, pinyin táowù. 1. A beast of prey in ancient legends. 2. Legend has it that it is one of the ancient "four murderers", which is the resentment of Kun after his death. 3. Generally refers to the wicked. 4, the title of the history of Chu. 5, is the son of the Northern Heavenly Emperor Zhuan, it also has a name called arrogant, difficult to train, from these names, it can also be roughly deduced its actions. Like Qi Qi, he later became one of the four murderers.

The ancient book "Divine Sutra" says: It is very similar to a tiger, with long hair, a human face, tiger feet, pig teeth, and a long tail, which is used as a metaphor for stubborn and vicious people. There is a beast, its shape is like a tiger and dog hair, two feet long, human face, tiger feet, pig teeth, tail is one foot and eight feet long, disturbing the wilderness, name. It is used as a metaphor for a stubborn person with a vicious attitude. According to legend, it is the son of the Northern Heavenly Emperor Zhuan, and it also has a name called arrogant and ruthless, difficult to train, and from these names, it can also be roughly inferred what it did. Like Qi Qi, he later became one of the four murderers.

According to the eighteenth year of the "Zuo Chuan" Wen Gong: "If you have no talent, you can't teach a lesson, you don't know what to say, you are stubborn if you tell it, you are arrogant if you give it up, you are arrogant and virtuous, and you are always in chaos, and the people of the world are called it." "After his death, this unteachable villain eventually evolved into the famous monster of antiquity.

In the eighteenth year of "Zuo Chuan", Wen Gong said: "Shun Chenyao, bin in the four gates, flow the four fierce clans chaos, poor and strange, gluttony, cast into the four descendants, in order to resist the charm." "Dumb and chaotic. This is called Shun's exile of the four murderers, in order to be in trouble. Kun, Yu's father.

Tang Dynasty Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Records of Justice" quoted the "Divine Mystery Sutra" and said: "There are beasts in the Western Wilderness, which are as big as a tiger, with a hair two feet long, a human face, tiger feet, pig teeth, and a tail eight feet long. One is arrogant, the other is difficult to train. ”

Say. - "The Eighteenth Year of Duke Wen". Note: "Fierce and unmatched. ”。 Note: "It looks like a tiger hao is one foot long, with a human face and tiger feet, pig teeth, and a tail eight feet long, which can fight without retreating." ”

Chu Zhi. —Mencius. Note: "The arrogance and the like are in the name of remembering the precept of evil." Ding Yin's evil beast name is also. ”

"Spring and Autumn" cloud: "There is a name for a talented child." ”

"Mencius: Lilouxia" said: "The ride of Jin, the wisdom of Chu, the spring and autumn of Lu, and one also." ", tone peach. This is called the same multiplication and the Spring and Autumn Period, which is the name of the history of the country and the name of the history of Chu.

3. Speak the text and interpret the words

(Fig. 5) (Figure 5) Reading "Stone Six Families First", there is "Mencius said: "Jin is the multiplication, Chu is the multiplication, and Lu is the Spring and Autumn Period, in fact, it is one." "However, it is multiplied by the year, which is another name for spring and autumn. ”

"Stone Note" notes the clouds: "Jin Cheng (read to sound), 梼 (tao) 杌 (wu), Lu Chunqiu, are all aliases of historical books of various countries, and they are commonly known as Spring and Autumn. ”

Check the "Chinese Dictionary" "" article: 1, broken wood, 2, the legendary monster name, 3, the legend is one of the ancient evil people "four fierce", 4, Chu historical name.

"Those related to Dunhuang should be the second and third meanings. "The Divine Mystery Sutra: The Western Wilderness Sutra": There are beasts in the Western Wilderness, whose shape is like a tiger and dog hair, two feet long, and a tail eight feet long. The Spring and Autumn Dynasty has a name for a talented son, some people have human faces, hands and feet, and wings under their arms can not fly, they are gluttonous and unreasonable, and they are famous Miao people. The so-called three seedlings in the Spring and Autumn Period: "The three seedlings are in the three dangers." "Selected Novels of the Han and Wei Dynasties" and "Zuo Chuan: The Eighteenth Year of Duke Wen": If you are not talented, you can't teach a lesson, you don't know what to say, you are stubborn if you tell it, you are arrogant and arrogant, and you are very proud and virtuous.

4 Various sayings

The History of Chu "" Qing Ren Revised Edition Chu Shi "" Qing Ren Revised Edition "Mencius Lilou" contains, Mencius said: "The traces of the king are extinguished and the poem dies, and the poem dies and then the Spring and Autumn Period." Jin Zhicheng, Chu Zhi, Lu Zhi Spring and Autumn, one also. Its affairs are Qi Huan and Jin Wen, and its literature is history. In this passage, Mencius mentions the names of the three national histories of the Spring and Autumn period: the history of the Lu state is the Spring and Autumn Period, the history of the Chu State is the Cheng, and the history of the Jin State is the Cheng. The naming of "Spring and Autumn" and "Multiplication" has no different meaning. Lu took the chronicle of the four o'clock as the name of the chronicle, so it was named Spring and Autumn also. "What the Jin Kingdom remembers, in other words, it is called the multiplication, and it contains the matter of riding a horse with a field, so it is called a multiplication. ”

In these explanations in the Commentary on Mencius, no one has raised a different opinion. Only for Chu Zhi's "", there are different opinions. The "Commentary" said: "From the record of the Chu State, it is said that it is based on the evil of the evil contained in it, so it is also named because of the cause." Obviously, this interpretation is contrary to Mencius's statement that "its affairs are Qi Huan and Jin Wen, and its literature is history". Strangely, people have no doubts about this, but they have a variety of explanations for the "evil of arrogance".

"Commentators have different opinions on what it is, but it is all the same.

Some say that it is a fierce beast, as described by Dongfang Shuo in the "Divine Strange Scripture - Western Wilderness Sutra": "There are beasts in the Western Wilderness. Its shape is like a tiger and dog hair, two feet long, human face and tiger feet, pig teeth, and the tail is one foot and eight feet long. Disturb the wilderness, name. One is arrogant, the other is difficult to train. ”

Some say that they are murderers, as contained in "Zuo Chuan: The Eighteenth Year of Duke Wen": Chaos, Poverty, and Gluttony. It is a son of untalentedness, and he cannot be taught. If you tell it, you will be stubborn, and if you give it up, the people of the world will do it.

Some say that it is a fierce wood, such as Wang Yun explained in "Reading Words and Sentences": ", evil wood is also, the Lord remembers evil and takes it as a warning." ”

Some say that "" is Xia Kun's, such as Xue Anqin's note in the "Chinese Translation Note": "That is, 鮌, also written as '鲧', is said to be a tribal leader in ancient times, and after deification, he became a yellow bear." ”

It is said that "" describes the appearance of ignorance, such as Du Pre said in the note of "Zuo Biography": "The appearance of arrogance and unrivaled appearance." Jia Kui also said this.

There is also a crocodile that says, such as Tang Shanchun said in the article "Interpretation"": "''It is the meaning of crocodile in Miao language. "" Originated from the Miao language, that is, the crocodile, is the totem of the Chu people. There are still a few similar statements, but they are limited to the text and will not be repeated here.

In a word, it is far-fetched and untenable to use the above arguments to explain why the history of Chu is famous. When Mencius said that, he should have read the history books of the three kingdoms of Jin, Chu, and Lu. Otherwise, it is impossible to make the conclusion that "the matter is Qi Huan, Jin Wen, and the literature is history". Mencius's "one also" refers to the fact that the formal characteristics and content structure of the history books of the three kingdoms are the same.

The "Spring and Autumn Period" of the Lu State has been revised by Confucius and has been handed down to this day, and there are three publishers, which is called the "Spring and Autumn Three Legends". Its basic situation is clear at a glance and does not need to be said. The Jin Kingdom's "Ride" has long been dead. But it is not difficult to understand what he recorded as Tian Fu riding a horse. According to the "Sima Law": "Six feet is a step, and a hundred steps are an acre." One hundred acres is the husband, and the third is the house. The third house is a well, and the tenth well is a pass. It is a horse, thirty families, one soldier, and two apprentices. Ten for success, hundreds of wells, three hundred, one leather car, ten people, twenty disciples. Ten become the end, the end of a thousand wells, three thousand, ten leather cars, one hundred scholars, two hundred disciples. Ten is the same, the same side of a hundred miles, ten thousand wells, thirty thousand families. 100 leather carts, 1,000 soldiers, 2,000 apprentices. It can be seen that the matter of Tian Fu riding a horse is related to national political, economic, and military affairs. It is not contrary to Mencius's "things are Qi Huan Jin Wen".

According to the "Zuo Biography", when the Jin Dynasty fought in Chengpu, there were only 300 chariots. In the thirteenth year of Zhaogong, after about 100 years of hard work, he actually had 4,000 cars. This is probably the reason why the Jin people used "multiplication" as the title of their historical books.

The history books of the state of Chu can never be "arrogant and evil", and the statements listed above do not fit with what Mencius said, and do not make sense. The word "" comes from wood, and it must have the original meaning related to wood. "Saying Wen Jie Zi": "梼, broken wood, from wood, longevity". And the word "杌", "Shuowen" was not received. However, it contains the word "Wu", which is interpreted as "the next base". There is a very clear meaning under the "杌" in the Great Chinese Dictionary: "cut down the remaining stakes of the tree". "梼" and "杌" are put together, and the meaning of the word "" should be very clear. However, some philologists have complicated its understanding. Duan Yuju's "Commentary on the Text" explains "梼" cloud: "It is said that the stem of broken wood is hateful." "Broken wood" is, and "head abomination" means "add foot". Jiao Xun said in "Mencius Justice": "But all from the wood, vertical break for analysis, transverse for for." If it is broken but not broken, its head is stubborn. It is the name of stubbornness, because of its stubbornness, the name of false broken wood, the name of it, and the meaning of abstaining from evil. "Transverse" is very much, and the rest is not marginal play. This is in line with the famous saying that it is absurd to go beyond the truth.

5 Naming

The original meaning of "" is very simple, it is the stake left after the tree is crossed.

Why did the Chu people name their history books with ""?

Just as "Spring and Autumn" is the name of the history book. Spring and Autumn was originally the name of the two seasons in the four seasons of the year, or the Shang and Zhou dynasties were only divided into spring and autumn seasons, and later winter and summer were added to have four seasons. At that time, people used "Spring and Autumn" to refer to a year, and history was recorded year by year, so it was extended to history. The Zhou people and the Lu people used "Spring and Autumn" as the name of the history books, reflecting the wisdom and wisdom of the Zhou and Lu people. The Chu people's use of "" as the name of the history book is determined by the special circumstances of the Chu people. "It can reflect the history of the growth of the tree. The stump after the cross-section has a circle of annual rings, one round or one year, and the number of rounds indicates how many years the tree has grown. By extension, history, it's so apt. Jiang Yan wrote in the poem "Traveling to Huangbari Mountain": "The remnants of the thousand generations of wood, the smoke of the ancient years. It was from the "remnants" that the poet saw the wood of Chiyo. We have to admire the wisdom of the Chu people very much. The use of "" as the name of Chu history not only lies in the accuracy of its connotation, but also fully embodies the national characteristics of Chu. The word "Chu" is from wood, which is the name of the clan and the name of the country. Chu founded the country from the forest, so the Chu people's understanding of the forest is deeper than others, and their feelings are stronger than others. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the history books of all countries were named after the "Spring and Autumn Period", but the Chu people had the insight to name their history books with "", and its personality characteristics should be amazing! The state of Chu has a blue time, and it also has the glory of winning the Zhou room. The history of Chu has been written with inexhaustible pride and pride, so how can it be ingenious to record the "arrogant evil"? A national history is devoted to ugly things, which is incomprehensible. Those so-called fierce men and fierce beasts should be caused by the psychological influence of the northern princes' hatred of the Chu people.

Professor Zhang Zhengming pointed out in the "History of Chu": "If you see the word 'Mi' and say that the Chu people take the sheep as a totem, and when you see the word 'bear', you say that the Chu people take the bear as a totem, then it is wrong." In the Jin text, '芈' is 'you', and 'bear' is '酓'. Chu Jun takes the alcohol as the clan, which should be related to the shrinkage of wine, and it is based on the job. "The literature uses 'Xiong' instead of '酓', one is because the pronunciation of these two characters is similar, and the other is because the northern princes once regarded the Chu people as beasts. During the Warring States Period, Qin and Chu fought against each other, and the "Curse Chu Wen" made by the Qin people said that Chu Junzhi's clan did not use the word "酓" but used the word "bear", which is evidence that it is regarded as a beast. (14) It is not surprising that the history of Chu was affected. Mr. Zhang's research has solved the mystery of the fierce gods and beasts for us, and also provided a basis for the correct name of "". All the remarks that scolded Chu can be said to be literally "bear". From the "bear" and the "bear", the yellow bear is called the beast, from the cang, and the stubborn is the murderer, and from the stubborn and broken wood, it is the evil wood. In this way, the history of Chu is covered with dust, 2,500 years to this day.

Finally, let's emphasize again: the "" of the history of Chu is the stump left by logging. Because it has the rings on which trees grow, and the trees grow year by year, just as history records year by year, it can be extended to the name of history books.

6. The four fierce beasts of antiquity

According to the eighteenth year of the "Zuo Chuan" Wen Gong: "If you have no talent, you can't teach a lesson, you don't know what to say, you are stubborn if you tell it, you are arrogant if you give it up, you are arrogant and virtuous, and you are always in chaos, and the people of the world are called it." "After his death, this unteachable villain eventually evolved into the famous monster of antiquity. In the eighteenth year of "Zuo Chuan", Wen Gong said: "Shun Chenyao, Bin in the four gates, flow the four fierce clans Hun Dun, Poor Qi, and gluttony, and throw themselves into the four descendants to resist the charm." "Dumb and chaotic. This is called Shun's exile of the four murderers, in order to be in trouble. Kun, Yu's father.