"缶", the ancient pot-bellied and small-mouthed, covered utensils, from the "Shuowen": "缶, the pottery is so filled with wine pulp, and the Qin people drum it to sing songs." "Erya": "The Thread of Ang." "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" explained: "Tie, pottery, so the wine syrup, the Qin people use festival songs." Refers to a vessel used to hold liquid food (derived from homomorphic pottery) and is also a type of ancient musical instrument.

hieroglyph

The oracle bone glyph is the character "午", that is, "pestle", and the bottom is the ontology of "缶". The "pestle" is a stick that can be used to make a blank. "缶" is also a Qin musical instrument, and "pestle" can be struck into a song.

Pottery, round belly and small mouth, used to hold wine pulp, etc.

Wine clay vessels

Earthen jar ith big belly and small mouth.

It is used to hold liquid food and is derived from homomorphic pottery. The 缶 here refers to the honorable 缶, not the bath 缶. The ancients used most of the silk was pottery. Archaeological excavations have found that only a few of the larger tombs have bronze threads. "Shuowen": "Tie, pottery, so the wine syrup, the Qin people's drum verses, pictograms." It can be seen that the ancestor of the bronze thread should be the pottery thread.

Tie, the pottery is so filled with wine syrup, and the Qin people drum it with a festival song. Pictographic. - "Sayings"[1]

Ang is the thread. - "Erya"

Ceramic musical instruments

At 8 o'clock in the evening of August 8, 2008, a magnificent "Song of Songs", with the inheritance of Chinese ritual music, with the dreams and expectations of the descendants of Yan and Huang for a hundred years, played the overture of the opening ceremony of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games. Although the shape of the silk that appeared at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games is not derived from the real musical instrument (derived from the bronze silk of the Marquis of Zeng, which is actually a food vessel), there was indeed such a ceramic musical instrument in ancient China.

For example, Li Si's "Exhortation to the Guest" has the sentence "Knock the urn and knock the string, play the kite and play the bow". The meaning is that when the Qin State was drinking and feasting, the nobles and scholars often sang when they were half-drunk, and they beat the thighs and beat the thighs.

The character "缶" is also a radical in Chinese characters, representing pottery vessels. The Chinese character "chime" is also a percussion instrument.

The famous allusion to "striking the tie" comes from "Historical Records: Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography": "'The widow has heard the good news of King Zhao, please play it.'" 'King Zhao drums, Qin Yu prehistory book said: 'On a certain year, month and day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao will drink, so that the king of Zhao drums. Lin Xiangru said before: "King Zhao heard that King Qin is good at Qin's voice, please serve King Qin to entertain him." "King Qin is angry, don't allow it. So he went forward as he knelt down and invited the king of Qin...... Therefore, the king of Qin was not discouraged, and it was a blow to the king, just like Gu Zhao Zhao's imperial history book said: 'On a certain year, month and day, the king of Qin struck a tie for the king of Zhao. It can be seen that the Qin people are not good at instrumental music, and it is difficult to be an elegant and orthodox voice, and they will only play for entertainment.

It was originally an ancient pottery, similar to a clay pot, shaped like a small jar or bowl. It is an ancient vessel for water or wine. Round-bellied, covered, with ringed ears on the shoulders; It prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The inscription on the body of the vessel is called "缶", there are "Luan Shuyi" in the Spring and Autumn Period and "Cai Hou Xuan" unearthed in Shou County, Anhui Province and Yicheng, Hubei. This kind of wine vessel can become a musical instrument because people are in a grand banquet, and when they are interested, they will beat the wine vessel full of wine and chant loudly, quite like modern karaoke, so the thread has evolved into one of the earthen musical instruments, and the other is Xun. The ancients in China began to classify musical instruments very early, and those who have read the "Three Character Classic" should know that "gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, páo, and wood" are collectively known as the eight sounds. It's about the materials used to make the instrument. According to this division, the reel and xun are earthen musical instruments.

The most primitive pottery "缶" is fragile and can no longer be seen completely, and the more preserved are bronze "缶".

II. - "Yi Kan"

Confused by two bells. - "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth". Press, Zhong Ju also.

There is Fu Yingyi. - "Easy Comparison". Zheng Note: "Drawer." ”

Kanqi struck. - "Poetry, Chen Feng, Wanqiu"

Knock the urn. - "Historical Records: The Biography of Li Si"

The respect of the five offerings, the outside of the door, the pot inside the door. - "Rites and Rituals"

Drawing water pottery

（earthare for sucking ater）

It has a silk ribbon and a water preparer. - "The Ninth Year of Xianggong"

Food utensils

Utensils for food or drink

The bronze ice Jianyi unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Hubei Province is the bronze Jianjian of Zeng Hou Yi. This rope has a mezzanine, ice is placed in the mezzanine, and food and drinks are placed in the mezzanine, which is the ancient refrigeration equipment.

It is used as a measure word

1. An ancient capacity unit, equal to sixteen buckets, one says thirty-two buckets (fou);

The second serval has half of the reed, and the second of the reed is the bell. - "Little Erya"

2. Another example: rice (one rice of rice, that is, sixteen buckets of rice).

3 Historical records edited

The meeting of the pond

Tie in "The Meeting of Michi": In history, there are not many records about Tie, the most famous of which is recorded in the "Historical Records: Lian Po Lin Xiangru Biography".

In 279 B.C., the King of Qin sent an envoy to meet with the King of Zhao in Mianchi (now Mianchi County, Henan), in the name of promoting friendship between the two countries, but in fact he wanted to blackmail the King of Zhao, the King of Zhao knew that the King of Qin was scheming, and was worried that the Qin State was plotting so he did not go, but the strategist Lin Xiangru and the general Lian Po and other times considered, but advocated that the King of Zhao go to the meeting, if he did not go, he was laughed at by the Qin State, and destroyed his prestige. King Zhao thought that the two ministers were reasonable, and decided to go to Mianchi to meet with the king of Qin, and ordered Lin Xiangru to accompany him, and the general Lian Po to arrange heavy troops on the border in case of accidents. At the banquet, the King of Qin was domineering, and pretended to be drunk, knocked on the side, teased King Zhao, and said: "The widow heard that King Zhao is good at playing Se (an ancient stringed instrument), and today's event, please play a song for King Zhao." King Zhao didn't dare to disagree, and reluctantly played a song. Who knows, King Zhao was in the trap, and the historian of Qin State hurriedly recorded this incident: "On a certain day, a certain month, King Qin and King Zhao drank, and King Qin ordered King Zhao to drum." Seeing this scene, Lin Xiangru was very angry, and stepped forward to say to King Qin: "King Zhao heard that King Qin is very good at beating the rope, and today's event, please also ask the king to beat the rope to help the fun." King Qin refused, and Li Se refused. Lin Xiangru invited him again and said, "If the king must not follow, within these five steps, I am willing to splash the blood on the king's body." King Qin immediately pulled out his sword and wanted to kill Lin Xiangru. Lin Xiangru's face did not change, and he shouted loudly, everyone was stunned with fright, and the air was extremely tense. In order to relieve the crisis in front of him, King Qin had no choice but to knock on the rope. Lin Xiangru immediately ordered the historians of Zhao to record it, saying: "On a certain day, a certain month, the king of Qin struck a tie for the king of Zhao. ”

The thread struck by the King of Qin here is the thread in the kiln word, which is a kind of pottery in ancient times and was used to hold wine. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was used as a musical instrument.

The original text of this story described in the "Historical Records of Lian Po Lin Xiangru Lie" is as follows:

King Qin drank, drunk, and said: "The widow has heard the good news of King Zhao, please play it." "King Zhao drums, Qin Yu prehistory said: "On a certain year, month and day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao will drink, so that the king of Zhao drums." Lin Xiangru said: "King Zhao eavesdropped on the King of Qin for Qin Sheng, please serve King Qin to entertain him." "King Qin is angry, don't allow it. So it was like going forward, because he knelt down to invite the king of Qin, and the king of Qin refused to hit him. Xiang Ru said: "Within five steps, Xiang Ru can be splashed with blood on his neck." "The left and right desires are similar, and the left and right are like opening their eyes. Therefore, the king of Qin was not resigned, and it was a blow, just like Gu Zhao Zhao's imperial history book said: "On a certain year, month, and day, the king of Qin struck a tie for the king of Zhao." ”

Exhortation to the guest

The reels mentioned in the Book of Exhortations

Li Si mentioned in the "Book of Exhortations": "The husband strikes the urn and knocks, plays the kite and fights the hips, and sings and whines and hears quickly, and the voice of the true Qin is also." Zheng, Wei, Sangjian, Shaoyu, martial elephants, exotic pleasures. Now abandon the urn and go to Zheng Wei, retreat from the kite and take Shaoyu, if so, why not? Happy at present, just a good view. ”

It can be seen that in the era of Qin Shi Huang, the customs of the Qin State already thought that the urn was a little more tacky, and it could not be put on the stage - I have to mention that the zither was also a very tacky thing at that time, and it was also the object of elimination.

4 ImplicationsEdit

What does it mean in traditional Chinese culture

The clay pot was not originally a musical instrument in ancient times, but later became the lowest musical instrument. There are eight categories of ancient Chinese musical instruments: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, clay, leather, and wood, and the clay is the pottery musical instrument, such as Xun, Ocarina, Clay Drum, etc., and the thread can not even be formally included in its category, which shows the low status.

For a long time, "beating" or "drum basin" has always had two main meanings in traditional Chinese culture: one is the most inferior entertainment for the lower class people, and the other is the etiquette of expressing sadness on funeral occasions.

The first meaning

According to the "Mozi Three Debates", it is recorded: "In the past, the princes were tired of listening to the treatment and resting on the music of bells and drums, the scholars were tired of listening to the treatment and resting on the joy of the severants, and the farmers cultivated in spring and summer, and hid in autumn and winter, and rested in the joy of the urn." To a certain extent, this explains the strict hierarchy at that time, and the "beating" and "drum basin" were only the entertainment of the peasants at the bottom of the society. In the Han Dynasty, Huan Kuan's "Salt and Iron Treatise: Insufficient Dispersion" contained: "In the past, the folk drinking party was just a party custom, playing a kite and drumming. "Huainanzi Spiritual Training" contains: "Today's husband is poor and despicable, knocking on the pot, singing in harmony, and thinking that he is happy." Later, with the development of the times, the entertainment form of beating the bowl gradually declined, and probably only the special performance form when calling Hanako to ask for rice - knocking the bowl, you can also get a glimpse of the legacy of the people of the lower class back then.

The second meaning

"Zhou Yi Li" Jiusanyao wrote: "The departure of the sun, without drumming and singing, is a big sigh and fierce." This means that in the light of the sun, singing without knocking on the earthenware, then the old man will sigh, which is a bad omen. This reflects a folk custom at the time: for the old man who is about to die, people should sing drums and songs to appease the old man and wish the deceased a good luck. During the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi's wife died, and the drum basin sang, which further brought the drum basin to the funeral. This custom has been handed down, and Yan Zitui of the Northern Qi Dynasty said in "Yan's Family Discipline": "Xun Fengqian lost his wife, and died of grief, not because of his feelings." Yue Ke of the Song Dynasty recorded in the "Baozhen Zhai Law Book Praise": "It is not easy to dispatch relatives who smell drums and pots. In the literary works of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the sayings of "drum song", "drum pot sadness", and "drum pot relatives" are more common. This custom has been passed down to this day, and in many rural funeral ceremonies, the filial son falls into the clay pot when he comes out of the funeral.

This was proposed by Zhu Dake, but he almost certainly did not read Zhuangzi, at least not in its entirety. If you want to talk about the cultural laughing stock, probably he himself is more suitable. When Zhuangzi's wife died, he sang a song, not for funeral, but on the contrary, he used the drum basin to sing loudly to express the open-minded concept of life and death. It can be seen as a means of entertainment, the antithesis of the customary funeral.

Therefore, this example is not only not an example of "proving that the silk is a funeral vessel", but a clear proof that "the reel is not a funeral vessel"!

The king of Qin sent an envoy to tell the king of Zhao that if he wanted to be friendly with the king, he would go to the pond outside the West River. King Zhao is afraid of Qin, and he can't do it. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru said: "The king can't do it, show that Zhao is weak and cowardly." King Zhao followed. Same as from. Lian Po sent it to the realm, and said to Wang Jue: "Wang Xing, the gift of meeting in the road is over, and it will be only thirty days." If it is not returned within 30 days, please make the prince the king to stop Qin Wang. "Wang Xuzhi. Then he met with the King of Qin, and the King of Qin drank and said: "The widow has heard the good news of King Zhao, please play it." "King Zhao drummed. The prehistory book of Qin Yu said: "On a certain year, month and day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao will drink, and the king of Zhao will be drummed." ”。 Lin Xiangru said before: "King Zhao has heard that King Qin is good at Qin's voice, please serve King Qin to entertain him." "King Qin is angry, don't allow it. So he went forward, because he knelt down and invited the king of Qin. The king of Qin refused to strike. Xiang Ru said: "Within five steps, it is like a king who can be splashed with blood on his neck!" So the king of Qin was not afraid and struck a blow. is like Gu Zhao Zhao's imperial history book: "On a certain year, month and day, the king of Qin struck a tie for the king of Zhao. ”。 Qin Zhiqun's ministers said: "Please take Zhao Fifteen City as Qin Wangshou." Lin Xiangru also said: "Please take Qin Zhixianyang as Zhao Wangshou." "King Qin is actually drunk, and he can't beat Zhao in the end. Zhao Yisheng set up troops to wait for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move.

The political crux of this story is that the king of Qin forced the king of Zhao to play for him, and ordered the historian to record it to insult the king of Zhao.

Besides, is Tang Sancai the ancients put in the living room, Tang Sancai is the tomb of the ancients, isn't it also a "precious art collection"?

5 Classification of the Ribbon Edit

Ancient Threads

The ancients in China began to classify musical instruments according to the production materials of the main sound-producing parts of musical instruments very early, and the "Three Character Classic" will be "gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, plaster, wood" collectively called the eight sounds. Because it is made of clay firing, it is also an earthen musical instrument. Of course, this classification method is quite primitive.

There are only two main types of earthen musical instruments in the Chinese Eight Sounds, one is Xun and the other is 缶. The shape of the reel resembles a small jar or fire bowl, and it is a rare musical instrument. Xun has a long history, the oldest Xun has been found more than 7,000 years ago, initially there was only one mouthpiece, there are sound holes, and then slowly increased and evolved into eight hole Xun, ten hole Xun and semi-sound Xun. Xun's timbre is soft, the sound quality is mellow, and it has a bleak beauty that is unbearable in the high place.

The "Music Classic" recorded this: 缶, said that the text said: "Pottery also." So serve the syrup. The Qin people drummed it and sang songs. "Er Yayun: "Ang is the thread", Zhuyun: "basin also", Kanqi strikes. Michi will be, and the king of Qin will fight for the king of Zhao. Li Siyun: "Hit the shackles, the real Qin sound." And it is clearly listed in the Tuyin Department.

Modern Thread

Appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics

On the evening of August 8, 2008, at the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing, in the center of the National Stadium in the shape of the "Bird's Nest", with a strong and powerful hit, the 2008 ancient Chinese percussion instruments emitted a moving sound, and the white lights flashed in turn, combining the countdown numbers.

In the thunderous sound, the audience shouted loudly with the change of numbers: "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1" in a cheer, ushered in the official start of the opening ceremony: 20 o'clock.

The 2,008 performers sang and chanted "Friends from afar, it's a pleasure" to express their warm welcome to the Olympians and guests from all over the world.

From the perspective of the development and evolution of the thread, there is a certain difference between the original appearance of the "thread" and the "thread" used in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. However, judging from the on-site effect, the combination of sound and light high-tech arrays is very outstanding. In particular, the countdown is typed with a light on the face, which has a bit of a stroke of genius.

At the opening ceremony, the magnificent 2,008-person 缶 (fǒu) array sounded like beating a drum, and the shape of this instrument originated from the bronze Jianyu unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi in Suizhou City, Hubei Province in 1978. In ancient China, the "eight-tone classification method" divided musical instruments into eight categories: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, and wood. As an ancient Chinese earthen musical instrument, its sound is never the same as that of a drum as a leather instrument, and its shape is completely different from that of the above-mentioned bronze instrument. "Jianyi" is not a 缶, and there is no record of "缶緶" in ancient music literature. What exactly does the reel look like as an ancient musical instrument? Archaeological discoveries have already provided the answer. In 2004, during the excavation of the tomb of the Yue nobles in Hongshan, Wuxi, archaeologists found a burial pit composed of more than 500 combined musical instruments, including three basin-shaped celadon musical instruments, in the niche of the large tomb. According to the functional classification and experts, this is the "rope" that was forced to strike at the Qin Wang's Michi meeting. The ancient musical instrument in the picture is 40 centimeters in diameter, 24.2 centimeters in height, the inside and outside are glazed with blue and yellow, the mouth edge and the upper abdomen are decorated with fine beautieth patterns, two beast heads are shaped with wide ears, and there is a symmetrical lizard creeping on the edge of the mouth on the other side, and the two forelimbs of the lizard climb on the edge, and the mouth is attached to the edge, and the shape is exaggerated and vivid.

The prototype of the 2,008 musical instruments in the "Array", Zeng Hou Yi Bronze Jian, is actually a combination of bronze Jian and bronze Jian. The coat is a reference, the silk is in it, there is a large space between the outer wall of the silk and the inner wall of the jian, it has the dual function of chilling and warming the wine syrup, and some experts call it the earliest ancient "refrigerator" (of course, it should also be a "warm box") that our country has seen at present. This special bronze wine vessel, both in terms of shape and material, is incompatible with the clay musical instrument of the wind and horses.

6 Item Auction Edit

The "Olympic Ribbon" is packed into 53 parcels, each representing 10, 20, 30 or 50 threads. The reference price for a package of 10 threads is between 11,000 and 13,000 RMB, which also means that the starting price of a single thread is around 1,000 RMB. On the morning of March 8, when the 51st bid was reached, Yu Chong, a Ningbo businessman and president of Zhejiang Tianxing Group, gave an order remotely in a long-distance call, and finally won 10 packs of Olympic ropes at a price of 689,000 yuan.

Auction Record

On March 18, 2009, the last special auction of the 2008 Beijing 29th Olympic Games opening ceremony prop "Silk" was perfectly hammered at the Beijing Equity Exchange. A total of 320 pieces of 22 targets were auctioned at a total price of 41.38 million yuan. The average transaction price of a single "Olympic thread" was 129,300 yuan, more than double the average transaction price of the first batch of "Olympic threads".

132 bidders participated in the auction of the last batch of props for the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games. So far, three rounds of auctions of 1,500 Olympic ropes and 978 bamboo slips organized by the Beijing Stock Exchange have totaled nearly 120 million yuan.

The one with the highest unit price is the No. 4 target, which contains 5 ropes, with a total price of 1.39 million yuan and a unit price of 278,000 yuan. Previously, the highest unit price of No. 1890 was sold at 288,000 yuan, which was still the highest at the end of the auction.

In the end, 320 pieces were sold at a total price of 41.38 million yuan, and 200 bamboo slips were sold at a total price of 6.375 million yuan. Even a target composed of 90 damaged silk slips and 778 wordless bamboo slips started at 6,500 yuan and was sold for 6.12 million yuan, with an astonishing premium rate. The average starting price of a single bamboo slip is only 80 yuan, but the average transaction price reaches 31,800 yuan.

Manufacturing Auctions

"I was a little dizzy when I shouted. Wang Qiancheng, general manager of Beijing Geshen Arts and Crafts Co., Ltd., which made the ropes, also came to participate in the auction. In an interview with reporters, he said, "I gave up at 5.8 million yuan. ”

He participated in the auction of 90 damaged silk slips and 778 wordless bamboo slips, and the final price of this target was 6.12 million. Wang Qiancheng said: "I am very conflicted, I hope that I can get the silk at a price that is not too high, and I hope that the silk can be sold more expensive." He said that while the company made the threads, only one prototype was in the company's showroom.