Let's talk about Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong and the distortion and use of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" by people who hated Yuan Chonghuan in order to slander Yuan Chonghuan

-Nanxiangzi-

"People who hate Yuan" believe that the "History of the Ming Dynasty" is a pseudo-history compiled by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and conclude that Yuan Chonghuan's murder was a lie fabricated by the Manchu Qing Dynasty; they conclude that Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, a "national hero," and that he removed the threat to the Later Jin Dynasty so that the Later Jin Dynasty could attack Beijing with all his might; and claimed that Yuan Chonghuan deserved to be killed and that he had done a good job. What's more, it is said that Yuan Chonghuan is not a national hero who resisted the Qing Dynasty, but a national traitor like Qin Hui, who collaborated with the enemy and rebelled against and killed the loyal and good. These "haters of Yuan" concluded that the "History of the Ming Dynasty" was to praise Yuan Chonghuan and slander Emperor Chongzhen, in order to make the Han people hate Emperor Chongzhen's indiscriminate killing of innocent and loyal people, and then hate the Ming Dynasty and support the Manchu Qing. However, as long as you have read the "History of the Ming Dynasty", you should know that the "History of the Ming Dynasty" is not as these "people who hate Yuan" said, "praising Yuan Chonghuan and slandering Emperor Chongzhen", but also praising Mao Wenlong and belittling Yuan Chonghuan.

1. The praise and depreciation of "History of the Ming Dynasty".

"History of the Ming Dynasty/Yuan Chonghuan (with Mao Wenlong) Biography" depicts Mao Wenlong as an active attack on the Houjin, harassment and containment of the Houjin, as well as the wisdom of "connecting Dengzhou and thinking that it is a trick", which made the "Manqing" hate the pain and the hero of the Ming Dynasty who was eager to get rid of it: "Wenlong, benevolence and people." Yidu Si aided Korea, stayed in Liaodong, Liaodong was lost, escaped back from the sea channel, and took advantage of the false attack to kill the Zhenjiang guard general of the Manchu Qing Dynasty,...... Wenlong encircled his people as soldiers, distributed sentinel ships, and connected Dengzhou, thinking that it was a trick. ...... In May of the fourth year, Wenlong sent to cross the Changbai Mountain along the Yalu River and invade the east of the Qing Dynasty,...... In August, troops were sent to cross the river from the west of Uiju Castle and enter the island of Zhongtuntian,...... In June of the fifth year, troops were sent to attack the official tunzhai of Yaozhou. ...... In May of the sixth year, troops were sent to attack Anshan Post ....... In a few days, Yue sent troops to attack the Quer River and attack the southern ...... of the city. In the first month of the seventh year, the Manchu Qing army conscripted North Korea and suppressed Wenlong. ...... After the time was full of evil Wenlong. This paved the way for the "History of the Ming Dynasty" to induce people to believe that "it was Yuan Chonghuan who killed Mao Wenlong and relieved the worries of the Houjin, so the Houjin was able to make a big move and attack Beijing for a long time, so Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong in vain, and Mao Wenlong died unjustly, so the Ming Dynasty would take "killing the marshal" as one of the crimes of executing Yuan Chonghuan" and paved the way. The description of "History of the Ming Dynasty" is very similar to the "hater of Yuan" who slandered Yuan Chonghuan and praised Mao Wenlong. Of course, "History of the Ming Dynasty" also did not forget to boast about the "divine bravery" of Houjin.

"History of the Ming Dynasty" is derogatory to Yuan Chonghuan. And this debasement is not based on facts, but on the basis of personality, wisdom, and talent. The compilers of the History of the Ming Dynasty either used adjectives or personal subjective cognition to turn irrelevant facts into causal relationships, or fabricated facts in vague terms, or skillfully misled the compiler's subjective conjectures for facts. To this day, many people believe this disparagement. This shows that this method of belittling is very lethal. On the one hand, the "people who hate Yuan" said that the "History of the Ming Dynasty" was a fake book and therefore not credible, but on the other hand, they believed this disparagement, and used it as the basis for how Yuan Chonghuan was.

"History of the Ming Dynasty/Biography of Yuan Chonghuan" cloud: "Chonghuan has solved the siege, his ambition is becoming arrogant, and he is not in harmony with Gui, please move to other towns, but call Gui back." This blames the discord between Yuan Chonghuan and Man Gui on Yuan Chonghuan's "growing pride" because of the siege. Regardless of the basis for the compiler of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" to say that Yuan "became arrogant", how could "ambition become arrogant" would inevitably lead to "disagreement with Gui", and it was the only reason for the bad relationship with Mangui?

What is even worse is that the compiler of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" said that the reason why Yuan Chonghuan asked the emperor to move Man Gui to other towns was that Yuan Chonghuan had a bad relationship with Man Gui, and that this relationship was not good because Yuan Chonghuan was proud of his achievements! This is to imply to people: Yuan Chonghuan was not only a person who was proud of his merits and took credit for himself, so he had a bad relationship with others, but he was also a narrow-minded person who rejected meritorious heroes and good generals because of his bad personal relations, and his selfishness was greater than public morality, and he did not care about the overall situation and the interests of the country. This adds a convincing "evidence" to inducing people to believe that "Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong was also a "wanton killing" out of personal likes and dislikes or selfishness, and that it was Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong that led to the Houjin Dynasty's large-scale attack on Beijing", adding a convincing "evidence", although this "evidence" turned out to be nothing more than the subjective conjecture of the compiler of the History of the Ming Dynasty rather than a fact.

The History of the Ming Dynasty exerts this demeaning technique even more when describing Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong and its effects.

"History of the Ming Dynasty/Biography of Yuan Chonghuan" said: "Chonghuan began to suffer, that is, he wanted to punish Mao Wenlong. "Scandalize Yuan Chonghuan as soon as he takes office, he doesn't think of a way to deal with the enemies of the Ming Dynasty, he doesn't regain the lost territory, but he is in a hurry to get rid of the handsome villain as soon as he takes office. This is quite consistent with the statement of "haters of Yuan".

But the opposite is true. As soon as Yuan Chonghuan took office, he thought about how to regain the lost ground. This has his proposal to Emperor Chongzhen "to restore the plan, not the foreign ministers in the past years to Liao people to guard the Liao land, to the Liao land to raise the Liao people, to keep the right, the war for the odd, and for the side." The law is gradually not sudden, and the truth is not in the void, and this minister and the ministers on the border can do it. The people who use people, and the people who use people, are the key to the supreme one. Why don't you let it go, believe it and don't doubt it?" As soon as Yuan Chonghuan took office, what he did was to quell the mutinies in Ningyuan and Jinzhou, which were important to the safety of the Ming Dynasty, and to clean up and rectify the soldiers and horses in Guanning; to rectify military discipline, appease the officers and men, and try to improve their morale and combat capability; to administer the border according to law, unify the military orders, and put an end to the chaotic situation in which each party was in its own position and contained each other in internal fighting, and thus suffered repeated crushing defeats; that is, it was to strengthen defense and take defense as an offensive.

Qian Longxi also confirmed that Yuan Chonghuan said: "Recovery should start from the Dongjiang River." Wenlong can be used, and if it is not available, it is easy to go. This shows that Yuan Chonghuan did not "want to punish Mao Wenlong", but had a heart for Mao. As long as Mao Wenlong obeyed the orders of the imperial court and obeyed the unified command, not only did he not kill, but he continued to reuse. And if you use Mao Wenlong, it is still "let it go, don't believe it".

And so it is. When Mao Wenlong went to Ningyuan, Yuan Chonghuan's residence, to pay a courtesy visit, it was the easiest time to kill Mao Wenlong, but Yuan Chonghuan did not do so. Some people think that this is "considering that Mao's subordinates cannot witness it with their own eyes, and they are afraid that they will provoke an incident and resist stubbornly, and the endgame will not be easy to clean up" (such as Fan Shuzhi's "The Biography of Chongzhen"), but how can we ensure that those cronies who recognize Mao Wenlong as their father and even change their ancestral surname to "Mao" will not be angry when they see their superiors and "fathers" being killed, but will not provoke incidents, but will not resist stubbornly? Not to mention that Yuan Chonghuan still killed their "father" in front of them on their own turf? Before Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, he had adopted measures such as strictly enforcing the sea ban in an attempt to control Mao Wenlong materially, which caused Mao Wenlong's great dissatisfaction. Mao Wenlong also accused Emperor Chongzhen of Yuan Chonghuan "really being a Wenchen mistaking the country". From Mao Wenlong's letter to Emperor Chongzhen, "all the ministers are planning to get rid of the ministers, but they do not plan to eliminate the Manchu slaves, take national affairs as a child's play, and do not hesitate to use spears in the same room in order to repay personal anger", it can be seen that Mao Wenlong even had a premonition that he might be killed. Therefore, of course, Mao Wenlong will not be wary of Yuan Chonghuan. Therefore, Yuan Chonghuan went deep into Mao Wenlong's territory to kill Mao Wenlong, not only is it difficult to have a 100% guarantee of success, but it is not Mao Wenlong who is killed, but himself. Besides, after Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, he neither disbanded Mao Wenlong's private army, nor did he send his own army to station. Then Mao's cronies can also "provoke an incident and resist stubbornly" after Yuan Chonghuan left. In addition, even if Yuan Chonghuan arrived at Mao Wenlong's station, he did not have the heart to kill Mao Wenlong. Yuan Chonghuan talked with Mao Wenlong for three days and asked his cronies and subordinates to persuade him, but Mao Wenlong refused before killing him. Therefore, if Mao Wenlong did not reject Yuan Chonghuan's advice, then Yuan Chonghuan would not have killed him. Therefore, the statement that "Chonghuan began to suffer from things, that is, he wanted to punish Mao Wenlong", that is, "Yuan Chonghuan was in a hurry to get rid of the meritorious marshal as soon as he took office" is contrary to the facts.

"History of the Ming Dynasty/Yuan Chonghuan Turn" and Yun: "However, the island lost its boss, and the heart gradually carried, and the benefits were unavailable, and then there were defectors." ...... Wenlong died, just over three months, and hundreds of thousands of Qing soldiers were divided into Longjing Pass and Daankou. ...... Chonghuan killed Wenlong in vain, and the emperor killed Chonghuan by mistake. This is very subjective to think that it was Yuan Chonghuan who killed Mao Wenlong, and the hundreds of thousands of Jin soldiers were able to separate ways to attack the Ming Dynasty. And accused Yuan Chonghuan of killing Mao Wenlong in vain, and he was mistakenly killed by Emperor Chongzhen.

The view of the compiler of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" is also similar to the view that "Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, which led to the rebellion of Mao's troops, relieved the worries of the Later Jin, let the Later Jin attack Beijing in a big way, and gave one of the most elite troops to the Later Jin, Yuan Chonghuan was the extremely bad culprit who provoked the infighting, let the Manchu fishermen benefit, and took the fire from the fire, and was the initiator of the self-destruction of the Great Wall, Yuan Chonghuan not only should be killed, but even killing several times is not wronged, Yuan Chonghuan died innocently". Unfortunately, these are not only afterthoughts, but also subjective speculations that are not supported by concrete evidence, but also do not match the facts.

Second, "Yuan killed Mao to relieve the worries of Houjin" is really a lie

Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong has no inevitable causal relationship with the so-called "relieved the worries of Houjin and let Houjin attack Beijing in a big way".

First of all, Yuan Chonghuan's beheading of Mao Wenlong does not mean that he does not attach importance to the strategic role of the Dongjiang River in containing the Manchus, but it does not mean that he gave up the Dongjiang in order to relieve the Manchus from this containment. Yuan Chonghuan not only did not revoke the Dongjiang system because he believed that the containment was ineffective, as some ministers did, but attached great importance to the strategic role played by the Dongjiang in containing the Manchurians. After Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, he worked with other generals to set the military system, "gradually reaching Denglai, Tianjin, and Dingdongjiang military system", unifying the military order system, strengthening marching discipline, and improving the troops' ability to coordinate operations.

Yuan Chonghuan only killed Mao Wenlong, believing that the others were innocent and not being held accountable. Even Mao Wenlong's son and deputy chief soldier Mao Chengzuo was not killed, and continued to entrust Mao Chengzuo with important tasks. Yuan Chonghuan did not disband Mao Wenlong's troops, let alone revoke the Dongjiang system. Yuan Chonghuan divided the Dongjiang soldiers into four associations, which were led by Mao Chengzuo, deputy general Chen Jisheng, Qi Gu Xu Fu, and general guerrilla Liu Xingzuo. "Receiving the seal of the dragon, Shang Fangjian, and ordering Jisheng to take charge of the palm on his behalf", Chen Jisheng is temporarily in charge of Dongjiang affairs, "If there is meritorious service in each association, the palm seal of Mao Shuai will be inscribed." Yuan Chonghuan also tried his best to appease Mao Wenlong's subordinates: for the 1,800 soldiers on the Dongjiang River, each of them will be rewarded with three taels of silver, and the 100,000 taels will be brought to reward the rest of the soldiers on the island. For the soldiers surnamed Mao, they listened to their old surnames and returned to their ancestors, and if they were available, they were still entrusted. and sent the officers to pacify the soldiers and civilians on the islands. He also distributed Mao Shuai's corpse, and his relatives prepared their own coffins to converge. Although Mao Wenlong's subordinates "have 47,000 people, they vainly claim to be 100,000, and there are many people, and there are not 20,000 soldiers, and there are 1,000 generals in vain." But he still suggested to the emperor that it was not appropriate to remove the generals, but to let Mao Wenlong's subordinate Chen Jisheng take the lead. Yuan Chonghuan was still not at ease, lest Mao Wenlong's subordinates would be dissatisfied with the change, and increase the salary to 180,000 to the Dongjiang soldiers, although the Dongjiang "soldiers could not be 20,000". Later, considering that "there is a town in the Dongjiang River, the necessary capital for containment is now two associations, ten battalions of the horse army, and five infantry troops", and asked Emperor Chongzhen to increase "the annual salary to 420,000 and 136,000 rice." The emperor was suspicious of the reduction and increase of soldiers' salaries, and he admired the old age, especially as he asked. Later, the number of troops in the Dongjiang River decreased, but Yuan Chonghuan not only did not reduce the salary, but also asked Emperor Chongzhen to increase the salary to 420,000 and 136,000 rice.

The above facts also show that whether it is Yuan Chonghuan, Emperor Chongzhen, or other generals, they do not think that the Dongjiang soldiers without Mao Wenlong cannot play the role of containing Houjin, otherwise they would not have invested so much money and grain. Since both the front-line commanders and the emperor thought so, there is no reason to conclude that the Houjin did not think so, unless there was a prejudice that the Houjin were smarter and more prescient than the Han Chinese.

Secondly, when Mao Wenlong was alive, many contemporaries of Mao Wenlong thought that Mao Wenlong did not play a role in containing Houjin.

Secondly, when Mao Wenlong was alive, and had the Mao family's army, and was hanging on the sea, which was equivalent to being in a state of independence, the imperial court whip was beyond the reach, and he still held the emperor's Shang Fang sword, and even when Mao Wenlong was attached to the eunuch party in full swing and had the strong backing of the eunuch party (> Yuan Chonghuan's death was related to the remnants of the eunuch party and the attempt to overturn the case and frantically retaliate against Wen Keren, Mao Wenlong's fellow villager who was supported by him), many people thought that Mao Wenlong did not play a role in containing Houjin.

In order to implement Yuan Chonghuan's predecessor, Xiong Tingbi, the former Liaodong Jinglu Xiong Tingbi, who was also killed by the emperor's order, the governor of Denglai, contained the Houjin from behind, and waited for the opportunity to counterattack and recover Liaoyang, "In only three months, 30,000 land and water divisions were formed, 10,000 horses, more than 2 million armor and firearms, and more than 2,000 warships." But Tao Lang first said that Mao Wenlong "is in Zhenjiang, the soldiers will be outnumbered, if it is overturned, not only will it not be enough to help the trend of the Hexi chapter system, but also the thieves will be able to guard against the South Road, causing the four guards to belong to the people." ”

Xue Guoguan also pointed out in the right of the military department: "In the first month of this year, the enemy poured into the nest and attacked, although he slightly frustrated the fierce front, and the siege and slaughter of those who were free from the mainland lasted for more than 20 days. In the engineering department, Pan Shiwen even impeached Mao Wenlong: "Therefore, wisdom will be successful, and the brave will be invincible, and he has not soared on the sea for eight years, and he can speak of wisdom without recovering a city and a pool; ”

Li Yuzhi also said: "Mao Ben sneaked into the tiger's den and restored Zhenjiang, and the plan is at this time." However, the Taoist minister Yang Fan was not early, the North Korean liaison was not completed, the Jianghuai recruitment was not rotated, the sailors did not cross the ocean, thousands of miles were lonely, and the whip was difficult to reach. Within a few days, the slaves slaughtered the men and women of Zhenjiang, burned down the houses, and Wenlong fled to North Korea. It was too early, and I had to respond, but I couldn't respond, and I would damage the prestige and provoke it so far. ”

In the engineering department, Pan Shiwen even impeached Mao Wenlong: "Therefore, wisdom will be successful, and the brave will be invincible, and he has not soared on the sea for eight years, and he can speak of wisdom without recovering a city and a pool; ”

The first and second of the ten major crimes listed by Yang Guodong, the general soldier of Shandong, when he impeached Mao Wenlong, were: "1. Eight years of exclusive overseas spentness, no money or food is spent. Today's words will be restored, tomorrow's words will be smashed, try to ask where is the person who has been restored? Who is the nest of the person who is being smashed? Second, Mao Wenlong was set up overseas, originally to contain it, and did not dare to go west, crossed the river several times, repeatedly violated Ning Jin, and did not know how to find it, so where was the containment?

North Korea, which was close to Mao Wenlong and had shielded Mao Wenlong from being hunted by the Houjin, and who was loyal to the Ming Dynasty and played a role in containing the Houjin, also had similar testimonies. North Korea's Beibian Division confirmed: "General Mao did not think much about it. The thief rushed to Xuanchuan, but hundreds of horses, had not been able to send an arrow, the head was killed, there was a group of sheep to see the tiger, its courage is not brave, according to this can be imagined. For the sake of today, if you hide the traces, so that the captives cannot be snooped on, they will stay. Liu Gongliang, who had personally been to Mao Wenlong's camp, said to the Korean king Li Liang: "Judging from the strength of his troops, it seems that there is no tendency to suppress Hu." When Zhang went in the evening, he formed a formation to see it, and the army was weak. Although it may be moved by seeing small profits, it may be difficult to raise big things. "Li Jingji Yiyun" Mao's army is very tired, and he only wants to settle on the island and enjoy his wealth. "Li Dynasty Records" records that Mao Wenlong "lived on an isolated island and worked in vain," "Now he enjoys wealth in vain, and has no intention of enterprising." Those who know are worried that it will not be conducive to the Central Plains in the end, and it will be a deep trouble for our country. Even Wang Yongguang, who later participated in the persecution of Yuan Chonghuan on the charge of "killing the marshal without permission", had to admit: "In order to contain the overseas divisions, there is the retreat of Sumeru Island, and the report of the attack on Haizhou. (The above is quoted from the historical materials cited in the article "Yuan Chonghuan's Punishment of Mao Wenlong")

[B] Xiong Tingbi, the former Liaodong Economic Strategy, pointed out bluntly that Mao Wenlong had caused a strange disaster[/B]: "The tripartite forces were not gathered, and Wenlong was sent too early, causing the enemy to hate the Liao people, slaughtering the soldiers and civilians of the Four Guards, the heart of the gray East Mountain, the courage of cold Korea, the gas of seizing Hexi, the conspiracy of chaotic tripartite advances, and the miscalculation of the contact between the subordinate countries, which is a miracle and a strange disaster!" The fortuitous victory achieved by the major strategic deployment of recovering the lost territory, the victory of Zhenjiang, can be described as a "miracle of traceability".

Not only is it about Mao Wenlong's strength and ability not enough to contain the enemy, but also only wants to divide one side and enjoy wealth and prosperity, as well as the accusation that he is afraid of the enemy like a tiger and hides in Tibet. There are also accusations against Mao Wenlong for supporting the army and being self-respecting, arrogant and domineering, indiscriminately killing innocents, lying about the results of the war, and deceiving the imperial court.

At that time, the court theory also showed its disgust with Mao Wenlong: "After the destruction of the Liao Incident, Wenlong recruited Liao people from the island, contained Jin, Fu, Hai, and Gai (referring to the four guards of Jinzhou, Fuzhou, Haizhou, and Gaizhou on the Liaodong Peninsula), and attacked the east from time to time, which was quite meritorious. But those who are increasingly arrogant, exaggerated in their affairs, and ask for too much money, and who are suspicious and disgusted with the court's opinions, have a heavy army, and live on an island, which is not difficult. (Xia Yunyi, "Survival Record")

Even Emperor Chongzhen also accused "the island marshal Mao Wenlong hung on the sea, opened the town for a year, moved in the name of containment, and the case was verified without facts. Near the deployment of Yihan soldiers, rafting into the board to claim wages, majestic and dominant, significantly retrograde. Although these accusations were made after Mao Wenlong was killed, these are different from the secret charges such as "conspiracy to rebel" and so on, which few people know about, and they are all public and therefore visible to everyone. For example, if Mao Wenlong really had the fact of containing the Manchurians, and really did not go retrograde such as "suppressing the surrender and deceiving the court", then when Mao Wenlong was still alive, the government and the opposition would definitely know. Not to mention that Emperor Chongzhen is not mentally retarded, even if he is mentally retarded, I am afraid it is impossible to make up such a low-level lie and make the world laugh at "Father". The Ming Dynasty was a dynasty that strongly advocated Confucianism of "monarchs and ministers, fathers and sons", and the emperor had a great dictatorial power. If the emperor wanted to cause death, it was not difficult to find a crime. If Emperor Chongzhen really wanted to exonerate Yuan Chonghuan from killing Mao Wenlong, he could fabricate other charges.

As a result, some ministers also proposed the abolition of a town in Dongjiang (according to some "haters of Yuan", this is a traitor). For example, Yan Mingtai, the secretary of the Ministry of War, put forward a motion to move the town on the grounds that the Houjin "is ultimately empty"; for example, Shang Baoqing and Dong Maozhong "please withdraw Wenlong and govern the troops in Guanning."

Since the Ming side had such an understanding, there was no reason to conclude that the Later Jin did not have such an understanding, and there was no reason to conclude that the Later Jin regarded the troops under the command of Mao Wenlong as a deterrent capable of hindering their large-scale attack.

Therefore, Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong, not because the Dongjiang soldiers could not contain the Houjin, let alone relieve the Houjin of their "worries about the future", but because the Dongjiang soldiers were under the command of Mao Wenlong, who was unrestrained and similar to the warlords, it was difficult to play their due role in containing the Houjin; If we do not deal with Mao Wenlong, it will be difficult to convince the public, and it will be inevitable that other officers and men will follow suit), unify the military order system, and eliminate the previous situation in which the military order system is not unified and the commanders contain each other and fight among themselves, so that we can improve our combat capability, make the Dongjiang River truly play the role of containing Houjin, and effectively strike at the enemy. In the same way, the Houjin side did not fail to have such an understanding, and did not fail to believe that only by unifying the military order system and issuing the will of the higher authorities could it better fight and that "containment" could play its due role.

3. Yuan's killing of Mao not only did not lead to the rebellion of Mao's generals, but instead united the hearts of the people

From the above, it is also known that the Later Jin Dynasty did not regard the Dongjiang River during the Mao Wenlong period, but regarded the Dongjiang River after Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong to achieve the unification of the military order system and the rectification of military discipline.

This can be proved by the following facts: First, Hou Jin raided Beijing when Yuan Chonghuan had just killed Mao Wenlong and needed time and energy to dispel the misunderstandings of the government and the opposition, and had no spare strength to truly achieve his goal.

Second, do not first take advantage of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" said that "the island loses its commander, the heart gradually carries it, and the benefits are unavailable, and then there are defectors", that is, the great opportunity for the Dongjiang to get rid of the chaos within the Dongjiang River, and completely solve the "worries" of the Dongjiang River, so as not to resurgence of the ashes, revive the morale and not lose the tail, and even do not lure the Dongjiang soldiers to surrender so that they can attack the Ming Dynasty together, or let them cooperate with the Houjin army to fight and contain the Ming army.

Third, Houjin tried to solve the "worries" of Dongjiang, not after Mao Wenlong was killed, but after Yuan Chonghuan was killed.

Fourth, even the vast majority of Mao Wenlong's subordinates, especially the senior generals, did not flee, rebel, or defect to the enemy after Mao Wenlong was killed. Even if there were rebellions and surrenders, it was after Yuan Chonghuan was arrested or killed.

The "History of the Ming Dynasty" and the "haters of Yuan" who belittled Yuan said that Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong led to the rebellion of Mao's troops, which relieved the worries of the Later Jin, and that the Later Jin was able to make a long-distance attack on Beijing, and that Yuan Chonghuan was also arrested and imprisoned for this reason, is not entirely consistent with the facts.

In fact, after Mao was killed, Mao's subordinates and deputy general Chen Jisheng, who were temporarily in charge of Dongjiang affairs and the army, as well as Xu Fuzuo, guerrilla Liu Xingzuo, and Shen Shikui, a staff general, did not defect. Liu Xingzuo also fought against Houjin despite the fact that his mother and other relatives were taken hostage by Houjin, and unfortunately died in a battle during the Spring Festival of Chongzhen's third year. Shen Shikui, a staff general, also led his army to suppress the rebellion and defeated the Houjin army, which had come to meet the traitors, and a few years later, when the Dongjiang River fell, he was unfortunately captured and martyred. Chen Jisheng was later killed by a traitor. It was Mao Chengzuo, the son of Mao Wenlong, who did not rebel at first. Mao Chengzuo only followed after Geng Zhongming and Kong Youde rebelled in the fifth year of Chongzhen - this matter, it has been three years since Houjin made a long-distance attack on Beijing, and Inspector Yuan had already died unjustly. Other traitors, such as the general Liu Xingzhi, the guerrilla Geng Zhongming, Kong Youde, and Shang Kexi, all defected later.

The reasons for these people's rebellion are different, but none of them are because Yuan Chonghuan killed Mao Wenlong. Some of these generals were not stationed in the Dongjiang River, but in the interior. For example, Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming served under Sun Yuanhua, the governor of Dengzhou, and few of the original Mao's subordinates went with them. The time of his rebellion was in the fourth year of Chongzhen. The reason for the rebellion was that Kong Youde was ordered by Sun Yuanhua to support the Liao Ming army, and was almost killed by a hurricane on the way, but he was still ordered to change his route and was dissatisfied, and on the way he encountered hunger and cold, and the soldiers broke out in anger and finally rebelled; Geng Zhongming was dissatisfied because his brother was implicated in the Dongjiang Mutiny, so Kong Youde rebelled when he attacked Dengzhou, where he was located. Therefore, their rebellion has nothing to do with the Dongjiang River's "island lost its commander, the heart gradually carried, the benefits were unavailable, and then there were rebels", and it had nothing to do with "Wenlong died, and in just over three months, hundreds of thousands of Qing soldiers from the Qing Dynasty parted ways into Longjing Pass and Da'ankou".

For example, Liu Xingzhi. His family surrendered to Houjin as early as the time of Nuer Hachi. Later, he followed his brother Liu Xingzuo anyway and defected to Mao Wenlong. But his mother and relatives stayed in Houjin and became hostages recruited by the Manchu Locust Taiji. In March of the third year of Chongzhen, Locust Taiji sent a secret letter to Liu Xingzhi, which was both seduction and intimidation. The letter said that if Liu believed Locust Taiji's words and defected to Houjin, "If you are light, that is, the official of the Ernan Dynasty, the mother, son and wife will be reunited, and you will be at your disposal." If you can bring the people on the island, you can bring no matter how much gold and Han people you bring, and you will be sealed with you, choose a place to live and plant, and enjoy its blessings for a long time. If he refuses, then Liu Zhi's "mother, brother, nephew and wife will be killed". And his brother Liu Xingzuo had just died in the battle with Houjin. Chen Jisheng, the temporary commander, misheard the spy report, thinking that he was not dead and did not report to the court, but the court did not pay for it. Liu Xingzhi was furious and decided to kill Chen and rebel. Liu's personality is even recorded in the "History of the Ming Dynasty" as "cunning and chaotic", and he usually does not get along well with Chen Jisheng, who is temporarily in charge of the Dongjiang River. Liu set up an ambush to trap and kill Chen Jisheng and other generals who came to mourn his brother Liu Xingzuo, and fabricated the crime of "Jisheng falsely accused Xingzuo of death and framed himself for treason" ("History of the Ming Dynasty"). also "pretended to play a pass for the businessmen and people on the island, please show mercy to Xingzuo, and order Xingzhi Town Dongjiang." ("History of the Ming Dynasty") Liu Xingye and his brothers "let the boat go to Changshan Island and wantonly kill and plunder" ("History of the Ming Dynasty"). In this regard, the imperial court did not suppress but only pacified. Liu Xingye was a little more stable at this time. But soon hooked up with Houjin. After receiving the support of the Later Jin chieftain, he rebelled again, and killed the generals and their families who did not want to rebel with them. Even his brother Liu Xingji was beaten by him. Fortunately, Shen Shikui survived alone, and was able to lead his troops to quell the rebellion.

It is also known from this that Locust Taiji persuaded Liu Xingzhi to surrender only after he led the Houjin army to attack Beijing on a large scale in the second year, and he believed that his counter-plot had been successful, and that his father's enemy, Yuan Chonghuan, had been arrested and would surely die. The content of his persuasion is either to promise to be promoted to an official and make a fortune, and his relatives to be reunited, or to threaten to kill all his relatives. When the conspiracy to persuade Liu Xingzhi to surrender failed, he really killed the Liu family. In other words, Locust Taiji thought that what could prompt Liu to surrender was not the killing of Mao Wenlong. And it's not sure that Liu Xingzhi will surrender. Otherwise, such conditions of persuasion would not have been prescribed. He will not treat those who he thinks have the heart to surrender long ago in the way of killing all his family. Besides, Liu Xingzhi's brother still insisted on fighting against Houjin and had just died. The Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the Confucian tradition, and the order of the elder and the young was clear, and even if the younger brother's conduct was inferior to that of his brother, he would not rebel against his brother and go to the enemy who fought against his brother. Locust Taiji must have understood this, otherwise he should persuade his brother to surrender while he was still alive before making a large-scale long-distance attack on Beijing, so as to ensure that he would indeed have no worries.

The above facts not only show that Mao Wenlong's death did not shake the morale of the army and did not inspire a mutiny, but also shows that whether Mao Wenlong is dead or alive has nothing to do with the long-distance attack of Locust Taiji in Beijing. And the rebellion of Mao Wenlong's generals all occurred after the commander Yuan Inspector was killed. Therefore, if it has to be said that Mao Wenlong's subordinates were disheartened because the boss was killed by resentment, and they were unwilling to fight for the court anymore, and turned to rebel and join the enemy, then the commander should be Yuan Chonghuan instead of Mao Wenlong.

There is one important piece of evidence. That is, Locust Taiji began to solve the "Dongjiang problem" only after the success of the long-distance attack on Beijing and the brutal and unjust killing of Yuan Chonghuan. If Inspector Yuan's killing of Mao Wenlong really aroused the dissatisfaction of his subordinates and caused them to rebel, then Locust Taiji would seize this opportunity and act quickly to "solve" the Dongjiang River and eliminate his worries, and would never be so stupid as to make a long-distance attack on Beijing, or even as late as Yuan Chonghuan was unjustly killed. You know, the time is rare, and the time will never come. If it is delayed, it is equivalent to giving the Ming Dynasty time to calmly plan and appease the Mao generals. No one could have predicted that the Ming Dynasty's approach would not only fail to appease Mao's generals, but would provoke greater dissatisfaction among Mao's generals, who would want to rebel and join the enemy more.

Another point, if the Mao generals really hate Yuan Chonghuan for killing Mao, then they should be happy that the court arrested and killed Yuan Chonghuan and avenged his Mao master. Their resentment and rebellion, even if they do not disappear completely, will at least be less than when Yuan Chonghuan was alive, and the morale of the army will become more stable and their morale will be restored to a certain extent. No matter how stupid the locust Taiji is, he will not choose this time to lure them down.

Yuan Chonghuan was killed, and the officers and soldiers in the army were so chilled that they had "With the loyalty of the superintendent, I can't avoid it, what is my generation doing here?" Then, Locust Taiji thought that the Dongjiang soldiers would also waver, and they were also unwilling to serve the Ming Dynasty, or even have the heart of rebellion, or at least their morale was not high, so it was a good time for them to solve the Dongjiang problem and eliminate their worries, which was logical, and there was nothing strange.

Locust Taiji first used various means to lure the soldiers of the Dongjiang River. After the defeat, he took advantage of the civil strife in the Dongjiang River to subside and the defense was empty and directly sent troops to attack, thinking that he would win the battle, but the result was that he was severely attacked by the Ming army, with heavy casualties and returned with a heavy defeat.

By the way, the fall of the Dongjiang River was six years later in the tenth year of Chongzhen, only seven years after Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide and the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, and it was still due to the Manchu tricks and sneak attack. Shen Shikui, the former subordinate of Mao Wenlong and the commander of the Dongjiang River in the Ming Dynasty at the time, was martyred heroically, and more than 10,000 soldiers died bravely.

From the above, it can be seen that the soldiers of Dongjiang not only did not follow the "History of the Ming Dynasty" and those who slandered Yuan, the morale of the army was weak, and the combat ability was low, and because of this, there were defectors who defected to the enemy, but the morale was high, the battle was brave, and the prisoners were heavily wounded, and they held the Dongjiang River for eight years. In the end, although the plan unfortunately failed, more than 10,000 soldiers still regarded death as their home and died heroically.

For the avoidance of misunderstanding, I would like to explain here. I don't think Mao Wenlong deserves to die. No matter how domineering Mao Wenlong was, how he deceived the imperial court, and how he did not play the role of a horn, he still attacked Houjin, and because of this, he was hunted and killed by Houjin, and he died in North Korea, and he did not openly rebel; no matter how much Mao Wenlong contributed, he still contributed to the nation and the country. And Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong aroused greater hatred among the remnants of the eunuch party, so he tried every means to put him to death.

Fourth, the deliberate inducement of the "History of the Ming Dynasty".

"History of the Ming Dynasty" also returned to the cloud: "The emperor suddenly heard it, the meaning was very shocking, the thought was dead, and Fang relied on Chonghuan, which was a good answer." Russia preached the crime of tyranny and dragon, and to calm Chonghuan's heart", clearly accusing Yuan Chonghuan of killing and bullying the monarch, Emperor Chongzhen was very angry in his heart, but considering that Mao was dead and he had to rely on Yuan, he praised Yuan Chonghuan's behavior. And the reason why the crime of tyrannical dragon was preached was not his original intention, but for the sake of Yuan Chonghuan's heart. Some "people who hate Yuan" also accused Yuan Chonghuan of this, and also said, "Emperor Chongzhen did not give Yuan Chonghuan the power to kill Mao Wenlong, so he was so shocked, Yuan Chonghuan was unauthorized to kill, violated the law of the Ming Dynasty, and it was a capital crime, Emperor Chongzhen had to approve Yuan Chonghuan's move because Mao Wenlong was dead, and in order to appease Yuan Chonghuan." ”

In fact, as long as you read this account of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" a little, you will find that this is just the author of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" deliberately inducing the reader. Because in addition to the "good will to answer." In addition to the statement of facts, "the emperor suddenly heard it, the meaning was shocking, and the thought was dead, and Fang relied on Chonghuan", and "Yi'an Chonghuan's heart" are not factual statements but descriptions of psychological conditions, and are subjective speculations of the compiler. The History of the Ming Dynasty also does not give relevant specific evidence to support it. If it were not for the immortals, it would have been difficult for the Manchu imperial literati to understand this psychological condition correctly, and how could the Manchu imperial literati know it for sure? Therefore, it can only be said that this was a lie deliberately made up by the Manchu imperial literati in order to belittle the capture of the national hero Yuan Chonghuan and to attack the national self-confidence of the Han people. The fact is that Emperor Chongzhen gave Yuan Chonghuan the right to kill, and also believed that Mao Wenlong was innocent of death, and praised Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao as "bowing to the law and correcting the law, and it is the discipline of the march. The "Holy Decree" issued by Emperor Chongzhen is the best proof:

First, "Mao Wenlong is suspended from the sea, there are traces of his dominance, and there is no lawyer in the horns to speak out about the crime and correct the law, it is a matter of the safety of the closed territory, and there is no need to be guilty of asking the foreign origins, so there is no need to lead the guilt, all arrangements are in accordance with the edict, and listen to the cheap action" ("Chongzhen Long Story" volume 23, Chongzhen 2nd year June Wuwu)

Second, "I will pay the superintendent Yuan Chonghuan to the east, consolidate the territory, control the horns, and all foreign military aircraft will be engaged in cheaply." The island marshal Mao Wenlong hung on the sea, opened the town for a year, moved in the name of containment, the case was verified without facts, suppressed the surrender of the Jiejie, deceived the court, and used armor to kill the grain beetle to consume the militarism. Near the deployment of Yihan soldiers, rafting into the board to claim wages, majestic and dominant, significantly retrograde. Chonghuan witnessed the crisis, bowed to the law, and was blamed for 12 crimes, and died innocently. The general regained the foresight, and it was the discipline of the march, and this decision was changed, and the opportunity was sudden, and the original was not in the system, and he was guilty of negligence. "This is not only recorded" "Chongzhen Long Chapter" volume 23, Chongzhen 2nd year June Renshen" is recorded, and it is also recorded in the "Records of King Injo" in Joseon.

It is difficult for the emperor to raise a private army and divide one side. When the Ming Dynasty was founded, it emphasized the centralization of power, and it was very taboo to warlords to divide the country, so they did not seal the king of the opposite sex, and also deprived the power of the heroes of the founding of the country on various charges, and even killed them. Outside the general, he must be supervised by the civil servants as the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. When Li Zicheng was about to invade Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen wanted to move south, but there was no army to escort him, and Li Zicheng was already approaching Beijing, and it was impossible to even recruit volunteers. This shows that the Ming Dynasty is taboo on private military support. Mao Wenlong used the money of the imperial court to turn the government army into a private army surnamed Mao, which was not subject to the management of the strategy and governor on behalf of the imperial court, just like a country within a country, which of course Emperor Chongzhen did not want to see and wanted to get rid of it. Therefore, Yuan Chonghuan was given the power to "consolidate the territory and restore the territory, control the horns, and engage in all foreign military aircraft at a cheap price", which of course included the power to kill Mao Wenlong if he refused to accept the "control". The first of the twelve crimes listed by Yuan Chonghuan when he killed Mao Wenlong was "The ancestral system, the general is outside, and the civil minister will be ordered to be imprisoned." On the **** side, the money and food of military horses are not subject to nuclear". This shows the gravity of this sin. Yuan Chonghuan is also a loyal minister, it is impossible for him to kill the emperor's favorite generals when he knows that the emperor favors Mao Wenlong, does not agree with him to kill Mao Wenlong, and does not give him the power to kill Mao Wenlong. His relationship with Mao Wenlong has not yet reached the level of killing Mao Wenlong even if he is killed by the emperor. This also shows that the above-mentioned "holy decree" of Emperor Chongzhen is not against his will. I think that Mao Wenlong's self-respecting support for the army, not being controlled by the government, and being like a separatist, is the reason why Yuan Chonghuan and Emperor Chongzhen killed him.

"History of the Ming Dynasty" is also cloudy: "Although Chonghuan is sparse, he has the courage to be strategic." This is certainly not a statement of fact either, but only a codifier's comment. The reason for this comment is nothing more than to make the Han people think that they have killed the ancestor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and defeated for the first time the "I am full of Qing" who has been "destroying everything" for more than 20 years since his rebellion, inspiring the Han people, and greatly growing the ambition of the Han people. The purpose of the Manchu imperial literati was nothing more than to deceive the Han people, to make the Han people feel that they were very cowardly, very inferior, and never felt that there had ever been a truly great national hero among the Han people.

Therefore, the various statements made by the compilers of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" and some "haters of Yuan" who praised and belittled Yuan did not stand up to scrutiny, lacked concrete evidence, and even more violated the historical truth, and were nothing more than lies fabricated to scandalize Yuan Chonghuan, a national hero who killed the Manchu chieftain and had a great enmity with the Manchu Qing Dynasty for killing his ancestors.

Finally, I would like to talk about my views on the History of the Ming Dynasty. The History of the Ming Dynasty was compiled by the Manchu regime and approved by the Manchu regime during the Qianlong period of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Then, of course, its starting point was to serve the Manchu regime. As a result, they try to conceal and falsify historical facts that are unfavorable to their regime, they record their subjective speculations as facts, and they deliberately mislead people through comments. But not all of the book's historical accounts have been falsified or fabricated. For example, the accounts of some events that had a great influence and were well known during the Ming government's lifetime, so they could not be concealed or tampered with, and the evaluation of some well-known events and people, should be credible. But it will also cleverly mix in its subjective guesses, comments, etc., to mislead people. For example, it is a well-known fact that his ancestor Hachi was defeated for the first time in the First Battle of Ningyuan, so this account in the History of the Ming Dynasty is a fact and not a fabrication. The death of his ancestor Nur Hachi was not before the defeat but after the defeat, and this is also a fact that cannot be relied upon. However, not many people know the cause of his death and the time of his death, so the "History of the Ming Dynasty" may conceal the truth and may fabricate facts. For example, Yuan Chonghuan's killing of Mao Wenlong, as well as Emperor Chongzhen's edict praising Yuan Chonghuan and condemning Mao Wenlong, are also well-known facts. It is also a fact that Kim soon attacked Beijing in a big way. Therefore, the account of the "History of the Ming Dynasty" is a fact rather than a fabrication. But when Yuan Chonghuan decided to kill in his heart, what was the relationship between Mao Wenlong's killing and Houjin's actions, and what Emperor Chongzhen thought in his heart at that time, it is difficult to know and confirm. There's room for play. The "History of the Ming Dynasty", which served the Manchu regime, did not fail to take advantage of this margin, or to take speculation as facts, or to fabricate facts, or to distort facts, or to skillfully link two unrelated facts together, or to add comments in a timely manner to induce people. For example, the commentary on Emperor Chongzhen in the History of the Ming Dynasty is the same (limited by space and has little to do with the theme of this article, so I will not explain it.) If you are interested, you may wish to check it out)

Therefore, when we read the History of the Ming Dynasty and the historical materials that have been reviewed by the Manchus and approved by the Manchu Qing Dynasty, we should pay attention to distinguishing which facts are facts and which are the subjective speculations and comments of the compilers, and through other accounts and other historical materials, and through careful analysis, we should find out which facts are indeed related to each other, what kind of connections they have, and which facts are not related to each other in the first place.