strong reaction that eventually leads to muscle atrophy. Poisoned people will be suffocated, weak and convulsed. The victim will first stiffen their neck, then their shoulders and legs will cramp until they curl up in an arched shape. And as soon as the poisoned person speaks or makes movements, they will have spasms again. The corpse will still twitch and look hideous. Nux poisoning is very painful and has a similar presentation to tetanus.

Onset time: 10-20 minutes

Detoxification: Take activated carbon, gastric lavage, absolute standstill, without any sound or bright light.

Note: Less than constant poisoning does not cause any symptoms and even kills parasites in the intestines.

Household poisons

Summary: Gas (carbon monoxide) causes suffocation, especially in long-running, airtight cars, inhalation or contact with skin with propane fuel used in camping can affect the central nervous system, and sprays against perverts are also made of propane, and severe respiratory failure occurs in people with caffeine allergy or overdose.

Botulism – Meat, fish or vegetables can be canned and inflated enough to cause botulism, home-made pickles can also contain toxins, and children younger than two years of age can get botulism from honey

Name: botulism, clostridial poisoning

Toxicity: Grade 6

Properties: Grows in the absence of oxygen, the spores are invisible to the naked eye, and enter the human body through contaminated food

Symptoms: Blockage of nerves, muscle paralysis and necrosis, spasms, blurred vision, vomiting, massive bleeding of the whole body including nerves, decreased liver function, death.

Onset: Not necessarily, usually 8 hours after eating food, and the latest is the 8th day

Detoxification: use of serum, activated carbon (in the absence of symptoms), gastric lavage, oxygen inhalation

Alkaline preservatives – found in household detergents can destroy weak acids, such as vitamin C, but commonly used soaps are not preservatives. The battery contains this substance, so swallowing the battery is also one of the methods of suicide.

Name: Sodium hydroxide, lye, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate

Toxicity: Grade 6

Properties: Extremely corrosive, can cause skin burns, suicide does not dare to use it easily (mostly swallowed with martini), the process of corroding internal organs is slow, poisoned people are extremely painful

Symptoms: Cause liquefaction of human tissues, the poisoned person will immediately appear pain, vomiting, diarrhea, exhaustion, death, and bloodshot vomit. In the first 24 hours, the poisoned person will get better, but after 2-4 days the blood pressure will begin to drop, the visual field will be blurred, fainting, and most often die of perforation of the esophagus or stomach. The internal organs of the corpse are necrotic, and there is a large amount of gelatinous matter, which is miserable.

Onset: Reacts immediately upon contact, but death takes several days

Detoxification: dilute with water or milk, do not make the poisoned person vomit, and use surgery to repair the damaged tissue

Note: Survivors' esophagus will constrict, making swallowing difficult. The lye is mixed with some detergents

ammonia

The union erupted violently. In addition, using lemon water cannot neutralize the lye.

Ammonia – has a wide range of industrial uses and is commonly found in household cleaners

Name: Ammonia, ammonia hydroxide

Toxicity: Grade 4.5

Properties: gaseous at room temperature, colorless, clear alkaline and distinctive odor. Ammonia is an ordinary gas, and ammonia hydroxide is a solution

Symptoms: Corroding of cells, irritation of mucous membranes. Swallowing, extreme pain, coughing, vomiting and shock, perforation and sclerosis of the digestive system, hydrops appear after 12-24 hours. If inhaled, the skin swells, blindness, foaming at the mouth, and redness of the skin.

Onset: Immediate

Detoxification: Dilution

Note: Combined with strong oxides, calcium, gold, mercury, silver or bleach, it is more toxic and unknowingly poisonous.

Bromide - bromide is an accumulating poison, and the toxicological effect of bromide is mainly the inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, in which the pathogenesis of toxicity and the metabolic characteristics of bromine in the body are directly related. Bromine is metabolized in a similar way to chlorine, and bromine replaces chloride ions in tissues, including body fluids, causing poisoning. Bromine ions in the extracellular fluid replace chloride ions at a ratio of 1:1 to maintain a fairly constant concentration (355 mg%), and when the bromine in the body fluid metabolizes 40% of chloride ions (i.e., chloride ions from 3550 mg% to 213 mg%), severe bromine poisoning can occur, and even can cause. Generally, when the serum bromine content exceeds 100-150mg%, poisoning can occur, but there is a great difference between human beings.

Name: Bromide. Potassium bromide, sodium bromide, calcium bromide, ammonium bromide and tribromine tablets made of potassium bromide, sodium bromide and ammonium bromide are commonly used in clinical practice.

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: Bromide is one of the commonly used sedatives in clinical practice. The main effect is bromide ion in the cerebral cortex, the effect on the central nervous system, mainly to strengthen the inhibition process, concentrate the inhibition process and restore the balance of excitatory and inhibition processes. In addition, bromide can reduce and control grand mal seizures.

Symptoms: Poisoning can be caused by overdose of bromide-based drugs.

(1) Symptoms of headache, dizziness, fatigue, lack of energy, sluggishness, nausea and vomiting, irritability, irritability, unfluent speech, unsteady gait, tremor (obvious fingers), tendon hyperreflexia, etc. In addition, glands in the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract are susceptible to infection. Mild conjunctivitis, rhinitis and other symptoms. This is because these glands contain bromine in their secretions.

(2) Some bromine poisoning can cause psychiatric symptoms

Treatment: (1) When a large dose of bromide is ingested, vomiting, gastric lavage, and catharsis should be induced immediately.

(2) Sodium chloride is given for treatment, which is the main therapeutic drug. Because the rate of bromine excretion from the kidneys depends on the balance of bromine and chloride in the body, and also depends on the total amount of chlorine excreted. When bromine is poisoned, bromide ions replace chloride, so that the amount of chloride decreases, and if chloride is increased, bromide is excreted from the body along with chloride. The general dosage is 6-8g/day, and individual patients can use up to 30g/day. Because too much sodium chloride is given, bromine ions can be released in the tissues, resulting in a temporary increase in the concentration of bromine in the serum, and the symptoms can be aggravated.

For patients with elbow disease or arteriosclerosis, sodium salt is contraindicated and ammonium chloride can be used. It has been reported that sodium chloride is effective when combined with deoxycorticosterone acetate.

Some people believe that bromine poison has a destructive effect on the phobia I and II., and niacin is necessary for the formation of coenzymes I and II, so it is advocated that sodium chloride and niacin should be used together.

(3) Intravenous fluids. Symptomatic treatment should be given for shock and respiratory depression.

(4) Dialysis therapy can be given to critically ill patients.

Cationic cleaners - contained in various medical, household and other cleaning agents, but generally diluted into non-lethal doses, but harmful to the elderly, children and the infirm

Name: Benzyl ethoxylammonium chloride, ammonium benzyl chloride, ammonium methyl benzyl ethoxylate, cetylpyridinium chloride

Toxicity: Grade 4

Properties: Solution-like, can be absorbed by mouth or skin

Symptoms: destruction of tissues, damage to mucous membranes, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, convulsions, coma, death. But there are no obvious signs on the death report

Onset: 10 minutes to 1 hour, death in 1 to 4 hours

Detoxification: air circulation, gastric lavage, vomiting, neutralized with milk, activated charcoal or plain soap before being absorbed by tissues

Isopropyl alcohol - Contains alcohol, lotion, and can also be poisoned by excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages

Name: Isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, scrub alcohol

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: Liquid at room temperature, but easily volatilized into gas, can be swallowed or absorbed by the skin

Symptoms: Inhibition of the central nervous system leads to coma, severe vomiting, decreased breathing, vomiting blood, excessive sweating, edema, internal bleeding

Duration of seizures: 10-30 minutes, food will delay the duration of seizures

Detoxification: artificial respiration, gastric lavage, intravenous fluids

Note: The negative effects are twice as high as general alcoholism. Poisoning can occur when alcohol is used to cool down

Methanol – Workers and peasants alcohol contains small amounts

Name: methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: Liquid at room temperature, volatile, can be taken orally or absorbed by the skin

Symptoms: damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, brain swelling, blindness, headache, vomiting, nausea, dilated pupils, coma in the chest, rapid drop in blood pressure, respiratory arrest and death. The corpse's eyes were destroyed

Onset: Incubation period 12-48 hours

Detoxification: use of emetic within 2 hours, gastric lavage, followed by oral or injection of ethanol

Note: The so-called wood alcohol poisoning is the use of methanol to make alcohol in wooden barrels

Naphthalene – a wide range of industrial materials

Name: naphthalene, sanitary ball, moth flakes

Toxicity: Grade 4

Properties: White crystals, oral

Symptoms: destruction of red blood cells, damage to the kidneys, nausea, vomiting, headache, anemia, fever, coma, convulsions

Onset time: 5-20 minutes, depending on oral or inhalation

Detoxification: gastric lavage, sodium carbonate, blood transfusion

Note: There are people of Mediterranean descent who have genetic defects and are particularly sensitive to naphthalene, easily

bromide

Deaths from naphthalene poisoning, including allergy to aspirin, occur

Petroleum distillate – including kerosene, gasoline, and paint thinners

Name: Kerosene, paint thinner, gasoline, petroleum essence, solvent distillate

Toxicity: Grade 4

Properties: Liquid, gas station odor can cause poisoning

Symptoms: coma, convulsions, vomiting blood, edema, deformities

Onset time: 5-20 minutes

Detoxification: gastric lavage, oxygen delivery

Note: It is easy to have sequelae, heart disease, and keratinization of the skin

Potassium permanganate – used in large quantities in aquariums and hospitals, as well as in school laboratories

Name: Potassium permanganate

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: Purple crystals, dissolvable, so can kill people who are bathing

Symptoms: erosion and destruction of mucous membranes, severe burns, edema, internal organ failure, bleeding, perforation, purple spots on the skin, which can easily lead to miscarriage

Onset time: 5-10 minutes

Detoxification: cleansing, surgical repair

Heavy cleaners – raw materials for handicraft supplies, engine degreasers

Name: 1,1,1-trichloro, methyl chloroform, cologene

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: colorless, volatile, dangerous after contact with sunlight, swallowed or inhaled

Symptoms: destruction of the central nervous system, headache, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, decreased breathing, decreased blood pressure, no noticeable reaction from the corpse except for small bleeding in the lungs

Onset time: within 5 minutes, 20-30 minutes after swallowing

Detoxification: gastric lavage, artificial respiration

Turpentine – used in any factory for the synthesis of many chemicals and as a solvent, natural product, and in some topical drugs for muscle pain or joint pain, which rarely kills due to difficulty swallowing (more benevolent)

Name: turpentine

Toxicity: Grade 5

Properties: volatile, special taste, can be swallowed or inhaled

Symptoms: redness of the skin, cough, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma, edema, difficulty in healing in survivors, congestion of corpse viscera

Onset: A few minutes

Detoxification: antiemetic, artificial respiration, gastric lavage, skin washing with water or soap