Please enter the text Khitan edit

The Khitan people (English: Khitay) are ancient Chinese nomadic people, originating in Northeast China, and adopting a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral life. Pen Fun Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 In the early Tang Dynasty, it was divided into eight Khitan tribes,[1]?In the early Tang Dynasty, a unified Dahe alliance was formed. After Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty placed the Governor's Mansion of Songmo and gave him the surname Li. After the collapse of the Oga Alliance, the Khitans established the Yaoran Tribal Alliance, which was attached to the Later Turkic Khanate. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), the Later Turks were destroyed by the Hui, and for the next hundred years, the Khitans have been ruled by the Hui. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan leader Yelu Abaoji unified all the departments, and he was able to take the throne of Khan in the first year of Kaiping of Later Liang (907), and was called emperor in the first year of the Divine Book (916), and the country was called Khitan. In the first year of Datong (947), Liao Taizong changed the name of the country to Liao,[3] and in the second year of Tonghe (984), it was renamed Dakhitan, and in the second year of Xianyong (1066), it was renamed Liao. [4]?

In the fifth year of Tianqing (1115), the Jurchen people established the Jin Dynasty. Under the attack of the Jin army, the Liao Dynasty fell in the fifth year of Baoda (1125). In the ninth year of Yanqing in Western Liao (1132), Yelu Dashi was called the emperor, known as "Western Liao" in history, also known as "Hara Khitan", and became a powerful country in Central Asia at that time. Western Liao was destroyed by the Mongols in the second year of Jin Xingding (1218). [5] The Khitans had long hair, and their clothing was usually a long robe with a round neck and narrow sleeves. The residence of the Khitan people is a felt tent, and the emperor's imperial tent is called a bowl. With the fall of the Liao State, the Khitans gradually integrated into other ethnic groups, and a small number evolved into today's Daur and Yunnan themselves.

Chinese Khitan foreign name Khitay Fa ???? Source: Northeast China Map ???? Teng "White Horse Green Cow" political ???? Quan Liao Dynasty, Western Liao Dynasty???? Word Khitan Letter???? Rise to the ???? of Buddhism Hair ???? Things: Yelu Abaoji, Yelu Dashi, etc???? Called Jida, begging, begging, sucking

directory

1 family name

2. Historical evolution

Originating legends

Early history

Tribal period

Establish the Great Liao

Go south to the Central Plains

Glory days

The Liao Dynasty declined

Follow-up development

3 Politics

Political system

?Organization

4 Military

5 Culture

?writing

?literature

?painting

?Dance

?religion

6 Economy

?agriculture

?animal husbandry

?handicraft

7. Foreign relations

Five dynasties, Northern Song Dynasty

Bohai State

?Korea

The countries of the Western Regions

8. Social customs

Etiquette

?trappings

?hairstyle

?Marriage

Residential diet

9 Descendants traced

Family name edit

The name "Khitan" was first seen in the Book of Wei, which was written in the fifth year of Tianbao (554) of the Northern Qi Dynasty. At the beginning of the first year of Yixi (406) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "Yan Wangxi attacked the Khitan". The title of Khitan is found in the Korean "Records of the Three Kingdoms" earlier, and in the third year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (378), the Khitan people had already committed Goguryeo "in the north, trapping eight tribes". [1] The "New Tang Dynasty Book" and other books clearly pointed out: "To the Yuan Wei, the self-named Khitan." Some scholars believe that there has been a Khitan since the Han Dynasty[6]?. Some scholars believe that the term Khitan originated from the evolution of the name of the Yuwen chieftain, around the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, its different name has been revealed, meaning "iron"[7]?. [2] It is generally believed that the Khitan, the Chinese translation is also as Jida, Qita, begging, sucking, etc. There are different opinions on its meaning, and the common saying is the meaning of "iron". [1] There are other theories: "cut off", "sword", "the territory of the strange chief", "chieftain", "cold", "daizhong", "grassland, desert or forest-related meaning", and so on.

Since the Golden Horde was the hegemon of Europe for a long time from the 13th to the 15th centuries, the Mongols called northern China the Khitan, and the term later referred to China in general. In the languages of some countries, such as Russian, China is still called "Khitan". In Russian, Greek, and Middle English, the whole of China is called Khitan (pronounced Kitay, Kita1a, Cathay, respectively), and in ****** literature, North China is often referred to as Khitan (Khita, Khata), and it is said that the purpose of Columbus's voyage was to find the legendary Khitan. [8]?

HistoryEdit

Originating legends

Legendary Khitan ancestors

As for the origin of the Khitan people, according to legend, there are two rivers flowing in the northern steppe, one rushes down from the southern end of the Great Khing'an Mountains, the Khitan people call it the Xilamulun River, also known as the "Yellow Water", and the other river comes from the western end of the Yiwulu Mountain, named the Laoha River, also known as the "Earth River". The Khitan people arose in the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins. The migration and integration of ethnic groups in this region are very frequent and complex. [10]?

The Khitan people have such a legend about their ancestors, a "heavenly maiden" who has lived in the heavenly palace for a long time feels the boredom and loneliness of the heavenly palace, she drove a green ox cart, from the "flat pine forest" along the river downstream. Coincidentally, an "immortal" rode a snow-white BMW from the "Mayu Mountain" along the Tuhe River to the east. The green cow and the white horse met at Mt. Konoha at the confluence of the Huangshui and Tuhe rivers. The goddess and the fairy walked away the green ox, loosened the reins of the horse, and walked opposite each other. The two fell in love with each other and combined, and multiplied eight sons, and then the clan gradually flourished, divided into eight tribes, including the Siwandan Division, the He Dahe Division, the Fufuyu Division, the Yuling Division, the Rilian Division, the Pixian Division, the Li Division, and the Tuliu Yu Division,[1]?Juhuangshui (now Xilamulun River, Inner Mongolia) to the south, and Huanglong (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) to the north. He often contributed to the Northern Wei Dynasty with the name Ma Wenpi and carried out trade. Every march and spring and autumn sacrifice, must use white horses and green oxen to show that they will not forget this cloud. [11] This is undoubtedly the most authoritative and accurate account of the legend of the green ox and the white horse. It can be seen that the Khitan people originated in the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins. [8]? [10]?

Early history

The earliest record of the Khitan is found in the Book of Wei. When the Book of Wei records the various ethnic groups that had contacts and contacts with the Northern Wei regime, it for the first time set up a special biography for the Khitan and the Kumoxi (also an ethnic minority in northern China, originally belonging to the same branch as the Khitan, later separated, and then annexed by the Khitan). Since then, there have been special records about the activities of the Khitans, such as "Northern History", "Book of Sui", "Book of the Old Tang Dynasty", "Book of the New Tang Dynasty", "History of the Old Five Dynasties", "History of the New Five Dynasties", "Tang Hui Yao", "Five Dynasties Hui Yao", "Shufu Yuan Turtle", "Literature General Examination", "Song Hui Yao", etc. When the above-mentioned documents record the origin of the Khitan people, there are roughly two opinions: "Xiongnu theory" and "Donghu theory". These two theories derive from the other two: one says that "it is the product of the fusion of the Xiongnu and Xianbei", and the other says that "it originated from other Xianbei tribes and not the direct descendants of Xianbei"[1]?.

According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty[14]?; The Khitan originated from the Xianbei or Xianbei Yuwen Department, which came from the pen of the contemporaries and later Tang people, and the Khitan was the "seed of the Xiongnu", which was the saying of the Song people hundreds of years later. Of course, the composition of the Xianbei tribe is very complex, and some people do believe that the Khitan is a descendant of the Xianbei Yuwen Department in the eastern part of the Donghu system, from the "remnant species" of the Xiongnu, and the Yuwen Department is even more so. In the first year of Yongyuan (89 years) to the seventeenth year of Yongyuan (105 years) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were broken by the Han general Geng Kui. However, more than 100,000 Huns did not continue to take the Huns as their name, and "all called themselves Xianbei". Since then, in the long-term mislocation with the Xianbei people of the original Donghu species, due to the influence of mutual marriage, the difference is less and less obvious, although it has a main source in the formation process, it is still multi-source and multi-stream. [8]?

The Khitan people flourished day by day and developed southward. Emperor Gao Yang of Northern Qi personally led a large army to attack the Khitan tribe in the south in the fourth year of Tianbao (553), capturing more than 100,000 people and hundreds of thousands of livestock. The Khitan tribe suffered heavy losses, and was later harassed by the Turks, so "the tribes were scattered, and they were not retro eight tribes". [15] At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, they were attached to the Sui Dynasty and the Turks, and gradually recovered, nomadic herding in the western Liaoning region, and the tribes usually "chased the cold and summer, and followed the water and grass to live." In the first year of the Great Cause of the Sui Dynasty (605), when the Khitan people went south to the Yingzhou (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) area, they were attacked by the Turks under the command of the Sui generals, and 40,000 people were captured and suffered heavy losses again.

Tribal period

The head of the Oga clan

In the early 6th century, the Khitan were still in the tribal stage, and in the early Tang Dynasty, they formed a tribal alliance and submitted to the Turkic Khanate in Mobei. In the second year of Tang Wude (619), the chieftain Dahe Duluo led an army to attack Pingzhou. In the sixth year of Wude (623), he sent an envoy to Chang'an to pay tribute to Tang Gaozu with famous horses and abundant mink, but his political position still tended to be that of the Turkic Jieli Khan. In the second year of the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (628), the Great Hormo Society led a tribal alliance to abandon the Turks and join the Tang Dynasty. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty once gave the Khitan leader Qiqi, which later became a symbol of the power of the Khitan Khan. In the third year of Zhenguan (629), the people of the Murwei and Khitan tribes were placed in Shizhou. Between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty, there were not only tribute, entry and trade, but also war and plunder. Later Tang Taizong took the Khitan people as the governor of Songmo (in the area of Chifeng and Tongliao today), and took Dahe Cave Brother as the governor of Songmo, and gave the surname Li. However, during the reign of his grandson Dahe Abgu, he began to harass the Tang Dynasty border with the Xi people and was captured in Luoyang. Tang Gaozong took Ku Moli, the grandson of the cave brother, as the general of the left guard and the assassin of Danhan Prefecture, and was crowned the king of Shun County; another grandson, Li Quanzhong, was the general of Wuwei and the governor of Songmo, and succeeded to the eight Khitan departments. [16]?

After the establishment of Wu Zhou, the Khitan could not stand the oppression, so on May 10 of the first year of Long Live Tongtian (696).

Khitans

On the second day, he and his wife and brother Sun Wanrong rebelled, captured Yingzhou, killed Zhao Wenhui, the governor of Yingzhou, and established himself as the supreme khan, which was the first time that the Khitans called Khan. Wu Zetian was furious, changed his name to Li Wan, Sun Wanrong beheaded Sun Wan, and sent troops to encircle and suppress, but was defeated by Duzhong. Later, he died of illness, and Li Wanrong (i.e., Sun Wanrong) succeeded to the throne and continued his loyal career. Soon Vang Vieng was defeated and killed by a house slave. In the second year of Kaiyuan (714), his loyal cousin Li lost and the leader of the Xi tribe, Li Dayu, went to Chang'an to see Tang Xuanzong, Xuanzong restored the Songmo Mansion, took the loss of life as the governor, sealed the king of Songmo County, awarded the general Zuojin Wuwei, and married the princess Yongle to him.

In the sixth year of Kaiyuan (718), he was killed and died, and his cousin Li Suogu took the throne. The deputy envoy of the Jingxi Army can be sudden and brave, and he has won the hearts of the people, and he is very jealous of him, and wants to get rid of him quickly. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), he could suddenly counterattack Suogu, Suogu defected to Yingzhou, and united with Li Dayu to counterattack Suogu, but they were all captured and killed. But suddenly Li Yuyu, the cousin of Li Yuyu, was the main one, and Tang Xuanzong ordered the lord to attack and give the princess of Yanjun. Yu Yu died of illness, and his younger brother Li Tuyu attacked the lord, still taking Princess Yanjun as his wife. Spit out in jealousy, but suddenly, brought the princess of Yanjun to Tang, and did not dare to return to the desert. Tang Xuanzong worshiped Shao Gu, a member of the Zuo Yulin Army, a foreign general, and an ambassador of the Jingxi Army, and changed the title of King of Guanghua County to Princess Donghua. After Shao Gu returned to Songmo, he sent Ke to pay tribute to the court, and Li Yuanhong, the Chinese scholar, was not polite to him, but he was suddenly displeased. In the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730), Ke Yu suddenly killed Shao Gu, Liyao Qu was listed as the king, led the tribe and coerced the Xi tribe to surrender to the Turks, and the princess of Donghua fled to join the Pinglu army. But suddenly, the Khan was abolished continuously, and even the Khan was no longer elected from the Oga family, and the Khan candidate was transferred to the Yaoran family from then on. [18]?

The leader of the Haruka clan

Ke Tu Yu Liyao Qu Lie (also known as Kaite) became Wa Khan, and surrendered to the Turks with the Xi people. In the twentieth year of Kaiyuan (732), the Tang army broke the Khitan and captured a large number of people, but they suddenly fled, and the Xi people surrendered. In the twenty-first year of Kaiyuan (733), Ke suddenly re-marched and was defeated again, and 6,000 of his subordinates were killed. In June of the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan (734), Zhang Shoujue, the governor of Youzhou and the imperial history, advanced and forced to suddenly, but suddenly surrendered first, and then wanted to defect to the Turks. In December, Zhang Shouqi sent Guan Ji Wang Cheng to contact the Khitan official Li Guozhi, and Li Guozhi beheaded dozens of people who were sudden and Qu Lie and surrendered to the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Xuanzong worshiped Li Guozhu, the king of Beiping County, awarded special advancement, and inspected the school as the governor of Songmo. In that year, Ke Yu Dang Nili (that is, Yelu Neri or Yelu Yali, the ancestor of Yelu Abaoji) killed Li Guozhu and his son, slaughtered his family, and his son Li Ragan fled to the Andong Metropolitan Protectorate, and the Tang Dynasty worshiped as General Zuo Xiaowei. Nili Ren Yili Jin (Yi Li Jin is in charge of military power), after killing the fold, he appointed himself as the governor of Songmo, that is, the Khitan lord, and later the Zen position was given to Yao Lili (Han name Li Huaixiu), and Li Huaixiu was established as the Khan of the Block, and since then Yelu has inherited the position of Yili Jin. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), after the Turkic extinction, the Khitan surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, Tang Xuanzong gave the Han name Li Huaixiu, worshiped the governor of Songmo, named the king of Chongshun, and gave the princess Jingle. Half a year later, Huaixiu couldn't bear An Lushan's bullying, and killed the princess to fight against Tang with Xi. After that, he fought with An Lushan many times, and the victory and defeat were mixed. In the fifth year of Tianbao (746), the Tang Dynasty named Hu Ra Khan Yao Kai fell to King Gongren, acting as the governor of Song Desert, and Kai fell to the end of the Anshi Rebellion, and the large-scale war between the Tang Dynasty and the Khitan basically ended.

During the time of Su Khan, the Khitan was attached to the Hui Dynasty, and since the beginning of Su Khan, the Tang Dynasty no longer canonized the Khitan leader as the governor of Songmo. Xianzhi Khan sent envoys to Chang'an seven times to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and Zhaogu Khan sent envoys four times. In the second year of Huichang (842), the Tang Dynasty broke the Uighurs, and Yelan Khan was attached to Qushu. During the Xiantong period, after the envoys of Bara Khan Xi'er sent envoys to Chang'an to pay tribute, the Khitan tribe gradually became stronger after a hundred years of trough.

When the Khitan conquered Xi and Murowei, he invaded Youzhou and Jizhou many times, but was retaliated by Liu Rengong, a separatist force. Liu Rengong burned the grassland, causing the Khitan to lose a lot of good horses. Qinde had no choice but to offer good horses for pastureland, and Liu Rengong agreed. Later, he breached the contract and invaded, Liu Shouguang defended Pingzhou, the Khitan led 10,000 cavalry, Liu Shouguang negotiated peace, and ambushed the troops to capture his general. Chindenama 5,000 to redeem the general, Liu Shouguang did not allow it. Chinde did not dare to approach the border for ten years. Hinde Khan died in December of the third year of the reign of Tianyu (906). The Yelu family of the Diera Department arose, and served as the Yili Jin of the Khitan Department for generations, and its authority became increasingly powerful. After the death of Qinde, Abaoji no longer chose the Khan from the Yaoran family, but took the flag into his own possession, and served as the Khan of the Khitan Department, and since then, the election of the Khan has been transferred to the Yelu family of the Diera Department.

Establishment of the Great Liao

After the death of the Khan of Jinde, in the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (907), Yelu Abaoji became the Khan, and the Khan was elected and transferred to the Yelu family of the Dierabu. [16] Originally, according to the primitive military democracy and the system of electing the khan, once the position of khan was transferred to a family, then the adult men of the family had the opportunity to become khan. However, during Abaoji's reign, he envied the culture of the Central Plains Dynasty and hoped to adopt a lifelong system like the Central Plains Emperor, so he refused to give up the throne in the year of the re-election. So under the temptation of the Khan's throne, several of Abaoji's younger brothers decided to force him to hold an election, and so it became famous in history

Yelu Abaoji

of the three "Brothers' Rebellion". With his wisdom and the assistance of Kedun Shurihei, Abaoji succeeded in crushing the rebellions launched by his brothers.

After internal stability, the leaders of the other seven tribes were not satisfied and also wanted to become khans. So Abaoji, with the help of Shu Luping, lured the leaders of the seven tribes to the salt pond for a banquet, and successfully killed the leaders of the seven tribes, which is the famous "Yanchi Change" in history, thus clearing the opposition and unifying the eight Khitan tribes. In the first year of the Liao God Book (916 years), Abaoji called the emperor, the founding name of the country was "Great Khitan State", and the year name was Shenshu, Abaoji was Liao Taizu, and since then the Khan of Khitan has become history.

Liao Taizu plundered the population of the Central Plains, took in the displaced people due to the war in Hebei, and built a city on the grassland in the style of the Central Plains to settle them. and appointed Han Yanhui, Han Zhigu, Kang Moji and Lu Wenjin and other Han people as heroes. Since then, Liao's state-building plan has been more in the hands of Han Yanhui. He suggested that Abaoji develop agriculture to stabilize the rule of his tribes; he drafted a political system for him to strengthen military power; he even planned military affairs and annexed the party and the Wei and other ministries, thus laying the foundation for the Khitan to create a great country. [20] In the third year of the Liao Shenshu (918), Yelu Abaoji established the imperial capital Linhuang Mansion (now Boluo City in the south of the Left Banner of Inner Mongolia). Two years later, the Khitan character was created and implemented. In terms of military affairs, Yelu Abaoji conquered the Bohai Kingdom in the fourth year of Liao Tianzan (925). Yelu Abaoji has always had the intention of invading the Central Plains in the south, in the spring of the second year of Tianzan (923), Yelu Abaoji sent his second son, the new generalissimo of the world's soldiers and horses, Yelu Deguang (Yaogu) to lead the army to attack Youzhou. Although he captured Quyang (now Quyang West), Beiping (now the southeast of Wan County) and other places, Youzhou was still holding on, and the Khitan army retreated north in May of that year. [18] In the fifth year of Liao Tianxian (930), after the Dongdan king Yelu Bei fled south, the Tang Dynasty, Liao Taizong Yelu Deguang unified the Khitan.

Go south to the Central Plains

In the eleventh year of Liao Tianxian (936), the Hedong Festival made Shi Jingjiao

Empress Dowager Xiao

On the condition of claiming to be Emperor Er, ceding the sixteen states of Yanyun, he asked Yelu Deguang, Taizong of Liao, to support the attack on the Later Tang Dynasty. Liao Taizong then led 50,000 cavalry to assist Shi Jingjiao to defeat the Later Tang Dynasty, and Shi Jingjiao was able to establish the Later Jin. After the Khitan obtained the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, they built the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun into a base for further southward expansion. In the seventh year of the Liao Dynasty (944), Shi Chonggui was unwilling to submit to the Khitan. Liao Taizong took the opportunity to lead his army south, intending to unify China. On the 10th day of the first month of the first year of Liao Datong (947), the Khitan army conquered Kaifeng, the capital of the Later Jin Dynasty, and the Later Jin Dynasty died, and the Khitan State occupied most of the Central Plains. In February, Liao Taizong changed the name of the country to Da Liao, indicating Liao Taizong's intention to directly rule the Central Plains. [3]?

In the first year of Liao Datong (947), Yelu Ruan was the emperor and was Liao Shizong. [18] During the reign of Liao Shizong, he never forgot the expectation of occupying the Central Plains, and used troops against the Central Plains many times. However, Liao Shizong was good at wine and loved hunting. In his later years, he even appointed traitors, and rewarded and killed, which led to the failure to repair the government and political corruption. In September of the fifth year of Liao Tianlu (951), Liao Shizong assisted the Northern Han Dynasty in attacking Hou Zhou, and when he marched to Xianggu Mountain in Guihua (now Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), he was stationed at Huoshendian because other troops did not arrive. During this time, drinking, beating, and hunting, the generals were very dissatisfied. In the end, he was killed by Jerodzacth in his sleep. [21]?

Glory days

Liao Jingzong was diligent in political affairs, which made the Liao Dynasty appear clear for a while. Liao Jingzong adopted a relatively lenient policy towards the royal family that rebelled against Liao Muzong, so there were few rebels and the upper echelons were relatively stable. Liao Jingzong's foreign policy still adopted the policy of not taking the initiative to invade the Central Plains in the south and only aiding the Northern Han Dynasty. In the early period of Liao Jingzong, the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty exchanged histories and congratulated each other on festivals. After Zhao Guangyi of the Northern Song Dynasty unified Jiangnan, he personally conquered the Northern Han Dynasty in the eleventh year of Liao Baoning (979), and the Khitan sent Yelu Sha, Yelu Xiuge, Yelu Xianzhen and other famous generals to lead the army to fight with the Song army at the Gaoliang River (now outside Xizhimen, Beijing), and successfully defeated the Song army, and Song Taizong was only spared. Due to Liaojingzong's frail and sick health, he was sometimes unable to go to court, and most of the military affairs were handled by Empress Xiao Xuan. [22-23]?

In the fourth year of Liao Qianheng (982), Liao Jingzong died of illness, and Liao Shengzong succeeded to the throne, respecting Xiao Sui as the empress dowager, and the Empress Dowager Xiao was regent. At that time, Empress Dowager Xiao was 30 years old, and Liao Shengzong was 12 years old. Empress Dowager Xiao first reused the ministers Yelu Xianzhen and Han Derang to participate in the decision, and appointed the military to Yelu Xiuge in the south, removed a number of ministers, and ordered the kings not to entertain each other, requiring them to go out for nothing, and trying to relieve them of their military power. It was only after these actions that the positions of Liao Shengzong and Empress Dowager Xiao stabilized. Empress Dowager Xiao was regent for 27 years, and during her reign, she carried out reforms, and made great efforts to govern the country, focusing on agriculture, building water conservancy, reducing taxes, rectifying the rule of officials, and training the army, so that the people of the Liao Dynasty were rich and the country was strong. In terms of ethnic conflicts, Empress Dowager Xiao and Liao Shengzong personally led a large army into the Song Dynasty in the twenty-second year of Liao Tonghe (1004). Song Zhenzong personally went to Lanzhou (now Puyang, Henan) to supervise the war because of the insistence of the prime minister Kou Zhun. The morale of the Song army was greatly boosted, and the Liao army defeated the Liao army, and the Liao army proposed a peace treaty and became a brotherly state, which was the alliance of the Yuanyuan, and the two dynasties were reconciled for 120 years. After that, the Liao Shengzong formed a good alliance with the Western Xia, and the Western Xia also swayed between the Song and Liao to survive, forming a situation in which the Liao, Song and Western Xia kingdoms were established. [24-25]?

After the Liao Dynasty and the 27th year (1009) of the Liao Shengzong pro-government, the Liao Dynasty has entered its heyday, basically continuing the style of the Liao Dynasty when the Empress Dowager Xiao was in power.

The Liao Dynasty declined

In the eleventh year of Liao Taiping (1031), Yelu Zong Zhen ascended the throne, that is, Liao Xingzong. During the reign of Liao Xingzong, the Liao Dynasty was in decline. In the Liao Xingzong Dynasty, traitors were in power, politics was corrupt, the people were poor, and the army was weak. In the face of the declining state situation, Liao Xingzong fought many wars for many years, conquered the Western Xia many times, and forced the Song Dynasty to pay more coins. But these made the Khitan people complain and make their lives difficult. After Liao Daozong succeeded to the throne, the Luanhe Rebellion broke out in July of the ninth year of Liao Qingning (1063). Liao Daozong reigned

Ying County Wooden Tower

During this period, the Khitan politics was corrupt and the country's power gradually declined. The Taoist sect did not carry out reforms, and he himself was corrupt and extravagant, at this time, the landlords and bureaucrats sharply annexed the land, and the people suffered greatly. In the first month of the first year of Liao Qiantong (1101), Liao Daozong died, and the emperor's grandson Yelu Yanxi succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Tianzuo. [26]?

In the spring of the fourth year of Liao Tianqing (1114), Wanyan Aguda officially launched an army against Liao. At first, Emperor Tianzuo did not regard Wanyan Aguta as a major threat, but all the troops he sent to suppress Wanyan Aguta were defeated. In the fifth year of Liao Tianqing (1115), Emperor Tianzuo ordered a personal expedition in order to solve the threat of the Jurchens, but the Liao army was defeated by the Jurchen army everywhere, and Wanyan Aguta also proclaimed himself emperor and established the Jin Dynasty, that is, Jin Taizu. In the same year, the Liao Dynasty suffered from civil strife, and Yelu Zhangnu rebelled in Liaoshangjing, and although this rebellion was quickly put down, it split the Liao Dynasty. Later, in Tokyo, which was located in the former Bohai Kingdom, Gao Yongchang rebelled and became independent, and this rebellion was not put down until April of the sixth year of Liao Tianqing (1116). In May, the Jurchens seized the opportunity to occupy Liaodong and Shenzhou. In the seventh year of Liao Tianqing (1117), the Jurchens attacked Chunzhou, and the Liao army was defeated without a fight. [26]?

On the 20th day of February in the fifth year of Baoda (March 26, 1125), Emperor Liao Tianzuo was captured by the Jin people Wanyan Lou Room and others in Yingzhou, and was sent to Jin Shangjing (now Baichengzi, Acheng District, Heilongjiang Province) in August, and was demoted to the king of the seaside by Jin Taizong. The Liao Dynasty lasted for 210 years (including the Khitan period) and went through 9 emperors.

Follow-up development

After that, the Khitan nobleman Yelu Dashi gathered the remnants in the northwest and controlled the Mongolian Plateau and the eastern part of Xinjiang. In the tenth year of Jintianhui (1132), Yelu Dashi was called the emperor in Yemili (now Emin, Xinjiang), and was known as Xiliao (known as Black Khitan or Hara Khitan in the West). Finally, in the second year of Jin Xingding (1218), it was destroyed by the Mongol army of Genghis Khan, and the country was established in 87 years. After the fall of the Western Liao, a small number of Khitans, under the leadership of the Western Liao nobleman Balahei, established the Qierman Dynasty, which was subject to the Mongol Great Khan and the Ilkhanate, in the Kerman region near the Persian Gulf in the south of present-day Iran, which existed for nearly 80 years, commonly known as the "Later Western Liao". This part of the Khitans, led by Yelu Dashi, who migrated westward, may have later merged with the Uighurs, Mongols, and the natives of Central Asia. [27]?

Most of the Khitans living in the Central Plains became subjects of the Jin Dynasty after the fall of the Liao Dynasty. In the process of exterminating the Liao, the Jurchen rulers of the Jin Dynasty first forcibly relocated part of the Khitan people to the northeast, central and northern regions. [27] Because the rulers of the Jurchen were fed up with the oppression of the Khitans, they in turn implemented discriminatory policies against the Khitans. His surname was changed to Yelu and Xiao was changed to Shimo. The Jurchen rulers also used the method of giving the country the surname Wanyan to win over the Khitan upper-class aristocratic figures.

During the Mengyuan period, in order to unify China, the Yuan Dynasty opened up the territory and mobilized Khitan soldiers and horses to participate in the war to destroy the Jin and Southern Song Dynasty. The Khitans were also very dissatisfied with the Jurchen defeat of their country, so they actively participated in the war and made many military exploits. From a regional point of view, the main part of the Khitan people in the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties are still distributed in their hometowns, that is, Chifeng City, Tongliao City, Liaoning and Jilin in present-day Inner Mongolia. However, with the progress of the Mongols' wars such as breaking the Western Xia, destroying the Jin, descending to Goryeo, Ping Dali, dying the Song Dynasty, and the Western Expedition, some of the Khitans were conscripted and sent out to conquer the above-mentioned areas, and began to spread throughout China, and even as far as Korea, Central Asia, and West Asia. [27]