The miscellaneous family was originally one of the hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period, and many of its contents were related to magic. Mr. Hu Shi believes in his "Long History of Medieval Chinese Thought": "Miscellaneous is the predecessor of Taoism, and Taoism is the new name of Miscellaneous Family. The Taoism before the Han Dynasty can be called the Miscellaneous Family, and the Miscellaneous Family after the Qin Dynasty should be called the Taoism. Those who study the intellectual history between the pre-Qin and Han dynasties must recognize this important fact. The representative of the miscellaneous family is "Huainanzi" by Liu An, the king of Huainan, and the other is Lü Buwei, who compiled "Lü's Spring and Autumn". The miscellaneous family was not very prominent in history, although it was known as "both Confucianism and Mo, and the law of joint names"; In the way of a hundred schools of thought, there are not many ideas that have been handed down. The title of "miscellaneous" generally refers to all-round talents in history.

Miscellaneous: A philosophical school in China from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. He is known for absorbing the opinions of various families. It is characterized by "Confucianism and ink, and the law of co-naming", and "the way of a hundred schools of thought is all connected". The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicle lists it as one of the "Nine Streams". The emergence of the miscellaneous family was the result of the integration of ideology and culture in the process of establishing a unified feudal state. The miscellaneous works are represented by the Warring States Period "Corpse", the Qin Dynasty "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", and the Western Han Dynasty "Huainanzi", which are respectively collected by Qin Xiang Lü Buwei, the leader of the Shang Dynasty and Liu An, the king of Huainan in the Han Dynasty. And because the miscellaneous writings contain Taoist thoughts, some people think that the miscellaneous family is actually a new Taoist school. "Miscellaneous" is not a conscious and inherited school, so he does not pretend to be a "miscellaneous" school. It was only after the Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles first classified Lü's Spring and Autumn Period as a "miscellaneous family" that this school was officially named. Miscellaneous. It is listed among the princes, and it is a very distinct school, because it is a comprehensive school from the end of the Warring States period to the beginning of the Han Dynasty. "Hanshu, Art and Literature, Zhuzilu" listed it as one of the nine streams. Later, there was Zhao Rui's "Anti-Scripture" to review the miscellaneous family. At the end of the Warring States Period, after fierce social changes, feudal countries emerged one after another, and the new landlord class demanded political and ideological unity. Under this call, there was a miscellaneous school of thought that wanted to integrate the ideas of various schools into one, and the emergence of miscellaneous schools generally reflected the trend of academic and cultural integration at the end of the Warring States period. It is worth mentioning that Mr. Hu Shi believes in his "Long History of Medieval Chinese Thought": "Miscellaneous is the predecessor of Taoism. Taoism is the new name for the miscellaneous family. The Taoism before the Han Dynasty could be called a miscellaneous family. After the Qin Dynasty, the miscellaneous family should be called Taoism. Those who study the intellectual history between the pre-Qin and Han dynasties must recognize this important fact. ”

The characteristics of the miscellaneous family are "the goodness of Confucianism and ink, and the essentials of the naming method". Although the miscellaneous family is just a collection of opinions, it is eclectic. However, by collecting the opinions of various families. Carry out its political intentions and academic propositions. Therefore, it can also be called a family. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of schools of thought contended, and each family had its own countermeasures and ideas for governing the country. In order to defeat other genres. Each school of thought more or less absorbs the doctrines of other schools, either to attack each other, or to make up for the shortcomings of its own doctrines. However, every school of thought also has its own characteristics and strengths, and the "miscellaneous family" makes full use of this characteristic to draw on the opinions of others and become a set of ideologically eclectic, yet feasible guidelines for governing the country.

Miscellaneous main classics. "Hanshu, Art and Literature, Zhuziluo" contains: miscellaneous works include "Panyu" 26 articles, "Dayu" 37 articles, "Wu Zixu" 8 articles, "Zi Wanzi" 35 articles, "You Yu" 3 articles, "Wei Yi" 29 articles, "Corpse" 20 articles, "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" 26 articles, "Huainan Nei" 21 articles, "Huainan Wai" 33 articles and so on. Among them, "Lü's Spring and Autumn" and "Huainan Wang" (but some people think that the book "Huainan Wang" is mainly Taoism, and it is also talented. It should belong to Taoist works, and "Huainan Wang" was also classified as a representative work in ancient times. Miscellaneous works have only left three books: "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", "Huainanzi", and "Corpse" (the original book has been lost, and now only the descendants have compiled it). 1 "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" is a miscellaneous work compiled by Lü Buwei, the prime minister of Qin in the last years of the Warring States Period (around 221 B.C.), also known as "Lü Lan", written in 239 B.C., on the eve of Qin's unification of the Six Kingdoms. The book is divided into 12 periods, 8 reviews, and 6 treatises, with a total of 26 volumes, 160 articles, and more than 200,000 words. The book reveres Taoism and affirms that Lao Tzu conforms to objective thought, but discards the negative elements in it. At the same time, it integrated Confucianism, Moxio, law, and military affairs, and formed a theoretical system that included politics, economy, philosophy, morality, and military aspects. Lü Buwei's purpose was to synthesize the strengths of a hundred schools, summarize historical lessons and lessons, and provide a long-term statecraft for the future rule of Qin. The book also puts forward ideas such as "law heaven and earth" and "rumors must be investigated", and the way of fitness that is suitable for the desire and exercise is depressed, which has materialist elements. At the same time, there are also many old theories and rumors preserved in the book, which have high reference value in theory and historical materials. In addition, there are some superstitious thoughts in the book that should be distinguished. Sima Qian juxtaposes Lü Lan with Zhou Yi, Spring and Autumn Period, and Lisao in the "Historical Records", expressing his importance to "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period". Gao Lu of the Eastern Han Dynasty also made annotations for it, believing that this book is "greater than the right of the sons", that is, it surpasses the achievements of the sons. The Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles included the book in the miscellaneous family, so Confucian scholars no longer paid attention to it. The annotated version of "Lü's Spring and Autumn" has the "Lü's Spring and Autumn New Correction" by Bi Yuan of the Qing Dynasty, and in modern times, Chen Qiyou's "Lü's Spring and Autumn Proofreading" can be used as a reference. 2 "Huainan Zi", also known as "Huainan Honglie", is a miscellaneous work compiled by Liu An, the king of Huainan, and his disciples Su Fei and Li Shang. The book contains 21 articles in the book, 33 articles in the outside, a discussion on the Tao in the inner part, and a miscellaneous article in the outer part. Only twenty-one articles have been circulated. Huainanzi is mainly based on Taoist thought, blending Confucianism, law, yin and yang and other thoughts, and puts forward the doctrines and views of "Tao" and "Qi" from the perspective of materialism, and also contains and retains many materials on the history of natural science. 3 Twenty-two corpses, early. There are four kinds of editions in the Qing Dynasty: Zhenze Ren Zhaolin, Yuanhe Huidong, Yanghu Sun Xingyan, and Xiaoshan Wang Jipei. Wang Ben came out late and was able to participate in three books. This book is based on Wang Bendian's school, the appendix is commented on by various families, and Tao Hongqing's "Reading Zhuzi's Notes" volume 17 "Corpse" has nine school sayings. The main idea is the cosmology of development. In the thoughts of pre-Qin Laozi, Mozi and Huishi, there are cosmological contents, and the expositions are also very incisive. For example, Lao Tzu put forward "Tao" and "Domain", "Mojing" has "Jiu" and "Yu", and Hui Shi has "Da--" and "Xiaoyi", so that Chinese philosophical thought has been continuously enriched and developed. But only the corpse gives the "universe" a precise and concise theory. He said: "The four directions of heaven and earth are called the universe, and the ancient and modern times are called the universe," which means that the entire space is the universe, the whole time is the universe, and the universe is the objective world that moves with the attributes of time and space.

Famous people from the miscellaneous family. 1 Lü Buwei (c. 290-235 BC), a representative figure of the Zajia family,[6] Qin Xiang in the late Warring States period. A native of Puyang, Weiguo (now southwest of Puyang, Henan). was originally a Yang Zhai Dajia who had a lot of money. Lü Buwei met the son of Qin (i.e., a strange person) who was in favor of Zhao in Handan, the capital of Zhao, and thought that "strange goods can live", so he gave him a lot of financial support, and lobbied the prince of Qin, An Guojun, to favor Mrs. Ji Huayang and set up Zichu as his heir. Later sons Chu and Lü Buwei fled to Qin. An Guojun succeeded him as the king of Qin Xiaowen, and his son Chu became the crown prince. In the following year, Zichu ascended the throne (that is, King Xiang of Qinzhuang), appointed Lü Buwei as prime minister, named Wenxin Hou, and ate 100,000 households in Luoyang, Henan. King Zhuang Xiang died, and the young prince Yingzheng was established as the king of Qin, and respected Lü Buwei as the prime minister, known as the "middle father". There are 3,000 diners and 10,000 domestic servants. The order eater compiled the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Lu Family", which has more than 20 thousand words in eight readings, six treatises, and twelve periods, which combines the doctrines of various schools of the pre-Qin period, "and Confucianism and ink, and the joint name law", so the history is called "miscellaneous". When he was in power, he conquered the lands of Zhou, Zhao and Wei, and established Sanchuan, Taiyuan and Dongjun, which made a significant contribution to the cause of Qin Wangzheng to annex the Six Kingdoms. Later, he was implicated in the rebellion, was removed from the post of Xiangguo, and lived in the fiefdom of Henan. Soon, Qin Wangzheng ordered his family to move to Shu, and Lü Buwei was afraid of punishment, so he drank and died. 2 Liu An (179 BC - 122 BC), the grandson of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and the son of Liu Chang, the king of Huainan Li. In the 8th year of Emperor Wen (172 BC), Liu Chang was deposed from the throne and died of hunger strike during his travels. In the sixteenth year of Emperor Wen (164 BC), Emperor Wen divided the original Huainan Kingdom into three and gave Liu An brothers three titles, and Liu An was crowned King of Huainan as the eldest son at the age of sixteen. He is quick-witted, good at reading, good at writing, and happy to play the piano. He was a well-known thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, and his Lisao Ti was the earliest work in China to speak highly of Qu Yuan and his Lisao at the behest of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Liu An, who had "attracted thousands of guests and magicians" to collectively compile the book "Honglie" (later called "Huainan Honglie" or "Huainanzi"), Liu An was the first practitioner in the world to try to lift off a hot air balloon, he dejuiced the eggs, burned them with mugwort to obtain hot gas, and made the eggshells float. Liu An is the founder of tofu in my country. 3 corpses (c. 390-330 BC). A native of Quwo County, Wei (now Quwo County, Shanxi Province). There are also Lu people and Chu people. Qin Xiangwei martingale. Qin Xiangwei martingale from 360 BC to Qin, elected for 20 years, the corpse for his "planning, legislation and people", provided important decision-making opinions, for the Qin State to become rich and strong, unified the six countries, made his own contributions. The third period is in Shu. In the twenty-fourth year of Qin Xiaogong (338 BC), Qin Huigong executed Shang Ying, and the corpse was afraid of Zhulian, so he left politics and fled to Shudi, where he lived for nearly 10 years before he died. The study of corpses was highly valued in ancient times and was listed as one of the hundred schools of thought. Liu Xiang said that ""Corpse", Jin Shu", which is justified and recognized by scholars of all generations. His book "Corpse" contains his summary of the social reform of the Qin State, which is essentially a summary of the Wei Thought and embodies the spirit of the Three Jin Dynasty Thought. (To be continued......)