As for the historian of the Republic of China, Lu Simian believes that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty entrusted Gu to Huo Guang and others is not credible, and the so-called "set up a young son, and the king does the affairs of the Duke of Zhou" and painted the auxiliary political map of the Duke of Zhou to send each other is actually nothing: Huo Guang was only the left and right guards around Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he was just a subordinate for the drive, how could he be so valued by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and have the heavy responsibility of entrusting the orphan? Jin Riyan was a Huns, but in fact he was a foreigner, and it was impossible for him to entrust the matter of the imperial court to a descendant of a foreign race who had a grudge against the Han regime for killing his father? But personally, I don't think it's completely impossible. After all, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had previously taken the abnormal measure of killing Mrs. Gouyi and appointing Liu Fuling, the son of Mrs. Gouyi, as the prince, and later came up with the Hun Jin Riyan as an auxiliary minister, so what could it be? Perhaps Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that the Xiongnu Jin Riyan had no foundation in the country anyway, so the Hun Jin Riyan might be more loyal to the Han royal family?

Compared with Huo Guang's practice of just abolishing the monarch, Wang Mang is obviously more straightforward.

Wang Mang (45 BC - 23 AD), the second son of Wang Man, the second son of Wang Man, the marquis of Xindu, the nephew of Wang Zhengjun, the empress of Xiaoyuan of the Western Han Dynasty[4-5], the younger brother of Wang Yong, and the uncle of Wang Guang, the marquis of Yangong, the founder of the new dynasty in Chinese history, that is, the new ancestor, also known as the Jianxing Emperor or the new emperor, reigned from 8 AD to 23 AD. Wang Mang is an important member of the Wang family, a relative of the Western Han Dynasty, who is humble and frugal, a corporal of courtesy and virtuous, and has a reputation in the court and the opposition. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, social contradictions intensified unprecedentedly, and Wang Mang was regarded by the government and the opposition as the best candidate to save the situation, and was regarded as the "reincarnation of the Duke of Zhou". December 8 A.D. Wang Mang built a new country on behalf of the Han Dynasty, and announced the implementation of a new policy, known as "Wang Mang's reform" in history. At the end of Wang Mang's reign, the world was in turmoil, and the new Mang Emperor was four years old, and the first army invaded Chang'an, and Wang Mang died in the chaos. Wang Mang reigned for 16 years and died at the age of 69,[6] and the new dynasty became one of the shortest-lived dynasties in Chinese history.

Wang Mang had a rough childhood. Father (Wang Man) and brother (Wang Yong) died successively. He was raised by his uncles. In his youth, he was humble and frugal, courteous and virtuous, and respected his elders. Praised as a role model. Then Wang Mang went straight up. The official is the Great Sima. The career is flat. When Wang Mang was a teenager, his father and brother died one after another, and he lived with his uncle. The Wang family was a family of relatives who leaned towards the government and the opposition at that time. The Wang family has nine marquis, five of whom served as the Grand Sima, and is the most noble family in the Western Han Dynasty. Most of the people in the clan are generals and marquis, who live extravagantly, and compare themselves with each other. Only Wang Mang is pure, simple in life, and humble. Moreover, he was diligent and studious, and his teacher Peijun Chen Shen studied the "Analects". He served his mother and widowed sister-in-law, raised his brother's widowed son, and behaved in strict manners. He befriended the wise men externally and served his uncles internally, and was very thoughtful. Almost all of the outliers in this family became the moral model of the time, and soon became famous.

In 22 BC, Wang Mang entered the center at the age of 4 and began to be an official, serious in his work, more respectful to people, his uncle Wang Shang wrote to Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and was willing to give a part of his fiefdom to Wang Mang, a famous minister in the court, and also recommended Wang Mang, Wang Mang was extremely deferential to his uncle Wang Feng who was in the position of the Great Sima. Wang Feng was dying and asked Wang Zhengjun to take care of Wang Mang. In the eleventh year of the founding of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty (22 BC), Wang Mang was appointed as Huangmenlang, and later promoted to the captain of the shooting sound. Later, his uncle Wang Shang wrote to express his willingness to give part of his fief to Wang Mang, and many well-known people in the court at that time said good things for Wang Mang, and Emperor Cheng of Han also thought that Wang Mang was very virtuous. In the first year of Yongshi (16 BC), when Wang Mang was 30 years old, he was named the new marquis, riding the captain, and serving the emperor (the emperor's guards). And Wang Mang's uncles Wang Feng, Wang Shang, and Wang Gen successively served as the assistant of the Great Sima. In the life of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty (Liu Biao), there were nine marquis and five great Simas. Wang Mang was in a high position, but he never respected himself, he was always courteous and virtuous, honest and frugal, and often distributed his money to customers and commoners, and even sold horse-drawn carriages to help the poor, and was deeply loved by the people. Celebrities in the government and the opposition praised Wang Mang, and his fame even surpassed that of his powerful uncles. Wang Mang's cousin, the queen mother's nephew Chun Yu Changfa first, the status surpassed Wang Mang, and he was good at flattery, and he once made Zhao Feiyan for Emperor Han Cheng as the empress, and was deeply trusted by Emperor Han Cheng, and was soon promoted to the captain of the guard, in charge of the palace guards, and became one of the nine kings. At this time, Da Sima Wang Gen was about to retire, and many people thought that Chun Yuchang should succeed Da Sima. In order to win over his competitors in his career, Wang Mang secretly collected Chun Yuchang's crimes. Then Wang Mang took the opportunity of the visit to tell Wang Gen that Chun Yuchang was secretly ready to take over as the Great Sima, and that he had made wishes to many people to be crowned officials, and at the same time told Chun Yuchang about his affair with the deposed queen Xu. Wang Gen was furious and asked him to report to the Empress Dowager as soon as possible, and the Empress Dowager asked Emperor Cheng to depose Chun Yuchang, find out his crimes, and kill him in prison. In 8 B.C., Wang Gen was seriously ill and recommended Wang Mang to replace the position of Da Sima, and after the death of Chun Yuchang, Wang Mang succeeded his three uncles and uncles as Da Sima at the age of 38. After Wang Mang came to power, he was tireless in self-denial, recruited virtuous people, and used the rewards and money he received to entertain celebrities, and his life became more frugal. Once, when the ministers came to visit his mother, they saw that Wang Mang's wife was dressed very simply, and thought she was a slave of his family. In 7 BC, Emperor Cheng of Han died. After Emperor Han Ai succeeded to the throne, his grandmother Ding Tao Guo Fu Empress Dowager and Empress Ding's relatives gained power, Wang Mang had to resign from his post and live in seclusion in the new capital of the feudal country (fiefdom), so he closed the door and was cautious, during which his second son Wang was killed as a house slave, Wang Mang severely punished him, and forced Wang Shu to commit suicide, which was well received by the world. During Wang Mang's seclusion in the new capital, many officials and commoners were upset by Wang Mang's deposition and demanded his comeback, and Emperor Han Ai had to re-recruit Wang Mang to return to the capital to serve the queen mother, but did not restore his official position.

In the second year of Yuanshou (1 BC), Emperor Ai of Han died without leaving any heirs. When the Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun heard that the emperor had died, she drove to Weiyang Palace on the same day and took back the jade seal of the country. The queen mother then issued an edict, asking the ministers of the court to nominate the candidate of the great Sima, and the ministers understood, so they recommended Wang Mang one after another, only the former general He Wu and the left general Gongsun Lu objected. The two then elected each other to show their dissatisfaction with the dictatorship of Wang's relatives. Soon after, the Queen Mother ordered Wang Mang to be reappointed as the Grand Sima. He was also in charge of military orders and forbidden armies. Later, the nine-year-old Emperor Ping of Han ascended the throne, and Wang Mang acted as the government and won the support of the government and the opposition. Since then, Wang Mang's political ambitions have gradually been exposed. He began to ostracize dissidents, first by forcing Wang Zhengjun to drive out his uncle Wang Li, and then by exterminating those who were obedient to him and exterminating those who offended and resented him. Wang Mang knew that in order to maintain his position, he had to strengthen his power in the court, so he took the initiative to tie up with the famous Confucian scholar Situ Kongguang at that time. Kong Guang is a veteran of the Three Dynasties, and is deeply respected by the Queen Mother and the government and the opposition, but he is timid and afraid. Too cautious. Wang Mang then took the initiative to approach and woo him. He introduced his son-in-law Zhen Han as a servant and a lieutenant of the Che Du, while forcing Kong Guang to promote himself in the name of the Queen Mother, and using Kong Guang's influence as a tool to exclude dissidents. So he impeached He Wu and Gongsun Lu and removed them from their official positions. Later, he successively dismissed Shi Li, the middle servant, Wu Jianglong, the Taishan Taishou, Ding Xuan, and the Hanoi Taishou Zhao Chang and other high-ranking officials of more than 2,000 stone on various charges. deprived the Marquis of Gaochang Dong Wu and the Marquis of Guannei Zhang You and others. Meanwhile. Wang Mang gradually cultivated his own henchmen. With his cousins Wang Shun and Wang Yi as his heart, he used his cronies Zhen Feng and Zhen Han to supervise the picket and impeachment, and Ping Yan managed the affairs of the machine. Wang Mang usually has a serious expression. When he wanted to gain benefits, he only needed to give a slight gesture, and his henchmen would play according to his wishes, and then Wang Mang would kowtow and weep, and resolutely refuse, so as to confuse the queen mother and hide his ambitions from the common people. In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1 AD), the ministers proposed to the Queen Mother that Wang Mang's achievements in "Dingce Anzong Temple" were the same as Huo Guang's, and he should enjoy the same reward as Huo Guang. After Wang Mang learned about it, he wrote to say that he made a policy with Kong Guang, Wang Shun, Zhen Feng, and Zhen Han, hoping to reward only the four of them, and then consider him in the future, and resolutely resigned despite the Queen Mother's repeated edicts. The ministers constantly suggested to the empress dowager that Wang Mang accepted the title of "Duke of Anhan" after repeated pretenses, but always refused to accept the title of 28,000 households that had been given to him; in addition, Wang Mang and his three major cronies were promoted to the position of "four auxiliaries": Wang Mang was the Taifu and received the affairs of the four auxiliaries; Kong Guang was the Taishi, Wang Shun was the Taibao, and Zhen Feng was the young master, ranking above the three dukes. The "four auxiliaries" have monopoly power, except for the matter of knighthood, the rest of the political affairs are decided by the "Duke of An Han and the four auxiliaries". In order to continue to win the hearts and minds of the people, Wang Mang first suggested that he should first reward the princes and the descendants of the meritorious heroes, and then reward the incumbent officials, increase the ceremonial music of the temple, so that the common people and the widows and widows can benefit from loneliness, and implement a policy of favor to the common people, so as to win the favor of the government and the opposition again. The second is to suggest that the Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun take the lead in living a frugal life, and he himself contributed millions of dollars and 30 acres of land to relieve the people, and hundreds of officials followed suit. Whenever there is a flood or drought, Wang Mang only eats vegetarian food, not wine and meat. In the second year of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (2 A.D.), there was a great drought in the whole country, and there was a locust plague, and the people of Qingzhou, who were the most severely affected, went into exile. Under Wang Mang's leadership, 230 officials and citizens donated land and houses to help the victims. Taxes and taxes have been reduced in the disaster-stricken areas, and the victims have received full bereavement. The royal Huchi Court in Anding County was revoked and changed to Anmin County to resettle the victims. Even Chang'an City has built 1,000 homes for the victims. The great Situ Sizhi Chen Chongwei promoted Wang Mang, so he praised Wang Mang's merits, saying that he could be compared with the ancient saints. Wang Mang feared that Emperor Ping's relatives, the Wei family, would divide his power, so he sent Emperor Ping's mother, the Wei family, and her family to Zhongshan Kingdom, forbidding them to return to Beijing. Wang Mang's eldest son, Wang Yu, was afraid that Emperor Ping would resent and retaliate in the future, so he strongly opposed this matter, but Wang Mang did not listen to the advice. After Wang Yu consulted with his teacher Wu Zhang, he wanted to use superstitious methods to make Wang Mang change his mind, so he ordered his wife and uncle Lü Kuan to sprinkle blood wine on the gate of Wang Mang's residence, and then wanted to use this as a vision to persuade Wang Mang to hand over power to Wei. But when it was discovered during the implementation, Wang Mang was furious, arrested his son Wang Yu and poisoned him after being imprisoned. Then he took this opportunity to frame and kill his relatives and the Wei family, implicate and punish the local heroes who opposed him, and forced to kill Princess Jingwu, King Liu Li of Liang and other political enemies in the DPRK and China. Hundreds of people were killed in the incident, and the sea was shaken. In order to eliminate the negative impact, Wang Mang also made people publicize this incident as Wang Mang's feat of "destroying relatives with righteousness and forgetting selfishness", and even wrote praise articles and distributed them everywhere, so that officials and ordinary people could recite these articles, and then registered them in the official archives, and taught the world these articles as "The Book of Filial Piety". In 2 B.C., Wang Mang was allowed to return to Beijing to live, and the following year the Han Emperor Liu Xin died, and the Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun took back the jade seal of the country, and summoned Wang Mang back to the Great Sima, leading the Shangshu, and also in charge of military orders and forbidden armies, and the hundred official books were also handled by Wang Mang; Wang Mang was 45 years old at this time. Overnight, Wang Mang became the executor of the country's highest administration, as soon as Wang Mang came to power, he cleared the power of Ding and Fu's relatives, and set up Liu Jizi (that is, Liu Jin) as Emperor Ping of Han, and also for Emperor Hanping's grandmother Empress Dowager Feng and Dongping Wang Zhaoxue, and acted quickly and decisively, which was supported by the government and the opposition, laying the foundation for the implementation of the new policy in the future. In the following year, the Empress Dowager gave Wang Mang the title of Duke of Anhan, similar to the title of Duke Zhou, and Wang Mang pretended to resign again and again. before accepting the name. But he transferred the reward to 28,000 people, and everyone sang the praises of Wang Mang's kindness, which was in the first year of the Common Era. In the first three years of the Yuan Dynasty (3 AD), Wang Mang was 48 years old, and Empress Yan was the empress of Emperor Liu Yin of Hanping (i.e., Empress Xiaoping. Later, he was renamed the head of the Huang Imperial Family), and the eldest son Wang Yu was arrested by Lu Kuan. was forced to commit suicide by Wang Mang. Hundreds of people were implicated, and Wang Mang's comrades immediately wrote that An Han Gong killed his relatives with righteousness. Forgetting selfishness, he made eight precepts and filial piety scriptures as a bibliography for the country's selection of talents. In the fourth year of the first year (4 AD), Wang Mang added the name of Zaiheng, and was above the princes and princes. Wang Mang asked for the establishment of ceremonial buildings such as Mingtang, Biyong, and Lingtai, as well as cities (markets) and Changmancang (national warehouses), built 10,000 residences for scholars, and recruited thousands of scholars and people with special skills from all over the world to Chang'an, vigorously propagating the education of etiquette and music, and won the support of Confucian scholars. First, more than 480,000 people, as well as princes, princes, and clansmen, asked for a reward for Wang Mang, the Duke of Anhan, and then 900 ministers asked for nine tins for Wang Mang. So the imperial court gave Wang Mang the tin of nine lives, which symbolized the supreme courtesy. Then, in order to create a scene of peace and prosperity, Wang Mang first sent eight "custom messengers" to various places to investigate, and after returning to the dynasty, he praised the peace of the world, highlighting Wang Mang's contribution to preaching and educating. Secondly, through the policy of heavy money lure, the Xiongnu and other foreign people sent envoys to return to the court, and Wang Mang became a virtuous and virtuous sage who ruled the country and the world in the hearts of the people. In the first five years of Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty (5 AD), Emperor Ping fell ill, and Wang Mang prayed to Heaven to die of Emperor Ping. In 6 A.D., Emperor Ping of Han died of illness, Wang Mang in order to avoid the older new emperor ascending the throne, so that he could not arbitrarily manipulate the political situation, so he set up the infant (that is, Liu Ying) as the crown prince, only two years old, the empress dowager according to the ministers, called Wang Mang on behalf of the Son of Heaven, called the false emperor, the subjects called Wang Mang the regent emperor, Wang Mang called himself "Yu". Changed the year name "Regent." At this time, Wang Mang was 51 years old, worth 6 A.D., the year was called the first year of Ju Se, the following year, Dongjun Taishou Zhai Yi and Huaili people Zhao Ming and Huo Hong raised troops against Mang, the momentum was huge, Wang Mang then sent Wang Yi to pacify, and the heart of the emperor emerged. At this time, the saying of Wei Wei Zen is prevalent, the talismans, books, emerge in endlessly, such as "seeking the virtuous to give way", "the decline of the Han calendar, when more ordained", "the emperor of the heavens, the devotee of the marquis", Wang Mang is a big use, the people who offer the talismans, all get rich rewards, there are famous mourning people, but also offer the golden Kui Ce book to the Han Gaozu Temple, to the effect that Mang is the true son of heaven, there are eleven people in the table have official titles, the next day Mang enters the Gaozu Temple to worship, the royal crown is the Son of Heaven, the country name is "new", called the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (lunar calendar AD 8 wax month), Wang Mang was 54 years old. In the eight years from the Duke of An Han to Zai Heng to the False Emperor to the True Emperor, in addition to the aristocratic revolution and the plebeian revolution, the Chinese dynasties set another example of usurpation. Wang Mang's power in the court was almost equal to that of the emperor, which caused a backlash from the opposition, mainly the Liu clan. First of all, it was difficult to settle the Marquis Liu Zhen, in the first year of Ju Regency (6 AD), Liu Zhen led more than 100 people to attack Wancheng, and even failed without breaking through the city gate. In September of the following year, Dongjun Taishou Zhai rebelled, supported Liu Xin, the Marquis of Yanxiang, as the emperor, and notified all localities that Zhao Ming, the "thief" of 23 counties west of Chang'an, also rebelled. Wang Mang was very frightened, he couldn't eat, he prayed in the temple day and night, and wrote an article imitating the "Great Message", explaining that his throne was temporary, and he must return the throne to the infant in the future. At the same time, Wang Mang constantly mobilized a large army to suppress and destroy Zhai Yi's troops. After Wang Mang cleared these obstacles, all kinds of auspicious talismans came one after another, and people continued to persuade Wang Mang under various names. In December of the first year (8 A.D.), Wang Mang forced Wang Zhengjun to hand over the jade seal of the country, and after accepting the son of the infant Chan, he was called the emperor, that is, the new ancestor, and changed the name of the country to "Xin", and changed Chang'an to Chang'an, called "the first year of the founding of the country". With the broad support of the government and the opposition, Wang Mang ascended to the highest position of power, opening a precedent in Chinese history to become an emperor through (Fuming) Chan.

Since the end of the Han Dynasty, political corruption, extravagance in the imperial court, local looting, and a large number of land annexations by powerful landlords have caused the people to be displaced, live in hardship, and the economy to wither, so people's hearts have fluctuated and the political crisis has intensified. Since Wang Mang came to power, in order to win the hearts and minds of the people, although he has adopted a series of policies to ease social contradictions, he has never been able to solve the problem fundamentally. Wang Mang believed in Confucianism, and he believed that the world should return to the era of etiquette before Confucius proclaimed that "etiquette collapsed and happiness broke down". Only then can it be possible to achieve political communication and harmony. Therefore, after Wang Mang became the emperor, he tried to achieve his concept of governing the country and securing the world by recalling the Zhou rite system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so he began to implement a new policy based on the system of the Zhou Dynasty, which was known as "Wang Mang's reform" in history. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang announced the policy of changing the name of Tianxia Tian to 'Wang Tian' and restoring the Jingtian system in the name of Wang Tian system; slaves and maids were renamed 'private belongings' and were not allowed to buy or sell with Wang Tian. Subsequently, the currency system was repeatedly changed, the official system and official name were changed, and salt, iron, wine, coinage, and mountains, forests, and rivers were nationalized. However, because these policies only seek to be retro in name, many of them are contrary to the actual situation, and the means and methods are incorrect when they are implemented. After fierce opposition. It also attempted to enforce the law through severe punishment, so that countless princes, ministers, and even civilians were punished for serious crimes for violating the law, which aggravated social unrest. People suffer before they benefit. Policies are changing all the time. so that the people and the officials did not know what to do. As a result, it led to the dissatisfaction of all the powerful and common people in the world. [7] Wang Mang also adopted a series of erroneous policies against the foreign regimes of ethnic minorities in the border areas. He coerced the Qiang people to "donate" the land around Qinghai Lake to establish Xihai County, so that they could join the existing Beihai County (country), Nanhai County, and Donghai County to make up the "Four Seas". In order for this wasteland to resemble a county, forced immigration had to be made. Fifty decrees were added in order to increase the number of criminals by thousands and to meet the needs of immigrants. For the sake of this Xihai County, Wang Mang attracted the initial dissatisfaction. He demoted the rulers of the Xiongnu, Goguryeo, Western Regions, and Southwest Yi who were originally subordinate to the Han Dynasty from the original "king" to "marquis". They also took back and destroyed the "Xiongnu Shan Yu Xi" and granted it the title of "New Xiongnu Shan Yu Xi"; and even changed the Xiongnu Shan Yu to "surrender slaves to submit to Yu", and Goguryeo changed its name to "Xia Guli"; all ethnic groups refused to submit to the new dynasty. Wang Mang took the initiative to provoke a senseless dispute and rashly decided to use force, which not only led to border conflicts, but also caused hundreds of thousands of troops to be trapped in the border for a long time, unable to get out, and spent a lot of manpower and material resources, causing endless border wars.

At the beginning of Wang Mang's reign, he was supported by some people, but also opposed by many people. When Wang Mang entered Beijing, he summoned Kong Xiu, the new prime minister, and wanted to appoint him as the national teacher, but Kong Xiu Dumen refused. The great Sikong Peng Xuan, Wang Chong, Guanglu doctor Gong Sheng, Taizhong doctor Bing Han and others also asked for begging bones and thanking the officials to return to the city. Later, during his dictatorship, on the one hand, he sealed his cronies, as many as 395 people, and on the other hand, deposed 32 princes and 181 princes of the Liu clan, and his ambitions on behalf of the Han Dynasty were gradually exposed. Therefore, it is inevitable that the Liu clan and the aristocratic bureaucracy will rebel one after another. In the first year of Ju Se (6 AD), Liu Chong, the Marquis of Anzhong, led more than 100 people to attack Wan, but failed due to the lack of people. In September of the second year of Ju Se (7 A.D.), Dongjun Taishou Zhai Yi played out for the country to fight for thieves, with the banner of Ansheji, raised more than 100,000 troops, established Yan Township Marquis Liu Xin as the Son of Heaven, and more than 100,000 people in 23 counties of Sanfu responded. After Wang Mang heard the news, he hurriedly sent the Kwantung Jiajun to suppress it, which made the capital very tense, and it was not until February of the following year that the resistance of Zhai Yi and others was suppressed. In September of the third year of Ju Se (8 AD), Zhang Chong and other six people conspired to rob and kill Wang Mang and support the king of Chu, and were killed after the incident. After the establishment of the new dynasty, the anti-reckless activities have not stopped. In April of the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (9 AD), Liu Kuai, the Marquis of Xuxiang, led thousands of troops to raise troops. Zhendingren Liu Du and others conspired to raise troops to rebel, and they were executed. These anti-reckless activities were very weak at first, and they were suppressed one after another, but they showed that the contradictions between the Liu clan and some landlords and bureaucrats and Wang Mang had begun to intensify. At the same time, the revolts of the lower classes of ordinary people also rose one after another. Wang Mang's reform did not solve the problem of land annexation and displacement since the end of the Western Han Dynasty. On the contrary, because he mobilized the people to crusade against the Xiongnu and the surrounding ethnic minorities, and built a large number of buildings, he also greatly increased the burden of taxes and forced labor on the common people, and even caused thousands of people to die. For example, during the expedition to Ju Town, Wang Mang sent 200,000 people, because the military rations were not related to each other, the soldiers were hungry and epidemic, and tens of thousands of people died at the age of three. Man-made disasters and natural disasters have made the land barren and the prices of rice have risen from tens of dollars per stone to 2,000 yuan during the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. By the end of Wang Mang's last years, it had reached a pound worth of gold per hu. Natural and man-made disasters forced the people to live in other places, and the tragic history of cannibalism is endless. In the face of this phenomenon, Wang Mang had no skills to do, so he was whimsical and sent people to teach the hungry people in the customs to "cook wood for cheese". In the third year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (11 A.D.), the common people in various localities suffered from the frequent requisitions of the new reckless regime, and abandoned the cities one after another and went into exile as thieves, especially in the border areas of Bingzhou (most of Shanxi and one part of Hebei and Inner Mongolia). In the second year of Tianfeng (15 A.D.), the people in Wuyuan (now northwest of Baotou City) and Dai County (now southwest of Wei County, Hebei) were unbearable to be harassed by the Xiongnu soldiers of the northern expedition, and thousands of people rebelled. After the fourth year of Tianfeng (17 AD), the world became more and more worried, thieves rose, and people everywhere rose up to rebel. In this year, Gua Tianyi led an uprising in Changzhou (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and held out for several years. In the same year, Langya Haiqu (now Rizhao, Shandong) woman Lu Mu avenged her son who was unjustly killed by the county magistrate, led the crowd to break through the county seat, executed the county magistrate, proclaimed himself a general, haunted the sea, and its power rapidly developed to tens of thousands of people. Lü Mu was the first female leader of a peasant uprising in Chinese history. In the fifth year of Tianfeng (18 A.D.), the people of the East China Sea (now north of Tancheng, Shandong) led the people to revolt, and the team quickly grew to tens of thousands of people, active in Xuzhou and other places. In the north, there were also dozens of rebel armies, among which the more famous ones were the Bronze Horse Division, the Qingcalf Division, the Shangjiang Division, and the Chengtouzi Road Division. In the south, there were Zhang Ba's uprising in Nanjun (now northeast of Jiangling, Hubei), Yang Mu's uprising in Jiangxia (now Yunmeng, Hubei), Qin Feng's uprising in Nanjun, and Wang Zhougong's uprising in Lujiang (now southwest of Lujiang, Anhui). These rebels ranged in number from a few thousand to tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands, and their activities often spread across prefectures and counties, and were active in vast areas. In the "Sanfu" area near the national capital, there were also numerous small uprisings. In the second year of the emperor (21 A.D.), the thieves of Sanfu were numb, and even in Chang'an City, there were thieves infested, Wang Mang had to arrest the thieves and lieutenants, and ordered the law enforcement officers to pursue Chang'an, and built drums to attack the thieves, and the messenger followed. Among the rebel armies that spread throughout the country at that time, there were two largest contingents that became the mainstream of the peasant uprising, that is, the Green Forest Army in the south and the Red Eyebrow Army in the north.

When Wang Mang implemented the new policy, there were many disasters such as drought, locusts, plagues, and the diversion of the Yellow River, because Wang Mang's reform not only failed to alleviate social contradictions, but caused violent turmoil in the world, and the national treasury was also exhausted and could not allocate funds for disaster relief, resulting in the people's survival is unsustainable. Therefore, in the fourth year of Tianfeng (17 A.D.), locust plagues, droughts, famines, and peasants from all over the country rose up one after another, forming a large-scale rebellion of red eyebrows and green forests. In the fourth year of the emperor (23 AD), Wang Mang held a crying ceremony in the southern suburbs. In the same year, the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an, and Wang Mang fled to Jiantai under the escort of Wang Yi and others, with more than 1,000 ministers, doctors, eunuchs, and entourage. Wang Yi, who defended the city, fought day and night, and his subordinates were killed and wounded, and they also retreated to the gradual platform. At this time, his son, Wang Mu, was trying to take off his official uniform and flee for his life. Wang Yi drank him, and the father and son guarded Wang Mang together. More than 1,000 people who followed Wang Mang were all killed or killed. Wang Mang was killed by the merchant Du Wu in the chaos, and when the lieutenant asked Du Wu where Wang Mang's body was, Du Wu told him that he was "in the northwest of the room." The official guest beheaded Wang Mang and hung it in Wan City, and dozens of soldiers rushed to kill Wang Mang and split Wang Mang's body. The people heard that Wang Mang's head was in Wan City, and they 'struck it together, or cut off his tongue'. The new dynasty fell, Wang Mang's head, was collected by the royal family of later dynasties, until 295 A.D. when Emperor Hui of Jin, the Luoyang arsenal was burned down, and then it was burned. (To be continued......)