Please enter the political system in the text

During the period of tribal alliance, the Khitan tribe and the leader of the tribal alliance were elected not hereditary but democratically elected, that is, the democratic parliamentary system. Pen ~ fun ~ Pavilion www.biquge.info [28]?The old Khitan system, the leader of the tribal alliance Khan and the eight chiefs Yi Lijin (also known as the Lord, later known as the King), are elected every three years, with the development of social economy, the Khitan society gradually entered the slave society, and the old system of the three generations was gradually destroyed. After Yelu Abaoji served as the Khitan Khan, he continued to expand his power, gradually established and improved the Khitan political system, and ruled the Khitan and other northern ethnic minorities with the Khitan system (state system). And absorb the Han cultural system, develop agricultural reclamation, establish prefectures and counties, rule the Han people with the Han system, and quickly transition to the feudal system.

After entering the Liao Dynasty, the ethnic composition was complex. In order to effectively govern the conquered areas and the ruled peoples, the Khitan rulers gradually formed a unique political system adapted to the basic conditions of their own countries. The basic policy of the Liao Dynasty's rule was to "rule according to customs", that is, to "govern the Khitan with the state system and treat the Han people with the Han system",[29]?

Organization

Historical legend has it that the Khitan tribe developed from eight tribes. During this period, the tribes were "not in control", and still there

Khitan warriors

Failed to enter the tribal alliance stage. However, the eight tribes have a cohesive relationship with each other, and in order to resist the common enemy, it is necessary for the tribes to unite with each other, and when the economy develops to a certain extent, the Khitan themselves also need to unite to expand their power outward. During the Sui Dynasty, there was a change in the organization of the Khitan tribes, that is, a loose alliance appeared; at that time, the Khitan tribe was "divided into ten tribes, with more than 3,000 soldiers and more than 1,000 few." Chase the cold and summer, and follow the water and grass for animal husbandry. If there is a conquest, the chieftain will discuss with each other, and raise troops and mobilize the people, which is in line with the suit. [30] The competence of the tribal confederation was limited to joint military operations, and the livestock production of the ministries was not regulated. In the first year of the Great Cause of the Sui Dynasty (605), he united with the Turks to attack the Khitan tribe, "seized 40,000 of their men and women, killed their men, gave half of the women and livestock to the Turks, and returned the rest." "After this blow, the Khitan forces were seriously weakened. In order to survive and develop, the loose alliance situation among the Khitan ministries was transformed into a fixed and permanent alliance. During the Tang Dynasty, the various tribes of the Khitan tribe had formed a solid tribal alliance, namely the Dahe tribal alliance in the early stage and the Yaoran tribal alliance in the later period. In addition to military operations, the terms of reference of the tribal alliance include political, economic, and judicial aspects. "If the country has a disaster and the animal husbandry is declining, then the eight ministries will gather. "This indicates that specific governing bodies began to emerge during the tribal alliance period. [28]?

Military Edition

The Khitan people have hunted and herded for generations, so that they have developed a national spirit of being proficient in riding and archery, brave and strong, advocating wisdom and martial arts. In order to survive and develop, they expanded their space, constantly waged wars and plundered foreign countries, and war became an important means for them to make a living. "If you have something to do, you will take the capture as your business, and in your leisure time, you will make a living by fishing. "The Khitan people's military decision-making process is mainly manifested in the transformation from a military consultation system to a military centralized system.

In the Sui Dynasty, the Khitans "had a conquest, then the chieftains discussed with each other, and it was in line with the mobilization of troops." In the Tang Dynasty, "if there is a levy, all the departments need to be agreed", "the war is the same department, and the hunting is the other department". This shows that: First, when mobilizing the armies of various tribes according to the needs of the war, the chiefs of the various tribes discussed and consulted together and reached an agreement, which was called "negotiation and agreement". In the Oga and Haruka clans, the council was presided over by the head of the alliance. Second, the mobilization of troops must go through the "suitable" procedures. The "talisman deed" of the Liao Dynasty was the "goldfish talisman". According to the "History of Liao", "there are seven goldfish charms, cast in gold, six inches long, each with a font size, and each fish is judged to be left and right." If there is something, the left half will be awarded to the guard first, and the messenger will hold the right half, the size, length, and font size of the contract, and then send troops. "The "Goldfish Talisman" has the same effect as the "Tiger Talisman" in the Central Plains. Divided into two halves, one is in the hands of the Commander of the Alliance and the other by the Chieftain of the Horde Army. This token will only take effect after verification. This kind of "negotiation system" has become customized before the founding of the Liao People's Republic of China. Binding on all tribal armies. The whole process embodies an atmosphere of equality, democratic mechanisms, or at least a military democracy. [18]?

After the founding of the Liao Dynasty, to meet the needs of the monarchical centralized system, in order to unify the mobilization of the army and unified command, this method of "rejuvenating the army and discussing the joint system" was transformed into a military centralized system headed by the emperor. The emperor not only controlled the executive, financial, legislative and judicial powers, but also firmly controlled the army and held military power. He also established a series of military institutions under the control of the emperor and established a set of strict procedures for the mobilization of troops. Therefore, Li Cunmiao, the king of Jin, had to admit that the Khitan army was "strict in law" and "beyond the reach of China (referring to the Central Plains)". [31]?

Culture Editor

writing

The Khitan script was created by the Liao Dynasty with reference to Chinese characters for the purpose of recording the Khitan language

Xuanyi Empress Khitan Wentuo

The text is divided into two forms: Khitan large characters and Khitan small characters. However, there is a lack of similar literature. According to legend, the Khitan characters were created in the fifth year of the Liao Divine Book (920) by the order of Liao Taizu Yelu Tulu Bugu and Yelu Bugu with reference to Chinese characters, and there should be more than 3,000 characters; The small characters are pinyin characters, with about 500 pronunciation symbols. The Khitan small characters are larger and simple, and although the original characters are few, they can penetrate all the Khitan languages. [33] The Khitan people showed a strong national consciousness and had a lot of influence on other ethnic groups, such as the creation of the Dangxiang script in the Western Xia, the Jurchen script in the Jin Dynasty, and the Basipa script in the Yuan Dynasty. The passage of the Khitan character was not until the abolition of Jin Zhangzong in the second year of Jin Mingchang (1191).

literature

The Khitans have their own unique skills in the use of language, and they are good at using metaphors to comment on things and people. The literati of the Liao Dynasty wrote in both the Khitan language and a large number of Chinese. Their works include various genres such as poems, lyrics, songs, fu, essays, chapter music, and calligraphy, as well as various themes such as reminiscence, precepts, satire, and narrative. The authors include the emperor and queen, the clan, the ministers, the tribesmen, and the gentlemen and brothers. [34]?

painting

Khitan painters were good at painting grassland scenery and riding figures, and they created a large number of excellent paintings. The famous painters Hu Gui, Hu Qian and his son and Ye Lubei, the king of Dongdan, painted many of them into the Song Dynasty and were known as "divine products". Yelubei "writes more about the noble chiefs, as for the sleeves and bullets, holding the yellow arms, taking all the tassels of the manhu, and the saddle rate is wonderful, not making Chinese clothes"; [35] Painting horses "has a fast bone method, is not bad, and is self-satisfied with the state of poverty". [36] His works were so popular with five generations that they even rushed to buy them. Those that have been handed down to this day include the "Shooting and Riding Map" in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and the "Human Riding Picture" and "Deer Shooting Picture" that have been circulated to the United States. Hu Gui's painting "Dome tribe, tent flag, arc arrow saddle sheath, or grazing with water and grass, or galloping hunting, and Hu Tian is miserable, the sand moraine is flat and far away, can bend the barren scenery outside the plug, believe in the ingenuity of the time, and the peerless fine skills." [37] He painted Khitan people and horses, "using wolf hair to make a brush, sparse mane and tail, fine and powerful." As for the dome, each has its own goodness." [38] His works have been handed down to this day by the Palace Museum in Beijing, Zhuo Xie, and the overseas Hunting Hunting and Hunting, and some people list them as his paintings. His son Hu Qian "has a father's style of learning in Danqing", and his father's paintings "cannot be separated from the real and fake". [39]?

"Dongdan King Travel Map"

Dance

The Khitan people are a people who can sing and dance. Whether it is a wedding, funeral, or a sacrificial ceremony, or a festival activity, it must be accompanied by singing and dancing. At the beginning of the Khitan people's resurgence, their music, song and dance art was still very primitive, with many primitive nomadic economy and primitive religious and cultural characteristics. With the development of Khitan society and continuous cultural exchanges with other ethnic groups, there are also performative songs and dances among the Khitan people. After the founding of the Liao Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains culture and art were absorbed, and folk song and dance activities gradually prospered, and further promoted the development of Khitan folk music and dance art. [40]?

religion

The Khitan rulers believed in Buddhism, and since Taizu, generation after generation has been like a generation, reaching its peak in Taoism. For more than 100 years, the Khitan royal family and senior monks invested heavily in the construction of a large number of Buddhist monasteries, and a large number of Liao pagodas and Buddhist ritual utensils that are inseparable from the monasteries also appeared. The existing famous Liao Pagoda in Inner Mongolia includes Zhongjing Daming Pagoda, Shangjing South Pagoda, Gyeongju White Pagoda, Fengzhou Wanbu Huayan Jing Pagoda and so on. [41]?

The stone statue of Sakya Nipan unearthed in the White Pagoda of Gyeongju, the head of the Bodhisattva carved by the bricks of the Wanbu Huayan Sutra Pagoda, the white porcelain Ka Ye, the statue of Ananda and other cultural relics are all representative works of Buddhist art in the Liao Dynasty.

Economic Editor

agriculture

The agriculture of the Khitan tribes appeared around the time of the Dahe Alliance. The Tang Dynasty often mentioned agriculture and animal husbandry in its edicts to the leaders of the Dahe Alliance, indicating that some tribes in the alliance already had simple and extensive agriculture at this time. The agricultural production of the Diera Department began in the period of Abaoji's grandfather, Yun Deshi, that is, in the middle and late stages of the Yaoran Clan. [42]?

There were two types of land in the Liao Dynasty: public land and private land. The tuntian which I set up along the edge is naturally a public field. The idle fields cultivated by the people are also public fields, and the people have to pay rent to the imperial court after ten years of planting. As for the so-called "tax on land occupation", it is private land. It is estimated that most of the tuntian fields are concentrated along the northern border, while the private fields are mostly in the southern border of Liao. The Han people in the Khitan still maintained their family income by farming and weaving with men and women. At the same time, the Khitan placed the Han people captured in the war in the heart of the Khitan and established many military states. Except for a small part that needs to be paid, the rest of the income goes to the owner. In order to encourage the people to open up wasteland, the Liao court made a rule that if the agricultural land was successfully developed, it could be rent-free for ten years, forming a unique mixed economy of agriculture and animal husbandry in the Khitan. [43]?

animal husbandry

The animal husbandry of the Khitan is very developed, and the animal husbandry of the Khitan people is economical

Khitans

to a greater development. [44] The Khitan and other nomadic peoples raised more livestock, sheep and horses, followed by cattle and camels. From April to August, the pastures are abundant, and it is the golden season for them to graze. In winter, the livestock are driven to move to the flat sand where the sun is leeward. [42] Animal husbandry is the source of livelihood for the Khitan and other tribesmen, and it is also the material condition for the Khitan to be strong and strong. The herd is under the jurisdiction of the Northern Privy Council, with Lin Ya in charge of the department, and the horses and cattle are in charge of the specific affairs of the herd, and the imperial court regularly inspects the books to understand the breeding of livestock, and examines the merits of the herd officials with the increase or decrease in the number of livestock, and decides to be promoted. The rise and fall of herds is directly related to the strength of the armed forces of the Liao Dynasty. [42]?

The Khitan tribes and subordinate tribes were mainly engaged in nomadic herding. Sheep and horses were the main means of subsistence for the Khitan and other nomadic herdsmen: milk meat was food, fur was clothing, and horses and camels were important means of transportation. Horses are also indispensable equipment for warfare and hunting. Sheep and horses were also taxes and tributes levied by the Liao Dynasty on the Khitan tribes and the vassal states and departments in the northwest and northeast, so they were valued by the ruling group. The nomadic Khitans, incorporated into the corresponding tribes and Shilie, under the management of the tribal leaders, engaged in animal husbandry production on the tribal land, and bore the burden of tribal and state servitude, without the permission of the court and the tribal leaders, they could not leave the headquarters at will. They were the labourers of pastoral areas, the main bearers of pastoral production, and the subjects of tribal nobility. [42]?

handicraft

Liaodong is an important place for iron production, which promotes the development of the Khitan iron industry. [45] In the early days, there was a horizontal tent

Khitan porcelain

and the slaves of the great clan put the stone spirits of the art and engaged in smelting. "曷shu", that is, the Khitan "iron". The pottery of the Khitan was influenced by the Tang Dynasty, and the artifacts excavated from the tombs show that some Song Dynasty vessels and other utensils were imported from abroad, but the production of gold and silver also used the metal beating and gilding techniques of the Tang and Song dynasties. [46]?

Khitan porcelain is fired on the basis of the traditional Khitan pottery process and absorbing the porcelain techniques of the northern system, which is unique among the products of the northern and southern kilns of the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. Among them, the imitation leather pouch type cockscomb pot with the traditional craftsmanship of the Khitan nationality can be described as a typical utensil in Liao porcelain. The cockscomb pot has a unique shape and is exquisitely made, which can be called a national treasure. In addition, such as the Inner Mongolia Museum collection of three-color Capricorn pot, "official" inlaid with gold-mouthed white porcelain plate, green glaze carved phoenix head vase and other porcelain, are all the best in Liao porcelain. In 2008, archaeologists discovered the Songzhou kiln in Songshan District, Chifeng City, also known as the "cylinder tile kiln", which is the official kiln site of the Liaojin Dynasty and is known as the grassland porcelain capital.

The gold and silver ware of the Khitan people is an important part of ancient Chinese gold and silver art, which embodies the luxurious life of the Khitan nobles, and also reflects the integration between the local Khitan culture and the culture of the mainland and foreign countries. A large number of gold and silver artifacts were unearthed in the tombs of Khitan nobles. For example, the fancy mouth ring foot gold cup unearthed in the tomb of Yelu Yu in Chifeng City, the stone inkstone of the golden flower craft imperial gift "Long Live Terrace", the golden flower silver spittle, the Capricorn pattern gold flower silver bowl, the gilded Taoist silver crown, chisel flower silver boots, gold and silver plate belt unearthed from the tomb of Princess Chen Guo of the Naiman Banner of the Zhemeng League, etc., are all the top products in the Khitan gold ware.

External Relations Editor

Five dynasties, Northern Song Dynasty

At the end of the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties, Liao Taizong accepted Shi Jingjiao's request to assist him in establishing the Later Jin to replace the Later Tang Dynasty, so as to obtain the submission of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and the Later Jin. Soon he conquered the Central Plains in the south, and destroyed the Later Jin Dynasty to establish the Liao Dynasty. At this point, the diplomatic relations between the Liao Dynasty and the Central Plains changed for the first time to a state in which the Liao Dynasty was supreme and the Central Plains was subordinate. After the decline of the Liao Dynasty, the Later Zhou and the Northern Song Dynasty successively went on a northern expedition for the sixteen states of Yanyun, and the two sides resumed their relationship

Sixteen states of Youyun

standoff situation. The Liao Dynasty adopted a defensive strategy and supported the Northern Han Dynasty against the Northern Expedition of the Central Plains, repeatedly resisting the attacks of the Central Plains. It was not until the time of Liao Shengzong that after full preparation, he launched the southern expedition again and led the Liao army to approach the Northern Song Dynasty's Lanzhou. In the end, the two sides signed the alliance of Lanyuan, and from then on, Song and Liao lived in peace until the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. [47]?

In the eleventh year of Liao Chongxi (1042), Liao Xingzong took advantage of the internal and external difficulties of the Northern Song Dynasty after the Song-Xia War, led a heavy army to display the Liao-Song border, and sent Xiao Temo (Han name Xiao Ying) and Liu Liufu to the Song Dynasty to ask for the ten counties of Waqiao Guannan. The Song Dynasty sent Fu Bi to negotiate with the Liao envoys, and the two sides reached an agreement in September. In the end, 100,000 taels of silver and 100,000 horses of silk were added to end the dispute over the land. Liao Xingzong also sent Yelu Renxian and Liu Liufu to make Song fight for the word "Na" again, that is, the year coin was given to Liao by Song Fang, not as a gift. Song Chen Fubi suggested that Song Renzong agree to the request, and asked the Liao Dynasty to restrain the Western Xia as a condition to destroy the relationship between Liao and the Western Xia, and finally made Liao Xingzong personally conquer the Western Xia twice, causing the people to suffer disasters. In the late Liao Dynasty, the invasion of the Jin Dynasty established by the Jurchen people, coupled with internal divisions and infighting within the imperial court, made the Liao Dynasty interested in peace talks with the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the Northern Song Dynasty had already established a maritime alliance with the Jin Dynasty and jointly invaded the Liao, so they refused to negotiate peace, and finally the Liao Dynasty died in the Jin Dynasty.

Bohai State

At the beginning of the 10th century A.D., the Khitan captured Liaodong controlled by the Bohai Sea;[48]?At the end of the fourth year of Liao Tianzan (925), the Khitan Emperor Yelu Abaoji led a large army to conquer the Bohai Sea, and in the spring of the following year, captured Shangjing Longquan Mansion and the entire territory of the Bohai Sea. [49]?

After Abaoji destroyed the Bohai Kingdom, the Bohai Kingdom was changed to the Dongdan Kingdom, and the eldest son Yelubei was the king of Dongdan, as a transitional stage from the Bohai Kingdom to the direct rule of the Khitan. In the fourth year of Liao Qianheng (982), the Khitan revoked the Dongdan Kingdom and changed it to Tokyo Province.

Korea

The Liao Dynasty came into contact with Goryeo after the destruction of the Bohai Kingdom in 926. In the fifth year of the Liao Dynasty (942), he gave 50 camels to Goryeo, but was rejected by Goryeo Taejo. The Liao envoys were banished to an isolated island, and the camels they sent were starved to death (Wanfu Bridge Incident). So far, the Liao Dynasty has repeatedly attacked the border of Goryeo, and in the eleventh year of Liao Tonghe (993), Liao Shengzong led a large army to cross the Yalu River and invade Goryeo. In the end, the two sides negotiated peace, and after Goryeo agreed to sever the alliance with the Song, Liao Shengzong led his army back to the north, and the two sides established friendly and good-neighborly relations. In the 27th year of Liaotong and Goryeo (1009), there was a military mutiny. Liao Shengzong took the opportunity to invade Goryeo, and finally returned north after capturing Kaesong. In the seventh year of Liao Kaitai (1018), the Liao Dynasty led a large army to the east to conquer Goryeo again. But it was defeated by the Goryeo army. The two sides then negotiated peace, and the Liao Dynasty never invaded Goryeo again.

The countries of the Western Regions

The Liao Dynasty maintained relatively friendly and harmonious exchanges with the northwestern states. The Western Xia, the main neighbor of the Liao Dynasty to the west, had long maintained a tributary and marriage relationship with the Liao Dynasty. It was once a Liao vassal and was known as the state of nephews. The relationship between the Liao Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions also has a long history. As early as the time of Liao Taizu Yelu Abaoji, he once led an army to the west, causing the countries of the Western Regions to submit one after another. During the period of unification, the princess went out to the Western Regions, and in the twenty-first year of Liao Tonghe (1003), he built the city of Kedun, as an important frontier town in the northwest, after years of operation, the sphere of influence of the Liao Dynasty covered the land of Monan, Mobei and the Western Regions. The government of the Liao Dynasty adopted a policy of "building three departments due to the relocation of the tribes" to these tribal subject states, so that these countries supervised each other and were unwilling to betray the Liao Dynasty. As a result, the Ganzhou Uighurs east of the Green Mountains, the Western Uighurs, and the Qarakhanid states west of the Green Mountains were basically close to the Liao Dynasty, and their relations with the Northern Song Dynasty were relatively sparse. In addition, Persia and Great Eclipse in West Asia also came to the early Liao Dynasty one after another. In the second year of Liao Tianzan (923), the Persian envoy came, and the following year the Great Eclipse envoy came. The king of the Great Food sent an envoy to ask for the prince's marriage, but he did not agree. The following year, the repatriation envoy asked for marriage, and Liao Shengzong married him as the daughter of the clan.

Social customs editing

Etiquette

The society and customs of the Khitan people are different from those of the Han people.

Khitan costumes

The Khitan in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, which ruled the Han people, were the same as in the Central Plains, and the Khitan people in the north were still living in the common world, and in the mixed areas, there were two mixed types. There are many rituals and customs of the Khitan people, such as the sun worship ceremony, the firewood book ceremony, the regeneration ceremony, the mountain sacrifice, the shooting of ghost arrows, etc. The special way of life is the four o'clock "bowl", the emperor of the Liao Dynasty led the central power of the hundred officials, with the four o'clock of the year, to patrol the hunting, the location of the palace tent is the "bowl". In addition, there are living habits such as "head fish feast" and "head goose feast". The Khitan food culture adapts measures to local conditions, including candied fruits, preserved fruits, etc., which are made by soaking fruits with beeswax to facilitate preservation. In the northeast of the Qing Dynasty, there was still the custom of "soaking in honey" with Ou Li (wild fruit), and today's preserved fruit, a special product of Beijing, is also in the same vein as the Khitan people's "honey-soaked mountain fruit" and "honey-dried mountain fruit". [51]?

trappings

The Khitan had close exchanges with the surrounding ethnic groups and countries, and the economic and cultural aspects were integrated with the cultural factors of other ethnic groups, especially the Han culture. Taking clothing as an example, the traditional clothing of the Khitan people is a long robe with a round neck and narrow sleeves, a belt around the waist, and long trousers underneath, and the trousers are inside the boots.

hairstyle

Both men and women of the Khitan people wear earrings, and like the Wuhuan and Xianbei people, they also have the habit of wearing hair. Their hairstyles are different, some only shave off the hair at the top of the skull, and the hair around the skull droops and drape back; some leave two locks of long hair on both sides of the skull, which are naturally or braided and drooping; some leave two locks on the temples, which are naturally or braided and drooping, or let them pass through the earrings and then droop, that is, Shen Kuo said, "their hair is cut properly, and they are fashionable." [52] The murals of the Liao tomb provide the image of the hair, and the female corpses unearthed in the Haoqiao camp of the Ulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia provide the style of the Khitan women's hair that is not recorded in the literature. [53]?

Marriage

The Khitan people pursue the principle of not marrying with the same surname, that is, the so-called "the same surname can make friends, and different surnames can get married". The marriage of aunts and cousins is relatively common, and it is not restricted by seniority, and in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was also a "law of continuation of sisters and sisters". The special status of the female and male lords of the later clan and the marriage form it reflects are not only the influence of early marriage customs, but also the political needs of the ruling group, and the ordinary people follow the principle of not marrying with the same surname. [53]?

Residential diet

The nomadic Khitan people "migrate with the sun and live in peace", and live in

Mural scene in the Liao tomb

The dome-style felt tent that facilitates migration is similar to the yurt inhabited by herders in the pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia. The small scene of the Khitan settlement painted on the sarcophagus of the Liao tomb in the 28th place of the Keshiketeng Banner in Inner Mongolia provides the shape of this felt tent, and the door is mostly eastward. Carriages and horses are indispensable means of transportation for migration and nomadism. The Khitan people migrated to the Gaofu place in summer, and the leeward and sunny place to the water in autumn, winter and spring. The food is mainly dairy meat, but there are also small amounts of grain. Meat can be boiled into "wet meat" or made into "bacon", and cow and goat milk and dairy products are their food and drink. Grain has "porridge". Fruits include peaches, apricots, plums, grapes, etc., which are commonly soaked in honey into "preserved fruits", watermelons in summer, and flavored fruits "frozen pears" in winter. Beverages include milk and liquor, and the brewing industry in Zhongjing (present-day Ningchengxi, Inner Mongolia) had a profound impact on later generations. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the food of the Han people and the Bohai people was also introduced to the Khitan, and the emperor of the Liao Dynasty had mugwort cakes made by Bohai chefs during the Dragon Boat Festival. [53]?

Descendants retrospectively ed

Since 2004, after the news that relevant experts used DNA technology to identify the Daur ethnic group and the "I" surnamed A, Mang and Jiang in Yunnan as the descendants of the Khitan ethnic group, Fuxin has become an "important place" to solve the problem of the origin of the Khitan. A few days ago, some experts from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences used DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the Khitan people: the Daur people have a recent genetic relationship with the Khitan and are descendants of the Khitan people. The "I" of the A, Mang and Jiang clans in Yunnan have similar patrilineal origins to the Daur people, and are also descendants of the Khitan people. [54]?

Now, this historical mystery that has puzzled historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the problem of the origin of the Daur ethnic group and the "me" surnamed A, Mang and Jiang in Yunnan. A comparison of the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method in the pulp of ancient specimens and bone marrow shows an accurate conclusion: Daur, A, Mang, and Jiang are all descendants of Khitan. So far, experts have made the following conclusions and analogies: when the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongol Empire across the Eurasian continent, they fought for many years, and the Khitans, who frequently used troops, were conquered and dispersed to various places, and some maintained large ethnic groups, such as the Daur ethnic group as a nation, and some were assimilated by the locals. The latter is the most difficult to find, because the Khitan people have maintained the "exogamy" system for more than a thousand years, so the Khitan people in the pure sense no longer exist. After constant migration, isolation, and integration, most of the Khitans melted like ice thrown into the sea, and were named "descendants in the molecular sense" in a technical term. [54]?

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Resources

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2.??“ Khitan "originally means iron?.Saiwai Chifeng[Citation date:2015-03-8]

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7.?? Feng Jiasheng, "The Examination and Interpretation of Khitan Names", Yenching Journal [J], No. 13, and Zhang Zhengming, "Khitan History" [M], Zhonghua Book Company, 1979

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Tags: Ethnicity, History, Chinese History