It is true that Wang Mang is a Confucian person, and Wang Mang's practice is indeed a Confucian practice.

It's just that Wang Mang's ending is very tragic.

Wang Mang later became synonymous with empty talk and hypocrisy.

In fact, Wang Mang's mistake was not his approach, but that Wang Mang didn't know how to talk about himself and couldn't see the situation clearly.

If Wang Mang has the general literary talent and martial arts strategy of Tang Taizong.

Even if there is a rebellion below? As long as the soldiers and horses point to it, everything is peaceful in the world.

And if Wang Mang knows that he is tolerant and doesn't have so many things to make trouble, even if someone rebels, it is only a small-scale matter. So what's the matter?

Poor Wang Mang was killed by his own stupidity.

In this way, Confucianism also has aspects that make the emperor's egg hurt, but what are the hundreds of schools of thought, but it is Confucianism who laughs the most and becomes the emperor's heart?

Confucianism can laugh to the bottom...... It has become the magic weapon of the emperor's heart, and it is etiquette.

When it comes to Confucianism, you can laugh to the bottom...... The magic weapon that became the heart of the emperor is etiquette, and one person needs to be mentioned, and this person is Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty.

Liu Bang, Emperor Taizu of the Han Dynasty, a native of Zhongyangli, Fengyi, Peijun, was the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, one of the great pioneers of the Han nation and Han culture, and an outstanding politician, outstanding strategist and conductor in Chinese history. It has made outstanding contributions to the development of the Han nationality and the unification and strength of China. Liu Bang was born in a peasant family, is open-minded and generous, and does not produce. He successively served as the chief of the Surabaya Pavilion in Pei County,[4] the Duke of Pei, and the King of Han. Qin Shi died in Mangdang Mountain due to the release of prisoners. Soon after Chen Sheng's uprising, about 3,000 children in the county responded to the uprising. Captured Pei County and other places, called Pei Gong, and soon defected to Xiang Liang. In October 206 BC, Liu Bang's army was stationed in Bashang, and Prince Ying of Qin surrendered to Liu Bang. The Qin Dynasty fell. Liu Bang abolished Qin's harsh law and made three chapters with the father of Guanzhong. After the Hongmen banquet, he was named the king of Han and ruled the Bashu region and Hanzhong. In the early stage of the Chu-Han War, he was repeatedly defeated. But he knows people well, pays attention to advice, and can give full play to the talents of his subordinates. He also paid attention to the strength of uniting all localities to oppose Xiang Yu. Finally turned defeat into victory. After defeating Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu, he unified the world. On February 28, 202 B.C., Liu Bang took the throne of the emperor in Xingyang, and the capital was Chang'an. It is known as the Western Han Dynasty in history. After ascending the throne, he eliminated Han Xin, Peng Yue, Yingbu, Zang Di and other princes with different surnames. He also divided the earth into nine princes and kings with the same surname. On the other hand, the establishment of rules and regulations and the adoption of a relaxed policy of recuperation and recuperation govern the world. Let the soldiers be demobilized and return home, exempt them from forced labor, and emphasize agriculture and suppress business. Restore the broken social economy and stabilize the feudal ruling order. It not only pacified the people, but also contributed to the cultural foundation of the Han Dynasty's grace and generosity. Adopt a policy of peace and proximity towards the Xiongnu and open the customs between the Han and the Xiongnu in order to ease the relations between the two sides. In the twelfth year of Gaozu, Liu Bang was shot by a stray arrow because of the crusade against the Yingbu rebellion, and then he became seriously ill and died in 195 BC. Mao Zedong's evaluation of Liu Bang was "the most powerful one among the feudal emperors".

Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty Liu Bang (256 BC - April 25, 195 BC), Liu Bang was born in Zhongyangli, Peifengyi, and Lu Juan was born in the same year, month, and day, and the two families are very good. When he was young, he was good friends with Lu Juan. Gao Zuchang's forehead was high and bulging, his sideburns and beard were beautiful, and there were seventy-two black moles on his left thigh. When he was a little older, he didn't like to work in the fields, so he was often reprimanded by his father,[3] saying that he was not as good as his brother who could run the business, and after unifying the world in the future, Liu Bang also joked openly with Mrs. Liu about this matter: "Do you think who created a big foundation between me and Liu Zhong (Liu Bang's brother)?" [The adults all think that Liu Bang has no ambitions, cannot manage business, cannot work, and has no income. But Liu Bang still went his own way. Liu Bang Shao admired the unscrupulous behavior of Wei Gongzi Xinlingjun, and wanted to join Xinlingjun's disciples. So he went west to Daliang, but Xinlingjun was dead, so Xinlingjun's guest Zhang Er also summoned the doorman, so he went to Waihuang and threw himself into Zhang Ermen, and the two became confidants. and the fall of the Wei State, Zhang Er became a wanted criminal in the Qin court, and the guests dispersed. Liu Bang returned to his hometown of Pei County. Later, Liu Banghou became the pavilion chief of Surabaya in Pei County (the pavilion chief is a petty official within ten miles), and after a long time, he was very familiar with the officials of Pei County, and he was also well-known in the local area. Liu Bang was very open-minded, on the way to Xianyang, he encountered Qin Shi Huang's brigade of men and horses, and from a distance, Qin Shi Huang was sitting on a beautifully decorated and gorgeous car, and he blurted out with envy, "The big husband should be like this!" Liu Bang's wife is Lu Shi, the daughter of Lu Gong, named Lu Pheasant. After forming a grudge with the people in his hometown, Lu Gong settled in Pei County, because Pei Ling and he were good friends. When he first arrived in Pei, many people heard about his relationship with the county order, so people came to visit. Liu Bang heard about it and went to join in the fun, and the person who presided over the reception of guests was Xiao He, who served as the chief bookkeeper in Pei County, and he announced a rule: Anyone who has less than 1,000 yuan in congratulatory gifts will sit in the hall. Liu Bang didn't care about these at all, although he didn't bring any money with Lu Hou, but he said to the person in charge of delivering the message: "I will congratulate him with 10,000 yuan!" When Lu Gong heard about it, he hurriedly came out to greet him personally. As soon as I saw Liu Bangqi Yu Xuan Ang, different from the others, I liked it very much, and I invited you to sit down. Lu Gong likes to give people faces, and when he sees Gao Zu's appearance, he respects him very much. Xiao He said: "Liu Ji has always been full of big words, and rarely accomplishes anything. Gao Zu took the opportunity to tease those guests, and simply sat down on the upper seat, not humble at all. After drinking the wine to his heart's content, Lu Gong gave Gao Zu a look and asked him to stay, and Gao Zu finished drinking and stayed behind. Lu Gong said: "I like to give people face since I was young, I have given face to face many people, no one can compare to your Liu Ji's face, I hope you cherish yourself." I have a daughter of my own, and I would like to promise you to be your wife and concubine. When the banquet was over, Lu Yuan was very annoyed with Lu Gong and said, "At first, you always wanted this daughter to get ahead and marry her to a nobleman. Pei Ling is good with you, you don't agree to marry this daughter, why did you casually give her to Liu Ji today?" Lu Gong said: "This is not what the woman's family understands. "Finally married my daughter to Liu Ji. The daughter of Duke Lü was Empress Lü, who gave birth to Emperor Xiaohui and Princess Lu Yuan. Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, was the son of her and Liu Bang. There is also a child who is Princess Lu Yuan, who is married to the weak but filial Zhang Ao. Liu Bang escorted the apprentices to Lishan for Surabaya County as the pavilion chief, and many of the apprentices escaped halfway. Liu Bang estimated that he would all escape when he reached Lishan, so when he walked to Mangdang Mountain, he stopped to drink and released all the servants at night. Liu Bang said: "You all run for your lives, and from now on I will go far away!" More than a dozen strong men in the apprenticeship were willing to follow him. Liu Bang took advantage of the wine, and took the path through the swamp at night, letting one go first. The man who had gone ahead came back and reported, "There is a big snake in the way ahead, so let's go back." [Liu Bang is drunk.] Say, "The eldest husband walks." What is there to be afraid of!" so he rushed to the front, drew his sword, and slashed the serpent. The serpent was cut in two, the road was opened, and he continued on for several miles. Got very drunk. and lay down on the ground. The people behind came to the place where the snake was slain. I saw an old woman crying in the darkness of the night. When she was asked what she was crying for, the old woman said, "Someone killed my child, and I was crying for him." Someone asked, "Why was your child killed?" and the old woman said, "My child is the son of the White Emperor." Transformed into a snake, blocked in the middle of the road, and now killed by the son of the Red Emperor, I cried for this. They thought the old woman was lying, and were about to beat her, but suddenly the old woman disappeared. The people behind caught up with Liu Bang, and Liu Bang woke up. Those people told Liu Bang what had just happened, and Liu Bang was secretly happy in his heart and became even more conceited. And those who followed him grew to fear him.

In 209 BC, after the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Qin Dynasty, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led the rebel army to capture Chenzhou (now Huaiyang, Henan), and Chen Sheng established the "Zhang Chu" regime and openly opposed the Qin Dynasty. At this time, Pei's county commander also wanted to respond to continue to control the power of Pei County, Xiao He and Cao Shen were the main officials under the county commander at that time, and they persuaded the county commander to gather the exiles in the county back, which could increase the strength of the county, and also put an end to future troubles. The county magistrate felt reasonable, so he asked Liu Bang's best friend Fan Hao to find Liu Bang back, and Liu Bang took people to rush back. The county order here regretted it again, afraid that Liu Bang would not be able to control it when he came back, and if he didn't get it right, he would be killed by Liu Bang, which was tantamount to luring a wolf into the house. Therefore, he ordered the city gate to be closed, and also prepared to arrest Xiao He and Cao Shen. When Xiao He and Cao Shen heard the news, they hurriedly fled outside the city, and Liu Bang shot the letter into the city, instigating the people in the city to rise up and kill the county order of rebellion, and everyone defended their hometown together. The people were very dissatisfied with the county order that was not very sympathetic to them at ordinary times, and after killing the county order, they opened the city gate to welcome Liu Bang, and elected him as Pei Gong to lead everyone to cause trouble. Liu Bang obeyed the will of the people, set up an altar, set up a red flag, claimed to be the son of the Red Emperor, and led the people to raise the anti-Qin banner. This year is already October 209 BC, and Liu Bang is already 48 years old. In the peasant war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, there was also a strong force, that is, the descendants of the original Chu nobles Xiang Ji (that is, Xiang Yu Xiang Yu name) and his uncle Xiang Liang, raised troops in Wuzhong (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu), and the strength soon reached nearly 10,000 people.

After Liu Bang's uprising, he immediately began to attack the surrounding counties, first attacking Huling, Xiahe, and Surabaya to fight against Yu Feng and break it. At this time, the brothers Zhou Cao and Zhou Chang joined Liu Bang's camp. Then he ordered Yongya to defend Feng, and led his army into Xue to fight the Qin army. The county was defeated and fled to Qi, and Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao pursued Zhuang without injury. Then Liu Bang led the army to Kang's father and Fang He, and Cao Shen defended Fang He. At this time, Wei Xiangzhou City came to attack Fang He, and Cao Shen led an army to meet him. But Yongya was descended to Wei according to abundance. Liu Bang was furious and attacked Feng. Yongya was based on the city to defend, Pei Gong's army could not go to Feng, at this time, Liu Bang was sick, so he returned to Pei.

At this time, Liu Bang heard that Dongyang Ningjun and Qin Jiali Jingju were the fake kings of Chu and were staying in the southeast of Pei County, so they defected to Jingju and wanted to borrow the army to attack Feng. On the way to Jingju, he met Zhang Liang, who was also going to Jingju. The two then joined forces. After Zhang Liang and Liu Bang met, as soon as they talked, the two had the intention of hating each other. So Zhang Liang gave up the idea of defecting to Jing Mingju and went directly to Liu Bang's side. Liu Bang took Zhang Liang as his general.

At this time, the Qin general Zhang Han faction sent Sima Ni to attack Chudi, Tuxiang (now Huaibei City, Anhui), to Dang (now Mangshan Town, Yongcheng, Henan). So Pei Gong and Dongyang Ning led their army to the west, met Sima Ni, and fought with the Qin army in the west of Xiao County, but the result was unfavorable, and Liu Bang and Dongyang Ningjun retreated to stay. After replenishing the army and grain and grass, he attacked the Qin army again, and took the cannon in three days, and obtained five or six thousand soldiers. Then he took advantage of the victory to capture Xiayi (now Dangshan County, Anhui)] This time, Liu Bang thought that his army was about the same, and set out from Xiayi to attack Feng again, but the result was still not captured. At this time, I heard that Xiang Liang was in Xue, so he left the army to surround Feng. He led more than 100 horsemen to Xue Jianxiang Liang. Xiang Liang Yipei's army of 5,000 and 5 doctors and 10 generals attacked Fengyi three times. Yongya was defeated and fled to the Wei State.

In this way, Pei Gong Liu Bang became a general under Xiang Liang. Soon, Xiang Yu captured Xiangyi and returned to Xue. When the news of Chen Sheng's death was confirmed, Xiang Liang summoned all the generals to return to Xue, adopted the proposal of Fan Zeng, a person living in the nest, and the descendants of King Chu Huai when the Warring States Period were the King of Chu, and they were still called King Chu Huai, all of which were Xuyi. King Chu Huai took Chen Ying as the upper pillar of the country, and Xiang Liang was called Wu Xinjun.

Queen Lichuhuai. Xiang Liang led his army north to rescue Qi Zhao. In Kang's father, Dong'a broke the Qin army. At this time, the Qi army led troops back to Qi because of the fields, fields, and corners. Only the Chu army pursued the Qin army. So Xiang Liang ordered the Chu army to divide the army, with Liu Bang and Xiang Yu as commanders, and led the Chu army to attack Chengyang. Liu Xiang and the others led the army to capture Chengyang. Slaughter. Then pursue the Qin army to the east of Puyang. Break the Qin army again. The Qin army was replenished at this time. The army is revived, guarding Puyang and surrounding the water. Liu Xiang and the two did not fight, bypassing the attack on Dingtao. Dingtao has not been lowered. Gave up and attacked Yongqiu (now Qixian County, Henan) in the west. Pei Gong's general Cao Shen broke the Qin soldiers, beheaded Li You, the defender of Sanchuan, and captured one of the Qin Marquis. After that, Liu Xiang and the others also attacked Chen Liu, but they did not go down. At this time, the Qin general Zhang Han broke Xiang Liang in Dingtao, and Xiang Liang himself was also killed in battle. Liu Xiang and the others were shocked, and after discussing it, the two decided to give up Chen Liu and return to the east. Liu Xiang and the two divided their troops, Xiang Yu's army was stationed in the west of Pengcheng, Lu Chen's army was stationed in the east of Pengcheng, and Pei's army was stationed in Dang.

Xiang Liang's death shocked the princes. And the Qin army was even more coerced to defeat Yu Wei, often chasing the dead and chasing the north. After a series of victories, Zhang Han thought that Chu was no longer worried, so he went north to attack Zhao and moved his people to Hanoi after capturing Handan. The Zhao army retreated to Julu, and Zhang Han led the army to besiege Zhao Wangxi and Zhao Xiang to Julu. At this time, King Chu Huai moved the capital from Xuyi to Pengcheng, and Xiang Yu's army and Lü Chen's army were self-generals. Feng Xiangyu was the Marquis of Chang'an, Ren Lu Gong, and Liu Bang, the Duke of Feng Pei, was the Marquis of Wu'an, and was appointed as the magistrate of Dang, and stationed the troops of the headquarters in Dang. With Lu Chen as Situ, his father Lu Qing as Ling Yin. After some adjustments, the situation in Chu stabilized.

King Zhao and Zhang Er were trapped in Julu and sent an envoy to Chu to ask for help from Chu. After deliberation, King Chu Huai agreed to save Zhao. However, in order to disperse the strength of the Qin army, it was decided to send a force to the west to attack Qin directly. The Chu Army on the North Route was led by Song Yi as the main general, and the Western Route Army was led by Liu Bang as the main general. It is agreed that whoever enters the customs first will be the king of the gates. At that time, because the Qin army was strong, the Chu State was not optimistic about the westward expedition and was unwilling to lead the army to the west. So they took Pei Gong as the commander of the Western Expeditionary Army, under the pretext that Liu Bang was generous and could reduce the resistance to the west. And Xiang Yu actively asked to go west with Pei Gong because of his uncle's death. However, the veterans of Chu rejected Xiang Yu's request on the grounds that Xiang Yu was a "fierce thief" and "everything he did was ruined" and was not conducive to the Western Expedition, and let him serve as the deputy general of the Northern Route Army and go north to rescue Zhao.

Pei Gong's army sent troops from Dang and went north to collect Chen Sheng and Xiang Liang's scattered soldiers. To Chengyang, he was sandwiched between the wall bars with the Qin army. Pei Gong's army attacked the Qin army, broke the Qin army, and the Qin general Wang Li fled. Then, Pei Gong led his troops westward and met Peng Yue in Changyi (now Changyi Village, Daxiehu Town, Juye County, Shandong). The two joined forces to attack Changyi, but before they fell, Pei Gong returned to Li (now Xiayi, Henan). In Li, Yu Gangwu Marquis seized his army, and Pei Gong's army increased by more than 4,000 people. Then he joined forces with Wei General Huangxin and Wei Shentu Wu Pujun to attack Changyi, but did not capture it. Pei Gong Liu Bang decided to abandon Changyi and lead his army westward.

Liu Bang marched to Gaoyang and visited the Magi. It happened that there was a knight in Peigong's army whose family was in Gaoyang, so he went home to visit his relatives. At this time, the Gaoyang people ate him as their fellow villager, so they asked him to introduce themselves to Liu Bang on his behalf. He said to the knight, "I have heard that Pei Gong is arrogant and looks down on people, but he has many great strategies, and this is the person I really want to follow, but I have no one to introduce me. When you see Pei Gong, you can say to him, 'There is a gentleman in my hometown, who is in his sixties and eight feet tall, and people call him a madman, but he himself says he is not a madman. The knight said, "Pei Gong did not like Confucianism, and many people came to him wearing Confucian hats, and he immediately took off their hats and peed in them. When talking to people, he scolds at every turn. So you'd better not lobby him as a Confucian scholar. Li Shiqi said to him, "Just say what I taught you." After the knight returned, he calmly told Pei Gong according to Li Sheng's instructions. So through the knight's recommendation, Li Shiqi met Pei Gong. But when Liu Bang summoned him, he was sitting on the bed and asked the two women to wash his feet. Li Shi was so full that he didn't bow down, and directly reprimanded: "Do you want to help the Qin State attack the princes, or do you want to lead the princes to destroy the Qin State?" [Liu Bang scolded: "You slave Xiang Confucian! People in the world have suffered from the Qin Dynasty for a long time, so the princes have raised troops to resist the tyrannical Qin.] How do you say that you will help the Qin State to attack the princes?"] Li Sheng said: "If you are determined to gather the people and gather volunteers to overthrow the tyrannical and unscrupulous Qin Dynasty, then you should not use such a concede attitude to meet the elders. So Liu Bang got up and apologized, and after tidying up, he received Li Shiqi with courtesy. At that time, Li Shiqi had a younger brother named Li Shang, and when Chen Sheng raised an army, he also gathered thousands of people to respond. Li Shiqi returned to Han, and Li Shang led more than 4,000 of his subordinates to join Pei Gong's team.

Li Shiqi persuaded Liu Bang to attack Chen Liu, and Liu Bang followed his plan and captured Chen Liu. Get a lot of supplies. Then he made Li Shang a general. Attack Kaifeng, not down. Bypassing the westward advance, he fought with the Qin army led by the Qin general Yang Xiong in Baima and Quyu, and defeated the Qin army. Qin defeated Yang Xiong. Pei's army pursued him to the White Horse. Break the Qin army again. Yang Xiong fled to Xingyang. Qin II sent an envoy to kill Yang Xiong. After destroying the Qin army under Yang Xiong, Pei Gong led his army south to attack Yingyang and slaughter it. At this time, Zhang Liang met Liu Bang again. Before. Zhang Liang persuaded Xiang Liang to become the king of Han, and followed the king of Han to the west of Han. However, for more than a year, every time the land was lost, the situation was never opened, so the guerrillas were in the Yingchuan area. [Liu Bang led his army to this point, joined forces with Zhang Liang's Han army, and attacked Xuanyuan (northwest of present-day Dengfeng City, Henan) to slightly determine the Han land. Zhao Bei sent Sima Wei to cross the river into the pass, and Liu Bang led the army north, attacked Pingyin, and destroyed the ferry. Go south and fight with the Qin army again in the east of Luoyang, which is unfavorable, go south to Yangcheng, and collect the military horses in the city. Fought with Nanyang Shouqi in the east of Lili (now southwest of Pingdingshan in Nanshan), and broke the Nanyang Qin army. The Chu army pursued to Nanyang, wanting to bypass and advance directly westward. Zhang Liang persuaded: "Although Pei Gong wants to enter the customs in a hurry, the Qin soldiers are still crowded, and the distance is dangerous. Today, it is not like Wan, it is like attacking from behind, and Qin is in front, and this is a dangerous road. So Liu Bang also attacked Nanyang. Nanyang Shou saw the Chu army go and returned, and surrounded Wancheng. So I wanted to kill myself. So his disciple Chen Hui persuaded him not to die first, and sent an envoy to the Chu camp. After the two sides agreed, Nanyang Shou surrendered.

Liu Bang led his army to the west and captured Danshui (present-day Xichuan, Henan). At this time, Gaowu Marquis Qi Gill and Marquis Wangling also joined the Chu army led by Liu Bang and captured Xiling and Huyang. And Fanjun Wu Rui's subordinate general Mei Kai also came here, united with the Pei Gong army, and captured Xi (now Xixia County, Henan), Li and other places. Liu Bang's Chu army advanced to Wu Guandong. So he sent Wei people Ning Chang to envoy Qin, and at this time Zhang Han also surrendered to Xiang Yu. Zhao Gao killed Qin II, and ordered the envoy to report back to Liu Bang, wanting to make an appointment to divide the pass. Liu Bang thought that Zhao Gao was a deceit, so he took Zhang Liang's plan to make Li Shiqi and Lu Jia lobby the Qin generals in Wuguan (now Wuguan Town, Danfeng County, Shaanxi) to surrender, and then attacked the Qin generals in Wuguan and captured Wuguan. After that, Liu Bang led his army westward on the one hand, and ordered Li Shang to capture Qin's Hanzhong, Ba, Shu and other places. Then the Han army defeated the Qin army at the foot of the mound, so that Liu Bang's Chu army advanced to Lantian near the Qin capital Xianyang. Qin Ting organized the most powerful battle with Liu Bang's army in Lantian, and Liu Bang's army did not defeat like Zhou Wen did, but broke the Qin army. In this way, the Qin Dynasty lost all its resistance. In October of the first year of the Han Dynasty, the prince of Qin was a white horse, tied his neck to a group, and next to the road (located in the urban area of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), he presented Liu Bang with a jade seal. The Qin Dynasty thus fell, and the country was established for 15 years and 47 days.

Liu Bang proudly entered Xianyang City and regarded himself as the "King of Guanzhong". Looking at the palatial palace, Liu Bang became a little nostalgic and prepared to stay here and enjoy it. Fan Hao advised him to pay attention to the fact that the world has not yet been calmed, and don't forget Qin's experience. Liu Bang couldn't listen to it at all, and it wasn't until Zhang Liang personally came to persuade him that he realized the seriousness of the problem. As a result, Liu Bang retreated his army to Bashang. After Liu Bang arrived at Bashang, he summoned the local celebrities and made an agreement with them on the three chapters of the law: death to the murderer, wounding and atonement for theft. The abolition of the other harsh legal systems of the Qin dynasty gave him popular support.

After Xiang Yu defeated Zhang Han and forced him to surrender, he also led his troops straight to Guanzhong. Fan Zeng persuaded him to take the opportunity to get rid of Liu Bang, an opponent, and Xiang Yu ordered preparations to attack the next day. At this time, Liu Bang could not compete with the powerful Xiang Yu in terms of troops, he only had 100,000 troops, and it was impossible to defeat Xiang Yu's 400,000 elite soldiers. The last thing is that Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Bo "saved" Liu Bang: Xiang Bo and Liu Bang's advisor Zhang Liang were very good, and when he saw that Xiang Yu was about to attack, he sneaked into the camp overnight to find Zhang Liang and told him to leave quickly to avoid being killed. Zhang Liang said that he couldn't leave Liu Bang, so he revealed the news to Liu Bang. In a panic, Liu Bang hurriedly asked Zhang Liang for advice, and Zhang Liang asked Liu Bang to hurry up to see Xiang Bo, explaining that he had no ambition to compete with Xiang Yu for the throne. Liu Bang made an appointment with Xiang Bo according to the plan, explaining that he had no ambition to be the king, and made an appointment with Xiang Bo to become his sons and daughters. Xiang Bo returned to the barracks that night, and he said to Xiang Yu: "Because Pei Gong entered Guanzhong first. Cleared the obstacles for us to enter the customs, we can pass through Hangu Pass smoothly, Pei Gong is a person of merit, we should not suspect him, we should treat each other sincerely" Xiang Yu listened, and decided not to attack Liu Bang again. The next day, Liu Bang came to Xiang Yu's military camp, bringing only Fan Xu, Zhang Liang and a hundred elite soldiers. When he arrived at Xiang Yu's big tent Hongmen, he apologized to Xiang Yu who greeted him in person. Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang into the banquet, and Xiang Yu's father Fan Zeng. has always advocated killing Liu Bang. At the banquet, he repeatedly signaled Xiang Yu to give orders, but Xiang Yu hesitated and silently refused. Fan Zeng summoned Xiang Zhuang to dance the sword to cheer up the banquet. Take the opportunity to kill Liu Bang. Xiang Bo is protecting Liu Bang. also drew his sword and danced, covering Liu Bang, but without success. This is the idiom "Xiang Zhuang dancing sword." The origin of "Intended Pei Gong". Later, Liu Bang left under the pretext of leaving and returned to the camp. At the Hongmen banquet, Liu Bang showed a high degree of composure and calmness. To be able to retreat with his whole body, in addition to the efforts of Zhang Liang, Xiang Bo, and Fan Xu, the key is Liu Bang's calmness and composure.

After the Hongmen banquet, Xiang Yu led his troops westward, Xiang was registered in Xianyang, burned Afang Palace, and killed the prince of Qin. Liu Bang was named the king of Han, and his territory was Ba, Shu and 41 counties of the Han Dynasty, and the capital was Nanzheng (now southwest Zheng, Shaanxi). And sealed the Qin generals Zhang Han, Sima Xin, and Dong Fei (meaning) as the king of Yong, the king of Sai, and the king of Zhai, and led the central land to contain Liu Bang. At the same time, Liu Bang's army was reduced to 30,000. Xiang Yu himself is called the overlord of Western Chu and holds the supreme command of the army. King Xiong Xin of Chu Huai was revered as the righteous emperor. Later, Emperor Yi moved to another place and was killed. Xiang Yu's division of the feudals, on the surface, seems to be a reward for meritorious deeds, but in fact, it is a recombination of the power of the original princes, and the obedience is rewarded separately, and does not take care of the strength and influence of the original princes in their own country. Therefore, the source of chaos was planted from the beginning. Moreover, he rejected the advice of the strategist Ziwang Guanzhong and resolutely returned to his hometown. In February of the first year of the Han Dynasty, the princes boycotted the play and returned to China. Liu Bang had no choice but to swallow his anger and accept the title, leading his troops into Hanzhong in April and burning the plank road (a road paved with wooden planks on the cliff), indicating that he had no intention of sending troops to paralyze the Xiang family. In November, Liu Bang waved his army to the east, worshiped Han Xin as a general, repaired the plank road in the Ming Dynasty, secretly crossed Chencang (now east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), named Emperor Yi to mourn, sent people to contact the princes, publicly denounced the Xiang Ji, and opened the prelude to the four-year Chu-Han War. Soon, in May and June of the first year of the Han Dynasty, Tian Rong, a descendant of the nobles of Qi, was dissatisfied with the separation, drove away the king of Qi, killed the king of Jiaodong, and established himself as the king of Qi. Liu Bang took advantage of the chaos to return to Guanzhong, defeated Zhang Han, forced Sima Xin and Dong Peng, and used tricks to deceive Xiang Ji to make him believe that he was satisfied after obtaining Guanzhong and would never go east again. Xiang Ji was relieved to attack Tian Rong, and did not strengthen his precautions against the west. Xiang Yu finally fell into the quagmire of Qi Di and couldn't get out. This gave Liu Bang a great opportunity.

In May 205 BC, Liu Bang took the opportunity of Xiang Ji's stay in Qi and led a coalition of 560,000 princes to capture Pengcheng in one fell swoop. The short-lived victory was that Liu Bang lost his mind and drank with the princes every day to celebrate. When Xiang Yu heard this, he hurriedly led 30,000 light cavalry to attack, the coalition army was killed 100,000, drowned 100,000, Liu Bang only led dozens of cavalry to escape, and the anti-Chu alliance collapsed.

In June of the same year, Liu Bang arrived in Xingyang, collected defeated troops along the way, and sent Han Xin to defeat the Chu chasing soldiers between Xiao Suo, so that he could breathe and stabilize his position, so he reorganized the army and relied on the Guanzhong base and favorable terrain to fight against Xiang Yu for a long time. In July, Zhang Han, who had been stubbornly resisting, was finally defeated and committed suicide, and Liu Bang relieved his worries; and before fleeing to Xingyang, he sent people to persuade Yingbu to oppose Chu and contact Peng Yue to disturb the rear of Chu;] sent Han Xin to open up the northern battlefield, attack Wei and capture Wei Wangbao, break the dynasty, destroy Zhao and kill Chen Yu. In the winter of 205 BC, Xiang Yu launched a counterattack and besieged Xingyang, and the situation was very critical. Liu Bang used Chen Ping's trick to make Xiang Yu suspect Fan Zeng, and he didn't use his tactics to force Fan Zeng to return to his hometown in anger. Liu Bang sent Ji Xin to pretend to be himself to go to the Chu army to surrender and take the opportunity to escape from Xingyang. Xiang Ji stepped up the siege of Xingyang and captured Chenggao. In order to alleviate the pressure of the Chu army on Xingyang, Liu Bang led his army through Wuguan, Wan (now Nanyang, Henan), and Ye (now south of Ye County), hoping to lure Xiang Ji south. In order to cooperate with the actions of the Han army, Han Xin also led the army to the north bank of the Yellow River at this time to support Xingyang. Peng Yue was attacking Xiapi (present-day south of Pizhou, Jiangsu). Xiang Ji was forced to lead the army back to the rescue, and Liu Bang took the opportunity to recover Chenggao. In July 204 BC, Xiang Ji pulled out Xingyang with a fierce offensive and recaptured Chenggao.

On the one hand, Liu Bang ordered the Han army to hold on to the area of Gongxian to block the advance of the Chu army, and on the other hand, he ordered Han Xin to form a new army to attack Qi, and sent people into the hinterland of Chu to assist Peng Yue in attacking Juyang (now Shangqiunan, Henan), Waihuang and other places, and forced Xiang Yu to rescue him again. In November 204 BC, Liu Bang used a plan to recover Chenggao again. Killed Xiang Yu's general Cao Ji. After Xiang Ji defeated Peng Yue, the main force of the Han army failed to fight a decisive battle, and the troops Guangwu (now Xingyang North) formed a confrontation with Liu Bang. Soon, Han Xin annihilated the Qi-Chu coalition army in the Battle of Weishui, completed the strategic detour of the flank of Chu, and sent Guan Ying to lead an army straight to Pengcheng. Xiang Ji suffered from the enemy on his back, and the soldiers were exhausted, so he made an alliance with the Han Dynasty, taking the chasm as the boundary and dividing the world. East to Chu. Xigui Han. In October 203 BC, Xiang Ji led his troops back to the east.

After Chu and Han made an alliance, Liu Bang wanted to withdraw from the army, but was reminded by Zhang Liang and Chen Ping. Ordered to pursue the Chu army with all its might. November 203 BC. The two armies fought at Guling (northwest of present-day Huaiyang). Xiang Yu won a small victory. In January 202 BC, Liu Bang encircled Han Xin, Peng Yue, and Duo Bu with a reward, and severely damaged the Chu army in the next battle. January 202 BC. Liu Bang, Han Xin, Liu Jia, Peng Yue, Yingbu and other Han armies totaled about 700,000 and 100,000 Chu troops who were tired from fighting for a long time and fought a decisive battle in Yuxia (now south of Lingbi County, Anhui). The Han army was centered with Han Xin leading the army, the general Kong Xi as the left wing, Chen He as the right wing, Liu Bang leading the troops to follow, and the general Zhou Bo was broken. Han Xin waved his army to attack, using the tactic of luring the enemy into depth, the front army was defeated first, Xin led the troops to retreat, and ordered the left and right flank armies to outflank and attack the rear infantry of the Chu army. After the Chu army was tired after a long battle, the Han army divided the Chu rear army and Xiang Yu's former army knights in half, Han Xin commanded the whole army to counterattack, the Chu army was defeated, more than 40,000 killed, 20,000 captured, 20,000 were scattered, and only less than 20,000 wounded soldiers were left to retreat with Xiang Yu. Later, the Chu army retreated into the barrier and was surrounded by the Han army. The Chu army was exhausted. Han Xin ordered the Han soldiers to sing the Chu song at night, and the song said: "The hearts of the people are all towards Chu, and the world already belongs to Liu; As a result, the Chu soldiers were homesick and tired of war, and the military spirit collapsed, Xiang Yu only led 800 people to break through to Wujiang (now Anhui Province and the county border), at this time Xiang Yu only had 28 horses left, and a pavilion chief was willing to take Xiang Yu to flee to Jiangdong to revive the hegemony, but Xiang Yu refused. [158] Xiang Yu led 28 cavalry to fight the Han army, and after the final annihilation, Xiang Yu did not want to be captured and humiliated, so he committed suicide in Wujiang. Liu Bang then returned to Dingtao, galloped into Han Xin's army, seized his military power, and later renamed Han Xin as the king of Chu, and all of them went down to Pi (now east of Pizhou City, Jiangsu).

In February 202 BCE, Liu Bang fulfilled his previous promise and made Han Xin the king of Chu, and Peng Yue the king of Yue. Han Xin and Peng Yue, who were entitled, together with the original Yan King Zang Di, Zhao King Zhang Ao, and Changsha King Wu Rui, jointly wrote to Liu Bang and asked him to be crowned emperor. Liu Bang began to pretend to excuse himself, and Han Xin said: "Although the king was born poor, he can lead everyone to sweep away the tyrannical Qin, kill the unjust, and stabilize the world, and the credit exceeds that of the kings. Liu Bang said smoothly: "Since you all see it this way and think it is beneficial to the people of the world, then do what you say." On February 28, 202 B.C. (according to the early period of the Western Han Dynasty, October was the first year, and February of the same year was after October), Liu Bang held an enthronement ceremony in Dingtao, Shandong, and named the country Han. After Liu Bang was the emperor, the first capital was Luoyang, and a month later he moved to Liyang, and soon the official capital was Chang'an, and the foundation was opened, known as the Western Han Dynasty.

Liu Bang favored Qi Ji and his son Zhao Wang Ruyi in his later years, alienated Empress Lü, and wanted to depose the crown prince Liu Ying (Emperor Hui) born to Empress Lü several times and set up Liu Ruyi. However, because the minister objected, he had to give up. In order to consolidate the imperial power, Liu Bang tried his best. Originally, he was old, but when he put down the Yingbu rebellion, he was wounded by an arrow, and his condition worsened in Chang'an. After Lu found a famous doctor, Liu Bang asked him about his condition, and the doctor said that it could be cured, and as soon as Liu Bang heard the tone, he knew that Lu Dao would not be better, and he was so angry that he scolded the doctor: "Take the world with a three-foot sword in cloth clothes, this is not the destiny of heaven? Empress Lu looked at Liu Bang, who was dying, and asked him about the personnel arrangements after his death: "After Xiao Xiangguo dies, who will replace him?" Liu Bang said Cao Shen. Empress Lu asked who was after Cao Shen, and Liu Bang said: "Wang Ling can take over after Cao Shen, but Wang Ling is not resourceful enough and can be assisted by Chen Ping." Although Chen Ping is resourceful, he cannot decide major matters. Although Zhou Bo is not good at talking, he is loyal, and it will definitely be him who will stabilize the Liu family in the future, so use him as a lieutenant. Lu Hou asked what to do in the future, and Liu Bang said weakly: "You won't know what will happen in the future." ”

Liu Bang died in 195 BC, that is, on April 25 (June 1) of the twelfth year of Gaozu, at the age of 62, and was buried in Changling (in present-day Xianyang, Shaanxi), with the nickname of Emperor Gao and the temple name of Taizu. Buried in Changling. Changling is located about 20 kilometers north of the center of Xi'an and about 20 kilometers east of Xianyang City, north of Sanyi Village, Yaodian Town. In 1988, the State Council listed it as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Changling, also known as "Changshan", is the mausoleum of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and the empress Lu Pheasant (Lu Hou). The Han Dynasty, which he founded, laid the foundation for the main culture of Chinese feudal society, that is, the cultural system under the influence of Confucianism. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the introduction of Buddhism from India had another impact on Confucian culture, and understanding the political and cultural system of the Han Dynasty is helpful to understand ancient Chinese culture.

After Liu Bang's death, the temple name agreed upon by the ministers was "Taizu", the nickname was "Emperor Gao", and the official full name was "Emperor Gao of Han Taizu", the abbreviated temple name should be "Han Taizu", and the abbreviated name was "Emperor Han Gao", not the "Han Gaozu" that people are used to calling. "Historical Records, Volume 8 Gaozu Benji VIII" said: "Bingyin, burial." Ji Si, set up the prince, to the Taishang Emperor Temple. The ministers all said: Gaozu started to be subtle, set aside the chaos of the times, and pacified the world, for the Han Taizu, the highest merit. The honorific title is Emperor Gao. The crown prince is called the emperor, and the filial piety emperor is also. Order the princes of the county to set up a temple of high ancestors, and the ancestral hall of the year. The text of the "Book of Han" is the same, but it is afraid of ambiguity, and the "Gaozu" in the "Historical Records" is replaced with "emperor". Sima Qian's "Historical Records" is "Gaozu Benji", and Liu Bang is called "Gaozu". Gai Sima was a native of Emperor Xiaowu of the Han Dynasty, the emperor of Emperor Xiaowu was examined as Emperor Xiaojing, Emperor Xiaojing was examined as Emperor Xiaowen of Taizong, and Emperor Xiaowen was Emperor Gao, and Emperor Gao was his great-grandfather. According to "Erya": "The test of the great-grandfather and the father of the king is the father of the Gaozu king", it stands to reason that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wants to call the Emperor Taishang (the father of the Emperor Gao) as the ancestor, but the Guo note above "Erya" says: "The highest, the words are at the top." "Interpretation of the Name" cloud: "Gaozu, Gao, Gao, Gao, the most in Shanggao, Tao Zhuxia also." "Qianqiu Notes" cloud: "The father of the great-grandfather is the great ancestor, but he is the above, and he is also commonly known as the high ancestor. "The Book of Zhou: King Kang's Message": "No damage to my ancestor is widowed", Gaozu refers to King Wen and King Wu, which is called "Gaozu" by great-grandfather and grandfather. Because King Wen of Zhou and King Wu are the kings of Zhaoji and the country, their merits are great, so they are called Gaozu and are the highest honorific titles. Similarly, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called his great-grandfather Emperor Gao "Gaozu" also means this, which is the supreme title of the ancestors of later generations, and Sima should use the honorific title of Emperor Gao in the Han Dynasty at that time, with Liu Bang as "Gaozu". (To be continued......)