Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty Aixin Jueluo Huang Taiji (Huang Taiji or Hong Taiji, November 28, 1592 - September 21, 1643), also translated as "Huang Taiji", "Hong Taizhu", and "Red Gang", was changed to the current translation during the Qianlong period, and is still used today.

He was the eighth son of Qing Taizu Aixin Jueluo Nurhachi, and after Nurhachi's death, Huang Taiji was elected to inherit the throne of Khan. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji was enshrined as "Bogda Chechen Khan" by the Mongol tribe in southern China, also known as Tiancong Khan, and in the same year changed the name of the Jurchen tribe to Manchuria, called the emperor in Shenyang, and founded the country as the Qing Dynasty.

Huang Taiji reigned for 17 years. During his reign, he developed production, strengthened troops, and constantly fought against the Ming Dynasty, laying a solid foundation for the rapid expansion of the Qing Dynasty into the Central Plains in the next stage. The temple name is Taizong, and the name is Ying Tianxing, Guohongde, Zhangwukuan, Wenren, Shengrui, filial piety, Jingmin, Zhaoding, Longdao, Xiangongwen Emperor, and was buried in Shenyang Qingzhao Mausoleum.

Early life experience

Huang Taiji was born on October 25, 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (November 28, 1592) Shenshi, the eighth son of Nurhachi, Huang Taiji has been loved by Nurhachi since he was a child, and Huang Taiji's biological mother, Yehenara Menggu Zhezhe, is the daughter of Yang Jinu (Yangganu), the leader of the Jurchen Yehe tribe. In order to form an alliance with Nurhachi, Yang Jinu married his youngest daughter to him, saying that this was a natural "good couple". In the sixteenth year of Wanli (1588), Nurhachi was married at the age of thirty, and the bride was only fourteen years old. At that time, Nurhachi had many wives and children, and the highest status was the Fucha Gundai, the mother of Mang Gurtai. However, Nurhachi had a close relationship with the Yehnara clan and liked her to serve her husband without interfering in political affairs.

Huang Taiji himself was born with a red complexion, clear eyebrows, steady movements, and dignified manners. He is clever and clever, he hears what he hears, and he knows it at first sight. He loved to read and learn, and he was the only one of Nurhachi's generals who could read. When his father and brother were busy fighting for many years, the seven-year-old Huang Taiji began to preside over the housekeeping, not only managing the daily affairs of the family, money and expenditure in an orderly manner. In particular, if there are some things that don't bother Nurhachi to worry about instructions, Huang Taiji can do a good job, the same as he thinks, so Nurhachi loves Huang Taiji even more like a "heart".

In the autumn of the 31st year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1603), Meng Gu Zhezhe was ill and wanted to see her mother, Nurhachi sent someone to inform him of this, Narimbulu did not agree, and in September of the same year, Meng Gu Zhezhe died of illness, and Huang Taiji was 12 years old. When Meng Gu was alive, the time to be a great blessing was short, and after Huang Taiji became a great khan, he respected his mother Meng Gu Zhezhe as the queen of filial piety. After the death of his mother, Huang Taiji followed his father and brother, grew up rapidly, and soon became a young man who could write and martial arts. The Manchu and the Jurchens of the ancestors were known for their martial arts, and Huang Taiji learned the traditional customs of his own people from his father, and participated in hunting since he was a child. After becoming the emperor, Huang Taiji still remembers this life when he was a child, and once said: "When Taizu, we heard that we were going out to hunt the next day, that is, we adjusted the eagle and squirrel in advance to make all kinds of preparations. If you don't let you go when the time comes, you have to ask to go even if you cry. In the past, both young and old, they forged ahead with each other, and they all took marching and hunting as a great joy. At that time, there were few servants, and everyone was shearing his horse and saddling, chopping wood and cooking, and even if it was so hard, he was willing to serve the Lord, and the prosperity of the country today is the result of this hard work. "Huang Taiji is very much like his father, hard-working and strong. Shenyang Shisheng Temple once had a bow he used, the arrow was more than four feet long, not only ordinary people dare not ask, even a strong man is difficult to pull away, and Huang Taiji used it freely.

The first battle in all directions

Since he was a teenager, Huang Taiji often hunted and fought with his father and brother, and was skilled in riding and shooting. In the fortieth year of Wanli (1612), he set out from his father to conquer the Jurchen Ula Department in Haixi and the six cities of Ke. On the basis of the gradual unification of the Jurchen tribes, Huang Taiji helped his father Nurhachi establish the new Later Jin state. Nurhachi once wanted to make his eldest son Chu Ying the prince, but Chu Ying did a lot of things against Nurhachi's back against his wishes, and even forced Huang Taiji and others to act with him. Huang Taiji and others exposed Chu Ying's conspiracy to Nurhachi, and in the forty-first year of Wanli (1613), Nurhachi imprisoned Chu Ying, and resolutely executed him two years later. Since then, Huang Taiji has been further trusted. In the forty-third year of Wanli (1615), Nurhachi integrated yellow, white, red, and blue and added yellow, white, red, and blue, and officially completed the Eight Banners system of military and political integration. Huang Taiji was appointed as Baylor in charge of the white flag.

In the first year of the Later Jin Mandate of Heaven (1616), Nurhachi established the Great Jin State (known as Houjin in history), called the Great Khan, and appointed the second son Daishan as the Great Beyler, the nephew Amin as the second Beyler, the fifth son Mang Gurtai as the third Beyler, and the eighth son Huang Taiji as the fourth Beyler, referred to as the Four Beylers. In the third year of the Mandate of Heaven (1618), Nurhachi made up his mind to launch an attack on the Ming Dynasty, but the specific action was not decided. Huang Taiji offered a plan. He proposed to hit Fushun first, "Fushun is where I go in and out, and I must take it first." He also suggested taking advantage of the opportunity of the Ming Dynasty's guerrilla attack on Li Yongfang to open the horse market from 8 to 25 April, and sent 50 people to disguise themselves as horse merchants, divided into five groups, and enter the city as a city, and then he personally led 5,000 soldiers to march to the city at night. Nurhachi gladly accepted his suggestion. On 13 April, he pledged to conquer the Ming Dynasty with the "Seven Great Hatreds", and the result was a great victory. The Battle of Fushun was the first major battle between the Later Jin Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on the later development of the Later Jin Dynasty.

The news of the defeat of the Fushun army and the fall of the city reached the Ming capital, "the dynasty was shocked", and the Mingshenzong, who had ignored the government for many years, exclaimed: "The Liaozuo army has fallen, the state is in flames, and the border affairs are very critical." In order to put Houjin to death, the Ming Dynasty united with the Jurchen Yehebu and the Joseon Dynasty in the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1619) to launch the famous Battle of Sarhu. Later, the Jin army advanced to Salhu (now east of the Dahuofang Reservoir in Fushun, Liaoning) and fought with the Ming army. Then he went north to meet the Ming army of Kaiyuan General Soldier Ma Lin all the way, and on the way, Huang Taiji defeated the rear camp of the Juniper Army guerrillas Gong Niansui and ** Xu. After the victory in the west and north roads, and when he was ready to move to the east road, Huang Taiji followed closely after Daishan, Amin, and Mang Gurtai and rushed to the front line. Liu Ling, the chief military officer of the Ming Dynasty, died in battle. On the other hand, the Ming army, led by Li Rubai, failed to fight and fled back in embarrassment. The Battle of Salhu was the first decisive battle between the Later Jin and the Ming Dynasty, and Huang Taiji made great contributions to the victory. In the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1625), Huang Taiji and his brother Abatai led 5,000 elite cavalry to aid Horqin, forcing the Chahar Mongol leader Lin Dan Khan to flee away.

Succeeded to the throne as Khan

On August 11, 1626, Nurhachi died of depression due to the defeat in the Battle of Ningyuan. The eldest concubine Abahai and two concubines were martyred. Dai Shan and his sons Yue Tuo and Sakhalian supported the throne of the Emperor Taiji. Dai Shan's eldest son, Belle Yueto, and his third son, Bel Sakhalian, told the ministers of Zhubeile the reason for supporting Huang Taiji: "Talent and virtue crown the world, and succeed to the throne as soon as possible." Because of the strong support of Dai Shan, who is the eldest brother, all the Belles are combined to ask for the heir", and Huang Taiji "resigned again and again, and it was promised for a long time", and was proclaimed as the Great Khan. On September 1, Huang Taiji was in the Dazheng Palace, burned incense to the sky, and declared the following year as the first year of Tiancong. When Huang Taiji ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty was hardening because of Ning Yuan's victory. As soon as Huang Taiji came to power, he sent a letter to Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Ningyuan, expressing his hope to "reconcile with each other". There was a Han member Yue Qiluan in Houjin, who advocated peace with the Ming Dynasty, saying that if peace was not negotiated, the people would flee completely, and if they were reconciled, they should be released back to the Han people as soon as possible, or returned to their gentlemen. After his recital was reached, Huang Taiji killed him. The Ming Dynasty did not sit back and wait for the Houjin to withdraw its troops, but while asking for land, it built Tashan, Xiaolinghe City and Jinzhou City to step up preparations for war.

In May of the first year of Cheoncong (1627), following the conquest of the Joseon Dynasty, the emperor

Huang Taiji waist knife

Tai Chi personally led the army to conquer Ming. At this time, Yuan Chonghuan, a cadre of the Ming Dynasty, was implementing the "recovery plan", that is, "guarding the Liao land with the Liao people and raising the Liao people with the Liao land". He repaired the city and tuntian, and used the tun to raise the war, and "the defense is the right thing, and the war is the strange work". Huang Taiji wanted to launch an attack as soon as possible and launch the Battle of Ningjin, but he suffered heavy casualties, but Ningyuan City remained standing. continued to attack for more than ten days, but still to no avail. It was Yuan Chonghuan who guarded Ningyuan, and he ordered Man Gui, You Shilu, and Zu Dashou to go out of the city to resist the battle. Huang Taiji Governor Daishan, Amin, Mang Gurtai, Azig and others attacked. The Ming army shouted resistance. Yuan Chonghuan took command and magnified the artillery, and the Houjin soldiers fell in rows, the guerrilla Jue Luo Bai Shan and Beiyu Bashi were shot dead, and Belezir Harang, Saharan, and Wakda were all wounded. The Ming general Man Gui was also seriously wounded, and most of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Ning was far away, and Huang Taiji returned to Jinzhou on June 4. The soldiers suffered a lot of heat stroke, and Huang Taiji knew that he could not stay for a long time, so he ordered to withdraw the army the next day. In this battle, the Ming army successfully defended, and it was called "Ningjin Great Victory". If Liaoxi cannot be captured, it will not be able to enter Shanhaiguan, and if it wants to seize Beijing, it will have to find another way. Huang Taiji knew something about Mongolia, and at that time he had already participated in the alliance with the Khalkha, Horqin and other departments, and had also led troops to aid Horqin.