It generally corresponds to a god in the first generation, and some correspond to a god in the second and third generations. The former is "primitive", while the latter is "everyday" and "ultimate". In ancient times, the former was more prominent, and in modern and modern times, especially in modern science, the latter was more prominent. Thermodynamics speaks of the ultimate, nonlinear dynamics speaks of the everyday, and is also known as "chaos", the name of the central emperor in ancient fables.

1. In ancient legends, it refers to the state of undivided and vague vitality before the opening of the world.

Han Bangu's "White Tiger Pass Heaven and Earth": "Connected, invisible, unheard, and then dissected." Li Shan's note quoted the Three Kingdoms Wei Caozhi's "Moving the Capital Fu": "Reading the Zhaoyu of Qianyuan, the character is in the last life; Tang Chu Guangxi's poem "Midsummer Entering the Garden": "If the summer rain is like, the clarity is like emptiness." "The Seven Signatures of the Cloud Ji" Volume 2: "The Taishi Sutra" cloud: 'When the two instruments were not divided, the number was Hongyuan. Mingshui Menghong, like a chicken, is named. The first episode of "Journey to the West": "The world is not divided, and no one sees it." Guo Moruo's poem "Seven Mile Mountain Canal": "According to legend, in the past, there was Pangu, which split and created the area. ”

2. It is integrated and cannot be separated.

Tang Sun Simiao's "Four Words Poem": "One body, two essences are grateful." "Song Wu Zeng's "Can Change the Zhai Manlu: Fairies and Ghosts": "There are also two chickens to order the occupant, Jane said: 'This thing is not difficult to know, a male and a female, please break it to see, Fang Mingshi. Song Yanyu's "Canglang Poetry Commentary": "The ancient poems of the Han and Wei dynasties, meteorology, are difficult to excerpt. Ji Zi's "Revolution Is Avoidable": "The Russians are also friends, breathing in one breath, uninterrupted, and resolute." Chapter 10 of Sun Jingrui's "Red Flag Planted on Gate Island": "The sky has no signs of clearing, it is still drizzling, clouds and mist are lingering, and the sea and the sky are one and the same. ”

3. Blurry, indistinct.

Lu Xun's "Book from Two Places: To Xu Guangping 126": "But I don't want to be a teacher, and I don't want to explain other reasons. And so it was over. Chapter 19 of the second part of Yang Mo's "Song of Youth": "She opened her eyes slightly and groaned, and all kinds of dreamlike scenes appeared in her mind. Ai Qing's "Poems for the Countryside": "Their backs are bowed by the heavy burden, and their eyes are worn out by disappointment and resentment. ”

4. Confused.

The first fold of Yuan Anonymous's "Little Captain Chi": "This adoptive grandfather is old, I am Liu Jizhen's son." The second and fourth episodes of "Water Margin": "Turbidity, I haven't seen the sun rise for half a day, and then closed the mourning door." Qing Li Yu's "Mirage Building: Marriage Promise": "Whoever wants to give birth to a son, the more he is, he doesn't know how to be hungry and full, and he doesn't know how to sleep upside down." Hong Shen's "Theory of Modern Drama" VI: "Observing society with a superficial eye that sees the form but not the content and a mind of 'knowing two, five, but not ten', I certainly feel that there is a difference between various professional circles. ”

5. Ancient legends say that the emperor of the center, also known as chaos, has no seven tricks in life, chisels a trick in a day, and dies in seven days. It is a metaphor for the natural and simple state.

"Historical Records: The Five Emperors": "The former Emperor Hong's family had no talent, concealed righteousness and hidden thieves, and was good at committing murder, and the world was called chaotic. Tang Liu Zhiji's "Stone Words": "The words of Zhou and Qin were used to make the words of Zhou and Qin appear in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and the Chu and Han dynasties responded to it, and they did it on the day of the Song and Qi dynasties. "The Biography of Wang Feng of Qijiang in Southern History": "Feng Wen sighed and said: 'Jiang Yi was reverted to a thrush, and he wanted to benefit and disadvantage. Song Zhang Cousin's "Coral Hook Poems" Volume 1: "The chapter is implicit in the sky, and the broken carving is the bottom. For example, Yang Danian's Xikun body is not good, and the axe is too much, and the so-called seven days and death. ”

6. Mythical creatures.

It is one of the mythical creatures of the four evils, according to the records of the "Zuo Chuan", the four murderers are the image of a huge dog, the body of a sheep with a human head and long eyes under the armpits of the "glutton", the winged tiger "Qiqi", and the human head and tiger legs with wild boar fangs "梼杌".

However, the image of chaos in "Zhuangzi" is actually closer to the god emperor river in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas": its shape is like a yellow sac, red like a red fire, six legs and four wings, Hun Dun has no face, it is a song and dance, and it is actually the emperor river.

Chinese

1. Time says

In the first chapter of "Journey to the West", "Spiritual Root Nurture and Pregnancy Source Flows Out of the Spiritual Cultivation Dao Sheng", it is said that "the number of heaven and earth is 129,600 years old. The one yuan is divided into 12 branches, Naizi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, and Hai. Each meeting should be 1800 years old. And as far as one day is concerned: when the child is young, and the ugly is the rooster's crowing, Yin is not bright, and Mao is the sunrise, after the eclipse, and the sun is lined up, the sun is in the middle of the day, but not the west, the sun is sunset, and the sun is dusk. For example, in the case of large numbers, if it reaches the end of the meeting, then the heavens and the earth will be darkened and all things will be lost. If you go to 5,400 years old, at the beginning of the Jiaohai Meeting, it will be dark, and the characters in the two rooms are gone, so it is said. "It can be seen that this is a dark time between the intersection of 戌 and Hai, a state of nothingness.

Second, the beast said

It is one of the mythical creatures of the four evils, according to the records of the "Zuo Chuan", the four murderers are the image of a huge dog, the body of a sheep with a human head and long eyes under the armpits of the "glutton", the winged tiger "Qiqi", and the human head and tiger legs with wild boar fangs "梼杌".

The myths described earlier in the Classic of Mountains and Seas are particularly worthy of careful analysis. The second volume of the "Classic of Mountains and Seas" "The Classic of the West Mountains" clouds: "Three hundred and fifty miles to the west, it is said that the Tianshan Mountains are full of gold and jade, there are green and yellow yellows, and the water flows out of Yan, and the southwest flows into the Tang Valley. There is a sacred bird, its shape is like a yellow sac, red as a fire, six legs and four wings, Hun Dun has no face, it is a song and dance, but the emperor Jiang also. Hun Dun is the image of a sacred bird that knows song and dance. Some of the books are "there are gods",Traditional "bird" and "Yan" are written in a similar way,There may be errors in the copying,But it all makes sense.。 Obviously, "Hun Dun" here refers to the sun. So how is chaos associated with Dijiang? Dijiang is Dihong, and the ancient pronunciation of "Jiang" and "Hong" is connected. And Dihong is the Yellow Emperor - the legendary ancestor of the Chinese nation. Yuan Mei (1716-1798) also said in "Zi Bu Silent Snake King": "There is a snake king in Chu, like an emperor, without ears, eyes, claws and nose, but with a mouth. Its shape is like a meat cabinet, and it runs in a muddy way, and the grass and trees are withered everywhere it passes. It is no accident that this passage connects the emperor river, the snake (dragon), and the chaos in "Zhuangzi Ying Emperor".

In "Zhuangzi, Inner Chapter, and Emperor Ying Seventh", Zhuangzi tells the story of "seven tricks come out and die in chaos". The story is to the effect that the emperor of the South China Sea is called "倏", the emperor of the North Sea is called "Su", and the emperor of the center is called "Chaos". They meet in a chaotic place, and Chaos treats them well. He suddenly wanted to repay Chaos, and saw that everyone had eyes, ears, mouths, and noses, and used them to see, hear, eat, and smell, and Chaos did not have seven tricks, so he chiseled seven tricks for him. Every day, after seven days, the seven tricks came out, and the chaos died. The image of chaos in "Zhuangzi" is actually closer to the god emperor river in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas": its shape is like a yellow sac, red like a red fire, six legs and four wings, Hun Dun has no face, it is a song and dance, and it is actually the emperor river.

The Han Dynasty geography book "Divine Strange Scripture" records in the Western Wilderness Classic: "There are beasts in the west of Kunlun, which are like dogs, with long hair, four-legged, like a dog without claws, with eyes but not seen, unable to open, with two ears but not heard, some people are intellectual, there are abdomen without five treasures, there are intestines straight but not spinning, and the food path is over." People are virtuous and contradict them, and if they are virtuous, they rely on them. It means an animal like a dog or a bear, which cannot be seen or heard by humans, who often bites its tail and giggles, who will be violent if it encounters a noble person, and who will obey his orders if it encounters a wicked person.

The ancient book "Divine Sutra" says: Chaos looks like a dog, four-legged without claws, has eyes but does not see, is inconvenient to walk, has wings, bullies the kind, and likes cruel people, so people who do not distinguish between right and wrong are called "chaos"

Long-haired four-legged, like a dog, with a belly but no internal organs. Resist the good and rely on the wicked. (Absolute evil spirits are also)

(There is another god who says it, and it is explained separately, so it does not belong here)

"The Divine Mystery Sutra (Western Wilderness Sutra)" is contained. [2]

Greek

The Western definition of chaos can be traced back to the peasant poet Hesiod's Theogony. Hesiod's description of Kaos (i.e.) had a profound impact. Aristotle affirmed the view of the Theogony in a very succinct tone: "Hesiod's words in proposing 'primitive' seem to be right. He said, 'There was chaos in all things, and then there was a broad-breasted earth.' Kaos, on the other hand, was the deified god of the universe, who asexually gave birth to Gaia, the goddess of the earth, Tartarus, the god of hell, and Eros, the goddess of love.

The details of how the heavens and the earth emerged from the chaos in the first place are probably not described by ordinary myths, and in fact remain an important unsolved scientific question or a fascinating philosophical question. Or the question itself is misplaced. Although Hesiod does not say that the earth (Gaia), hell (Tartarus) and love (Eros) were produced, it is logical to infer from the context that he thinks so. That's how most people in history have understood it.

The ancient Roman poet Ovid (publiusovidiusnaso 43 BC – c. 17 BC) wrote his masterpiece Metamorphosis, which describes Greek and Roman mythology, and plays on Hesiod's description. "Heaven and earth are not formed, and those who envelop everything and fill the universe are really one phase, and the present name is chaos. Its image is untransformed, invisible and gathered, and it is a natural seed, mixed and disharmonious, but dry and dwells in one place. "It is described here as something that traverses the universe before the opening of heaven and earth, similar to the "Divine Spectrum", but much more specific than it. Hegel seems to be in disapproval of the ancient Greek idea of chaos. In section 128 of his Minor Logic, the Theory of Essentialism, he specifically analyzes the myth of chaos in ancient Greece.

In fact, there are many different "versions" of Greek mythology. According to Homer, chaos is the flood and the deep darkness. Oceanus (freshwater) and Tethy (saltwater) are the fathers of the gods. Because the names chaos, oceanus, erebus, and tartarus are closely related and can be used interchangeably. Each one seems to be a kind of name for the original "chaos-demon". In the usual version, it was Prometheus who created the man out of the vaporous clay, after which God created the first woman, Pandora, who brought evil to the earth. The Romans embraced Greek mythology, as can be seen in Ovid's Metamorphosis, who, influenced by Stoic thought, described the division of chaos into four elements: ether, air, earth, and water, from which the sky, land, sea, and all things were formed.

biblical

The Hebrew nation's long-standing culture has influenced the legal, political, and scientific concepts of modern and modern Western societies through the Bible and related religions. A careful examination of what the Bible says is of great significance for studying the historical and cultural context of the rise of the craze in the field of basic sciences today, as well as natural philosophy. The biblical description of the pair appears primarily in the book of Genesis, and later in the books of Job, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the biblical New Testament, 1 John, much of the discussion of chaos is related to this.

In the Old Testament, the word tohu (meaning confusionvain) is often used in conjunction with bohu (meaning void), and it is written as tohuwabohu, and the Greek word is χαοσ, and the English translation has many translations, usually translated chaos.

Biblical authors sought to elucidate the process of the world in a systematic theological cosmology in which God co-existed with the primordial in a non-ultimate sense, and then, at some point, God decided to create our world today, and God brought order out of disorder. Regardless of whether the original "order" was created by God or not, "order" must have been created by God, and the Creator is often the embodiment of "order". "It is impossible to say exactly what the precise state of the chaotic matter will be before the Creator's decree is announced. But it wasn't long before the Spirit of God swept across the water, and a beautiful, orderly world immediately emerged. ”

Since order is created by God, it has a certain vulnerability, and the ordered universe is constantly in danger of returning to its pre-creation state. When a person violates the covenant and rebels against God's will, terror will come.

The description of "" in the creation story of the Old Testament of the Bible expresses at least three meanings:

(1) The heavens are antithetical to theearth, even though they were created by God according to the Bible. The heavens are the dwelling place of God and the angels, and the earth is the dwelling place of the sinful people who have sinned against it, and it is also the birthplace of all kinds of sins that break God's covenant with man.

(2) Chaos is "formless", "empty", and "disorderless", as opposed to "tangible", "full", and "orderly". The English translation of the Bible is often written as "withoutanyorder," "aplaceofdisorder," "thestateofformlessofutterdisorderconfusion," and "theconditionofemptinessunrealityanddesolation." (emptiness, insubstantiality, desolation), "ameaninglessexistence";

(3) Chaos is a reality that existed in the early days, and may be permanent, but it is not consistent with God's noble will.

The Book of Genesis does not explicitly say that chaos was created by God, and according to logical reasoning, there are two possible explanations: one is that God began the creation project on the basis of some kind of "primordial foundation", which is an undifferentiated mixture, and the other is that there was only a spiritual spirit of God at the beginning, and the material heaven and earth were both accidental or necessary creations of later God. It can be seen that the creation theory contains many contradictions, on the one hand, God created the world in order to put man in a prominent position, let him be fruitful and multiply, and rule all things on earth on God's behalf, and everything proceeded according to the plan of God's creation, and on the other hand, God tolerated the existence of opposition, man was guilty of original sin, murdered his own brother, blasphemed the LORD God, worshipped idols, and so on. Perhaps he deliberately created opposites to enrich the workings of the world, or perhaps God was not powerful enough to destroy the disorder and sin that he hated. But God is omnipotent, and while it is technically probable, it is not tolerated from a religious point of view.

Egyptian

In Egypt, there were several creation myths, and in each system, the world originated with water. According to the Nishiro literature, a hill emerged from the flood, and on the hill sat atum, which is also said to be atum, from which he created air (female) and water vapor (male), and they created earth (male) and sky (female). At first heaven and earth were joined together until the sun separated them.

Scanned

In the Scandinavian creation myth, there was only Ginnungagap (the void with its jaws), and later Ymir (the primitive man) and Audhumla appeared between the heat of Muspellsheim and the cold of Niflheim. Yemir and Odumra bred Buri, Odin's grandfather, and with the conspiracy of his brothers Vili and Ve, Odin killed him, using his body to create the earth, the sea, and the sky. The gods created the celestial bodies out of the embers and sparks of the muspellsheim and put them in their place. Etymologically, the English word "beginning" is related to the Old English "onginnan" and the Old Romanavian "gina", and both are clearly related to the mythical imagery of "ginnungagap" in the theory of the origin of the universe. It is not known whether the first verse of the Bible is related to this Norse mythology. [